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#Post#: 3509--------------------------------------------------
Χαμπάρι δεν
παίρνουν οι
εν Ελλάδι
"ρατσιστές"
DIR By: FringeElements
Date: November 12, 2012, 3:31 am
---------------------------------------------------------
Το άρθρο το
βρήκα στο
εξαιρετικό
βίντεο του
Libertarian Realist (δικός
μας και
αυτός)
[center]
HTML http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZzECHPkswW4[/center]
3 Τα ηθικά
διδάγματα
του άρθρου:
1) Οι μαύροι
είναι
υπάνθρωποι,
το ξέραμε
2) Οι λευκοί
είναι το
άνθος του
αγροτοπαραγωγικού
εξελικτικού
μοντέλου, το
ξέραμε
3) Οι
γενετικές
μεταλλάξεις,
οι οποίες
πιστοποιούν
το (2)
συμβαίνουν
με
μεγαλύτερο
ρυθμό στους
λευκούς
παρά στους
ασιάτες,
πράγμα που
θα
αναιρέσει
και την
πρωτοκαθεδρία
τους στα iq tests.
Και ακόμα οι
εν Ελλάδι
ρατσιστές
ασχολούνται
με πέη, με
πάγκους, με
τον
Τσατσόπουλο
και τον
Μπουμπούκο!
Head Examined: Scientist's Study Of Brain Genes Sparks a
Backlash
Dr. Lahn Connects Evolution In Some Groups to IQ Debate on Race
and DNA 'Speculating Is Dangerous'
Antonio Regalado.
Wall Street Journal. (Eastern edition).
New York, N.Y.
Jun 16, 2006. pg. A.1
CHICAGO -- Last September, Bruce Lahn, a professor of human
genetics at the University of Chicago, stood before a packed
lecture hall and reported the results of a new DNA analysis: He
had found signs of recent evolution in the brains of some
people, but not of others.
It was a triumphant moment for the young scientist. He was up
for tenure and his research was being featured in back-to-back
articles in the country's most prestigious science journal. Yet
today, Dr. Lahn says he is moving away from the research. "It's
getting too controversial," he says.
Dr. Lahn had touched a raw nerve in science: race and
intelligence.
What Dr. Lahn told his audience was that genetic changes over
the past several thousand years might be linked to brain size
and intelligence. He flashed maps that showed the changes had
taken hold and spread widely in Europe, Asia and the Americas,
but weren't common in sub-Saharan Africa.
Web sites and magazines promoting white "racialism" quickly
seized on Dr. Lahn's suggestive scientific snapshot. One
magazine that blames black and Hispanic people for social ills
hailed his discovery as "the moment the antiracists and
egalitarians have dreaded."
Dr. Lahn has drawn sharp fire from other leading genetics
researchers. They say the genetic differences he found may not
signify any recent evolution -- and even if they do, it is too
big a leap to suggest any link to intelligence. "This is not the
place you want to report a weak association that might or might
not stand up," says Francis Collins, director of the genome
program at the National Institutes of Health.
Several scientific groups have set out to disprove or challenge
Dr. Lahn's discoveries. His own university now says it is
abandoning a patent application it filed to cover a DNA-based
intelligence test that drew on his work.
As scientific tools for probing genes become increasingly
powerful, research into human differences has exploded. Most of
the time, scientists are looking for clues about the causes of
disease. But some research is raising tensions as scientists
such as Dr. Lahn venture into studies of genetic differences in
behavior or intelligence.
Pilar Ossorio, a professor of law and medical ethics at the
University of Wisconsin, criticizes Dr. Lahn for implying a
conclusion similar to "The Bell Curve," a controversial 1994
bestseller by Richard J. Herrnstein and Charles Murray. The book
argued that the lower average performance by African-Americans
on IQ tests had a genetic component and wasn't solely the result
of social factors. Referring to Dr. Lahn and his co-authors,
Prof. Ossorio says: "It's exactly what they were getting at.
There was a lot of hallway talk. People said he's doing damage
to the whole field of genetics."
The 37-year-old Dr. Lahn says his research papers, published in
Science last September, offered no view on race and
intelligence. He personally believes it is possible that some
populations will have more advantageous intelligence genes than
others. And he thinks that "society will have to grapple with
some very difficult facts" as scientific data accumulate. Yet
Dr. Lahn, who left China after participating in prodemocracy
protests, says intellectual "police" in the U.S. make such
questions difficult to pursue.
Scientists believe that a small group of anatomically modern
humans struck out from Africa probably less than 100,000 years
ago. After arriving on the Eurasian land mass, they continued to
split up and eventually humans populated nearly every corner of
the globe. One use of genetic research is to probe how each
group evolved differently after becoming isolated from the
others. Recently created genetic maps of people of African,
Asian and European ancestry make that research easier.
For instance, researchers have found that most Europeans have a
genetic variant that lets them fully digest milk as adults. The
variant is much less common in Africa and Asia, where lactose
intolerance is widespread. Scientists theorize that it spread
quickly among Europeans because drinking milk from domesticated
dairy animals conferred a nutritional advantage. Similar
evolutionary reasoning may explain why many people in
malaria-prone parts of Africa carry gene variants linked to
malaria resistance.
Other research is starting to explain variations in human skin
color and hair texture. But scientists tense up when it comes to
doing the same sort of research on the brain. Sociologist Troy
Duster, who studies the use of racial categories by geneticists,
worries that scientists will interpret data in ways that fit
their prejudices. He cites the sorry history of phrenology, a
study of skull shapes popular in the 19th century, and other
pseudoscientific techniques used to
categorize people as inferior. "Science doesn't transcend the
social milieu," says Dr. Duster, of New York University.
Dr. Lahn traces his interest in human differences back to his
youth in China. Foreigners there used to have a special currency
that they could use at stores closed to ordinary Chinese. "I
wondered why people were different, and why Chinese were at the
bottom," he says.
By the time violence struck Tiananmen Square in 1989, Dr. Lahn,
the son of two physicists, was an undergraduate at Harvard
University. He channeled his curiosity into genetics and built
his reputation with a groundbreaking study of the Y chromosome.
After taking a post at the University of Chicago in 2000, Dr.
Lahn won a prestigious fellowship from the Howard Hughes Medical
Institute.
The fellowship pays most of his research bills and has allowed
him to pursue creative projects, often on attention-grabbing
subjects. One study looked at how promiscuity among female
chimpanzees, gorillas and humans affected the evolution of a
gene that makes sperm sticky. "Bruce is in a hurry to be
famous," says Martin Kreitman, a Chicago colleague who is
friendly with him.
Henry Harpending, a University of Utah anthropology professor
who recently published a theory for why Ashkenazi Jews tend to
have high IQ's, says Dr. Lahn once suggested they co-author an
article for Scientific American about the genetics of behavior,
in which they could explain why "Chinese are boring."
"I think that Bruce doesn't understand political correctness,"
Dr. Harpending says. Dr. Lahn says he only vaguely recalls the
conversation but confirms that he wonders whether during China's
imperial times there was "some selection" against rebellious
individuals.
In recent years, Dr. Lahn has become interested in why the human
brain is so large and complex. Although humans and chimpanzees
share about 96% of their DNA, human brains are about four times
larger. Even today, researchers can find a correlation, on
average, between
people's brain size and their IQ.
Dr. Lahn's group zeroed in on the role of two genes, called ASPM
and microcephalin, that are known to have a role in brain size.
Humans with defective copies of either gene are born with brains
only about one-third the normal size.
Studying DNA from several species, the Chicago team found that,
over millions of years, the genes had undergone more rapid
change in monkeys, apes and humans than in other animals. Their
next step was to determine if evolution had continued in modern
humans. Dr. Lahn's graduate students began decoding DNA from
1,184 people belonging to 59 groups from around the world,
including Bedouins, Pima Indians and French-speaking Basques.
The data showed that evolution had continued in recent
millennia. A statistical analysis of DNA patterns suggested that
new mutations in each of the two brain-related genes had spread
quickly through some human populations. Evidently, these
mutations were advantageous among
those populations -- just as the genetic variant promoting milk
digestion was advantageous to early Europeans. Dr. Lahn and his
team further observed that the new mutations are found most
frequently outside of Africa.
What the data didn't say was how the mutations were
advantageous. Perhaps the genes play a role outside of the brain
or affect a brain function that has nothing to do with
intelligence.
While acknowledging that the evidence doesn't permit a firm
conclusion, Dr. Lahn favors the idea that the advantage
conferred by the mutations was a bigger and smarter brain. He
found ways to suggest that in his papers. One mutation, which
according to his estimates arose some 40,000 years ago,
coincided with the first art found in caves, the paper observed.
The other mutation, present mostly in people from the Middle
East and Europe, and estimated to be 5,800 years old, coincided
with the "development of cities and written language."
That suggested brain evolution might have occurred in tandem
with important cultural changes. Yet because neither variant is
common in sub-Saharan Africa, there was another potential
implication: Some groups had been left out.
The dean of the University of Chicago's medical school, James L.
Madara, says he approached Dr. Lahn before the papers were
published. They discussed whether the report could be taken out
of context. "Let the chips lie where they may," Dr. Madara says
he told Dr. Lahn. As long as
the ideas and data are clear, "don't worry about the
implications," the dean said.
John Easton, head of media relations at the medical school, says
his office was worried the work could be misinterpreted and
abused by racist groups. Mr. Easton borrowed a copy of "The
Mismeasure of Man," the famous attack on IQ tests and
brain-volume measurements by the late paleontologist Stephen Jay
Gould. Mr. Easton helped Dr. Lahn with talking points about his
research. "We said, 'Don't be shy about telling people what it
doesn't mean,' " Mr. Easton recalls.
Mr. Easton says Dr. Lahn "makes us nervous" but "with Bruce we
know it's not driven by personal bias." That is because Asians
"don't score at the top" in the frequency of the brain-gene
mutations, Mr. Easton says.
Dr. Lahn's paper and talk at his university -- in which he also
claimed the gene variants were probably linked to higher IQ --
provoked a strong reaction both on and off campus. Dr. Collins,
head of the federal genome program, obtained advance copies of
the papers and circulated them to top population geneticists. He
wasn't persuaded by the statistical evidence for evolution and
criticized Dr. Lahn's work in media interviews.
The papers won wide attention among researchers, and several
responded by setting out to test Dr. Lahn's findings. Scientists
at the Broad Institute, a top genetics center in Cambridge,
Mass., have been reanalyzing some of the data and say they may
challenge Dr. Lahn's finding that evolution acted on ASPM, one
of the genes. Broad's influential chief, Eric Lander, says
scientists probing recent evolution run the risk of "seeing a
difference, and saying there is a story to fit
it."
A team at the University of California, Los Angeles, recently
tested whether the gene variants actually affect brain size.
They studied DNA from 120 people whose brain volumes they had
already measured using magnetic-resonance imaging. They didn't
find any difference. "It
certainly makes you want to look at other explanations" of what
the variations mean, says Roger P. Woods, a UCLA brain-mapping
expert who reported the results in May.
Some of Dr. Lahn's co-authors are also uncomfortable with the
work. Sarah Tishkoff, a geneticist at the University of Maryland
who provided DNA from remote African groups, says she is
bothered how one paper drew a link between the genetic changes
and the rise of civilization. She
thinks it is too early to reach any conclusions about why the
changes spread and says it is "very simplistic" to imagine that
a single gene could have a major effect on complex cultural
traits.
Several groups of scientists have sent letters to Science
criticizing the papers. Dr. Lahn prepared responses, sending one
earlier this month, but Dr. Tishkoff wasn't willing to add her
name to them.
"You have to follow the data wherever it leads, but speculating
in this field is dangerous," says Spencer Wells, head of the
National Geographic Society's Genographic Project, a five-year,
$40 million effort to collect DNA samples from 100,000
indigenous people. Dr. Wells says the project team might try to
find evolutionary reasons for physical differences such as why
Danes are taller than pygmies. But Dr. Wells says National
Geographic won't study the brain. "I think there is very little
evidence of IQ differences between races," he says.
The accuracy of Dr. Lahn's work and his views on race came up in
his tenure review last fall, says a person familiar with it.
After debate, his department voted unanimously in his favor,
according to another faculty member. A more senior committee
agreed and awarded Dr. Lahn the post of full professor, although
it wasn't unanimous, this person says.
Dr. Lahn stands by his work but says that because of the
controversy he is moving into other projects. Earlier this year,
Mr. Easton of the university's media department forwarded Dr.
Lahn a paper by two economists looking at the IQ of infants of
different races. Dr. Lahn wasn't interested. "I'm surprised
anyone studies this," he replied in an email.
Dr. Lahn says he isn't as eager as he once was to continue
studying brain differences. P. Thomas Schoenemann, a professor
of anthropology at the University of Michigan-Dearborn, says
that at Dr. Lahn's request he collected DNA from 25 people whose
brain sizes he had studied previously. But the two scientists
haven't been in touch recently.
The university's patent office is also having second thoughts.
Its director, Alan Thomas, says his office is dropping a patent
application filed last year that would cover using Dr. Lahn's
work as a DNA-based intelligence test. "We really don't want to
end up on the front page . . . for doing eugenics," Mr. Thomas
says.
More recently, Dr. Lahn says he was moved when a student asked
him whether some knowledge might not be worth having. It is a
notion to which he has been warming. Dr. Lahn says he once tried
testing himself for which version of the brain genes he has. The
experiment's outcome was blurry "but it wasn't looking good," he
says. He hasn't tried testing himself again.
#Post#: 3523--------------------------------------------------
Re: Χαμπάρι
δεν
παίρνουν οι
εν Ελλάδι
"ρατσιστές"
DIR By: ZORO
Date: November 13, 2012, 8:44 am
---------------------------------------------------------
--- Quote ---
> "It's getting too controversial,"
--- End Quote ---
Καλά γνωστή
η υστερία
και το
ανελέητο
κυνήγι
μαγισσών
στο οποίο
επιδίδεται
η αριστερή
ιντελιγκέντσια
και το
ιερατείο
της
πολιτικής
ορθότητας.
Όποιος
επιστήμονας
τολμήσει να
αποκλίνει
από την
κεντρική
γραμμή "η
εξέλιξη
τελείωσε
στο κεφάλι" ή
το άλλο
αγαπημένο "η
φυλή είναι
κοινωνικό
κατασκεύασμα
χωρίς
βιολογική
βάση"
δαιμονοποιείται
και
εξοντώνεται
προσωπικά
και
επαγγελματικά.
Το τραγικό
της
υπόθεσης
είναι οτι οι
σοσιαλιστές
έχουν αυτό
ανακηρυχθεί
και σε
ταγούς της
επιστήμης
και της
λογικής. Οι
ίδιοι
σοσιαλιστές
που στα τέλη
του 19ου αιώνα
πίστευαν
οτι η θεωρία
της
εξέλιξης
αποτελεί
μια
συνωμοσία
της
μπουρζουαζίας
για να
δικαιολογήσει
την
"εκμετάλλευσή",
αυτοί που
μας έδωσαν
τον
Λισενκοισμό
, το
αντιεπιστημονικό
γραφικό
παραμυθάκι
του
ανθρώπου
τάμπουλα
ράσα που
είναι
αποκλειστικά
προϊόν του
περιβάλλοντος
του
εποικοδομήματος
του
ιστορικού
προτσές και
άλλα τέτοια
γελοία
διαλεκτικά.
Άντε πάρτε
τώρα λίγα
"αντιρατσιστικά"
μαθηματικά
για χώνεψη
HTML http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-racism_in_mathematics_teaching
Και μετά
διαβάστε
και λίγη
πραγματική
μη
πολιτικοποιημένη
επιστήμη
που
τεκμηριώνει
την
βιολογική
βάση της
φυλής..
HTML http://www.ln.edu.hk/philoso/staff/sesardic/Race.pdf
#Post#: 3529--------------------------------------------------
Re: Χαμπάρι
δεν
παίρνουν οι
εν Ελλάδι
"ρατσιστές"
DIR By: FringeElements
Date: November 13, 2012, 9:28 am
---------------------------------------------------------
Τι ακριβώς
μετράει
αυτή η
εικόνα^;
Και το gene cluster
συσχετίζεται
τέλεια με
τον
φαινότυπο
HTML http://p.twimg.com/A07TWZlCMAA4K02.jpg
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