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       #Post#: 24139--------------------------------------------------
       &#902;&#954;&#959;&#965; &#928;&#953;&#957;&#959;&#963;&#941;&#9
       64;: The Taiwan State Miracle
       By: Statesman Date: August 23, 2016, 9:37 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       After a period of hyperinflation in the late 1940s when the
       Kuomintang (KMT) military regime of Chen Yi overprinted the new
       Taiwan Yuan against the previous Japan Taiwan Yen, it became
       clear that a new and stable currency was needed. When the KMT
       government retreated to Taiwan after the loss of mainland China
       in the Chinese Civil War, it brought part of the precious metal
       and foreign currency reserve of mainland China to the island.
       Although war-ravaged China had held only a very small reserve,
       some $170 million in all,[1] those reserves helped to establish
       a gold-standard reserve currency in Taiwan, which in turn helped
       to stabilize prices and reduce hyperinflation. More importantly,
       many of the Chinese intellectual and business elites moved with
       KMT to the island.[citation needed] The Japanese had built up
       the agricultural and industrial infrastructure as well as
       chemical, material, and food reserves on the island that allowed
       the elite of the KMT supporters to jump start their own economic
       endeavors.[citation needed] Along with the $4 billion in
       financial aid and soft credit provided by the US (as well as the
       indirect economic stimulus of US food and military aid) over the
       1945-1965 period, Taiwan had the necessary capital to restart
       its economy. Further, the KMT government instituted many laws
       and land reforms that it had never effectively enacted on
       mainland China.
       A land reform law, inspired by the same one that the Americans
       were enacting in occupied Japan, removed the landlord class (In
       a similar manner as Japan), and created a higher number of
       peasants whom, with the help of the state, increased the
       agricultural output dramatically. This was the first excedent
       accumulation source.[2] It inverted capital creation, and
       liberated the agricultural workforce to work in the urban
       sectors. However, the government imposed on the peasants an
       unequal exchange with the industrial economy, with credit and
       fertilizer controls and a non monetary exchange to trade
       agrarian products (machinery) for rice. With the control of the
       banks (at the time, being the property of the government), and
       import licenses, the state oriented the Taiwanese economy to
       import substitutive industrialization, creating initial
       capitalism in a fully protected market.
       It also, with the help of USAID, created a massive industrial
       infrastructure, communications, and developed the educational
       system. Several government bodies were created and four-year
       plans were also enacted. Between 1952 and 1982, economic growth
       was on average 8.7%, and between 1983 and 1986 at 6.9%. The
       gross national product grew by 360% between 1965 and 1986. The
       percentage of global exports was over 2% in 1986, over other
       recently industrialized countries, (like South Korea), and the
       global industrial production output grew a further 680% between
       1965 and 1986. The social gap between the rich and the poor fell
       (Gini: 0.558 in 1953, 0.303 in 1980), even lower than some
       Western European countries, but it grew a little in the 80's.
       Health care, education, and quality of life also improved.[3]
       Much of that was made possible through US economic aid,
       subsidizing the higher cost of domestic production. The
       flexibility of the productive system and the industrial
       structure meant that Taiwanese companies had more chances to
       adapt themselves to the changing international situation and the
       global economy.
       In 1959, a 19-point program of Economic and Financial Reform,
       liberalized market controls, stimulated exports and designed a
       strategy to attract foreign companies and foreign capitals. An
       exports processing area was created in Kaohsiung and in 1964,
       General Instruments pioneered in externalizing electronic
       assembly in Taiwan. Japanese companies moved in to benefit of
       low salaries, the lack of environmental laws and controls, a
       well-educated and capable workforce, and the support of the
       Government. But the nucleus of the industrial structure was
       national, and it was composed by a large number of small and
       medium-sized enterprises, created within families with the
       family savings, and savings cooperatives nets (&#26371; Pinyin:
       Hu�). They had the support of the government in the form of
       subsidies and credits loaned by the banks.
       Most of this Hu� appeared for the first time in rural zones near
       metropolitan areas, where families shared work (in the parcels
       they owned and in the industrial workshops at the same time).
       For instance, in 1989 in Changhua, small enterprises produced
       almost 50% of the world's umbrellas. The State attracted foreign
       companies in order to obtain more capital and to get access to
       foreign markets, but the big foreign companies got contracts
       with this huge net of small sized, familiar and national
       companies, which were a very important percentage of the
       industrial output.
       Foreign investment never represented an important component in
       the Taiwanese economy, with the notable exception of the
       electronic market. For instance, in 1981, direct foreign
       investment was a mere 2% of the GNP, foreign companies employed
       4.8% of the total workforce, their production was 13.9% of the
       total production and their exports were 25.6% of nationwide
       exports. Access to the global markets was facilitated by the
       Japanese companies and by the American importers, who wanted a
       direct relationship with the Taiwanese brands. No big
       multinational corporations were created (like in Singapore), or
       huge national conglomerates (like South Korean chaebols), but
       some industrial groups, with the support of the government,
       grew, and became in the 90's huge companies totally
       internationalized.
       Most of the development was thanks to the flexibility of family
       businesses which produced for foreign traders established in
       Taiwan and for international trade nets with the help of
       intermediaries. But the importance of the state must not be
       forgotten. It was the central organism which coordinated the
       industrialization process, it created the infrastructures, it
       attracted foreign investment, it decided the strategic
       priorities and, when necessary, recurred to impose its
       conditions.
       #Post#: 24140--------------------------------------------------
       Re: &#902;&#954;&#959;&#965; &#928;&#953;&#957;&#959;&#963;&#941
       ;&#964;: The Taiwan State Miracle
       By: Pinochet88 Date: August 24, 2016, 4:03 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
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       [quote] and created a higher number of peasants whom, with the
       help of the state, increased the agricultural output
       dramatically.[/quote]
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       *****************************************************