DIR Return Create A Forum - Home
---------------------------------------------------------
True Left
HTML https://trueleft.createaforum.com
---------------------------------------------------------
*****************************************************
DIR Return to: Colonial Era
*****************************************************
#Post#: 5969--------------------------------------------------
How did the English Colonize America?
By: guest5 Date: April 30, 2021, 1:07 am
---------------------------------------------------------
How did the English Colonize America?
HTML https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H2Gl4QFA6mA
[quote]
For the benefit of God[/quote]
Which is actually Yahweh of the Judeo-Greco-Christian and
Judaism\Jewish religion. Yahweh IS the colonial g-d, enslaver
and oppressor, of all non-Westerners!!!
This is how Yahweh signs his name by the way and why some of us
refer to him as "Old Scratch":
HTML https://apologeticspress.org/user_images/image/rr/2018/rr-font-a.png
#Post#: 7393--------------------------------------------------
The Long Journey to Reveal the Oregon Trail’s Racist History
By: guest55 Date: July 3, 2021, 7:54 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
The Long Journey to Reveal the Oregon Trail’s Racist History
[quote]As the U.S. grapples with its legacy of prejudice, one
parent is bringing the fight to Oregon public schools.[/quote]
[quote]One recent spring, Layna Lewis dropped her daughter off
at Irvington Elementary School in Portland, Oregon for the
fourth-grade class’s overnight trip to Oregon City, where the
kids would learn about the Oregon Trail by participating in
hands-on activities. As is the custom for this trip, which is
considered a tradition for many Oregonians, the kids that
morning were dressed in pioneer garb. Lewis, who is African
American and Native American, was disturbed watching kids of
color running around in their bonnets, knowing they wouldn’t
have been able to own land in the days of the Oregon Trail.
“It was glaringly inaccurate,” she says of the field trip,
concerned that the racial dynamics of the time were being
glossed over.
Shortly after, Lewis made an eight-minute video called “Oregon
FAIL” where she interviewed four girls in the class about the
field trip, which has been organized by the Multnomah Education
Service District (MESD) since 1998 and serves 3,000 students
around the state. In the video, the girls, one of whom is her
daughter, recall how narratives about people of color and Native
Americans had been omitted in the lessons, which are taught by
high school volunteers.
“It makes me wonder about my ancestors’ history and where were
they in this story?” one black girl says to the camera, in
response to the question Lewis posed asking them to relay their
experience of the field trip.
Another girl says Native Americans were treated “like side
characters. Throw them out, get away.”
The video was posted in a neighborhood Google group. News of it
made its way to Irvington School’s then-principal, Kathleen
Ellwood, who is not originally from Oregon and only attended the
field trip’s evening square dance. She claims she wasn’t
familiar with the educational aspects of the trip and was
surprised by the content in the video.
Oregon’s racist history is not always taught in schools in the
state, and is still unknown to many native and longtime
Oregonians, but it’s a long and fraught one. There were three
exclusion laws passed during the mid to late 1800s, in the
state’s early years, preventing black people from residing in
Oregon. The first, called Peter Burnett’s Lash Law, named after
the leader of the provisional government there, stated freed
slaves had to leave or be lashed. The second law forbade black
people from entering the state – the only state to enact such a
law – and the third, which made it illegal for them to own
property, became a clause in the constitution. It wasn’t removed
until 1926. Later, Oregon became a confluence for the Ku Klux
Klan, with 35,000 members living there in the early 1920s.
Furthermore, the practice of “redlining” meant realtors could
not sell homes in white neighborhoods to black people, per an
ethics code. The small black population was subsequently
confined to the Albina district, and when many migrated to the
city after the war, was met with racist sentiment. The
exclusionary laws shaped the racial makeup of Portland, into
today. According to the 2013 census, Portland had a white
population of 72.7 percent, the most of any big city in America.
Though Portland is viewed as progressive and accepting place,
local efforts have been ongoing for years to bring Oregon’s
discriminatory past to light. One includes Beyond The Oregon
Trail, an alternative curriculum created in 1999 by Oregon
Uniting, a grassroots group focused on racial reconciliation.
Sue Alperin, a founder of Oregon Uniting, created the supplement
in part to help kids of color feel included in Oregon’s story.
“We felt kids get a lot of history about the Oregon Trail, but
rarely does it discuss [the pioneers’] impact, of their meeting
Native Americans or the African Americans who were on the
trail,” says Alperin. “It’s basically a white picture. The
untold history is what we were trying to get at.”
The curriculum includes a general explanation of the
exclusionary laws, chapters about minority groups in Oregon,
lessons about white Americans who were allies to Oregon
lawmakers and stories of people who made a difference in their
communities. After years of lobbying and a “frustrating
journey,” says Alperin, the Portland Public School district made
it mandatory for all eighth grade social studies teachers to
teach the ten-hour course, trained by Oregon Uniting.
But that didn’t change the fourth-grade lessons.
After the Oregon FAIL video got mixed reactions from the
community (some teachers were upset and wary) a handful of other
parents from the Irvington School joined Lewis in her effort to
expand the elementary school curriculum to include a more
complete picture of the state’s history.
They sought out influential community leaders like the black
activist Donna Maxey, who runs a salon called Race Talks that
aims to dismantle barriers between races, and met with the PTA.
They connected with local groups such as Oregon Black Pioneers,
an organization dedicated to preserving the history of African
Americans in Oregon, a heritage “largely unknown,” according to
their website. They gave a presentation at the school to suggest
the curriculum mention the slaves who were concealed under wagon
floorboards in order to cross the border.
The parents began setting up meetings with the field trip
organizers, where as many as 14 were sometimes present. They
brought up specific concerns about the curriculum, one of which
was the activity where kids survey and claim land. It is one of
many exercises among lessons on how to churn butter, make
candles, write in a journal and pack the wagon. In the “survey
the land” activity, the kids are tasked with staking out their
plot by looking at a map, which did not designate areas occupied
by Native Americans.
During the discussions with the educational board, the Irvington
School committee asked the PTA to withhold funds for the field
trip unless the field trip curriculum reflected an inclusive
history and that the PTA ensured that the educational extensions
it funded were accurate. Lewis says a request such as that is
“what motivates people to do the right thing.” In October of
2016, Willamette Week, the local alternative weekly newspaper,
wrote that students were boycotting the trip altogether. A day
later, the then board chair of MESD sent an email to Ellwood and
the vice principal, asking them to pass along his note to the
students in Lewis’s video.
“Too often in public education, we allow a slow-burning racist
undercurrent to infect our curricula, our textbooks, and even
our teaching and learning,” he wrote.
Several months and a handful of meetings later, the educational
company agreed to incorporate narratives about Native Americans
by the spring session of 2017, specifically amending the
“staking the land” activity.
“We look at other people who lived there before pioneers and how
those numbers were reduced by impacts made, whether it was
disease or other things,” says Shauna Stevenson, the site
supervisor for the Oregon Trail field trip.
The Irvington School’s efforts come at a time when other fights
across the country to erase and expose racist pasts have
resulted in conflict, while spurring a national conversation.
Yale University decided to change the name of its Calhoun
College, named after John C. Calhoun, a defender of slavery, for
Grace Murray Hopper, a computer scientist, after initially
standing by the original name. Several pushes to dismantle
confederate statues and flags in the South led to violent
protests, including the deadly clash in Charlottesville,
Virginia over the planned removal of the Robert E. Lee statue.
Though the Irvington School’s efforts paid off, several
acknowledge the work has just begun.
“We’ll have to see what they do over time and how much truth
they want to tell of what went down over time, but it’s a
start,” says Maxey.
Lewis is currently working to make a feature-length sequel to
“Oregon FAIL.”
“[The educational board] did make some revisions,” she says.
“There’s still much more to come. It took a lot of effort and
maneuvering to keep us at the table.”[/quote]
HTML https://getpocket.com/explore/item/the-long-journey-to-reveal-the-oregon-trail-s-racist-history?utm_source=pocket-newtab
#Post#: 8080--------------------------------------------------
Re: How did the English Colonize America?
By: 90sRetroFan Date: August 14, 2021, 11:54 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
It's OK to be a "white" conservator (especially one who believes
in Manifest Destiny):
HTML https://www.yahoo.com/news/disturbing-history-conservatorships-were-used-135842098.html
[quote]The disturbing history of how conservatorships were used
to exploit, swindle Native Americans
...
As a lawyer with decades of experience representing poor and
marginalized people and a scholar of tribal and federal Indian
law, I can attest to the way systemic inequalities within local
legal practices may exacerbate these potentially exploitative
situations, especially with respect to women and people of
color.
Perhaps nowhere has the impact been so grave than with respect
to Native Americans, who were put into a status of guardianship
due to a system of federal and local policies developed in the
early 1900s purportedly aimed at protecting Native Americans
receiving allotted land from the government. Members of the Five
Civilized Tribes of Oklahoma – Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw,
Creek, and Seminole nations – were particularly impacted by
these practices due to the discovery of oil and gas under their
lands.
...
A conservatorship, or a related designation called a
guardianship, takes away decision-making autonomy from a person,
called a “ward.” Although the conservator is supposed to act in
the interest of the ward, the system can be open to exploitation
especially when vast sums of money are involved.
This was the case between 1908 and 1934, when guardianships
became a vehicle for the swindling of Native communities out of
their lands and royalties.
By that time, federal policy had forced the removal of the Five
Civilized Tribes from eastern and southern locations in the
United States to what is presently Oklahoma. Subsequent federal
policy converted large tracts of tribally held land into
individual allotments that could be transferred or sold without
federal oversight – a move that fractured communal land. Land
deemed to be “surplus to Indian needs” was sold off to white
settlers or businesses, and Native allotment holders could
likewise sell their plots after a 25-year trust period ended or
otherwise have them taken through tax assessments and other
administrative actions. Through this process Indian land
holdings diminished from “138 million acres in 1887 to 48
million acres by 1934 when allotment ended,” according to the
Indian Land Tenure Foundation.
During the 1920s, members of the Osage Nation and of the Five
Civilized Tribes were deemed to be among the richest people per
capita in the world due to the discovery of oil and gas
underneath their lands.
However, this discovery turned them into the victims of
predatory schemes that left many penniless or even dead.
Reflecting on this period in the 1973 book “One Hundred Million
Acres,” Kirke Kickingbird, a lawyer and member of the Kiowa
Tribe, and former Bureau of Indian Affairs special assistant
Karen Ducheneaux wrote that members of the Osage Nation “began
to disappear mysteriously.” On death, their estates were left
“not to their families, but to their friendly white lawyers, who
gathered to usher them into the Happy Hunting Ground,”
Kickingbird and Ducheneaux added.
Lawyers and conservators stole lands and funds before death as
well, by getting themselves appointed as guardians and
conservators with full authority to spend their wards’ money or
lease and sell their land.
Congress created the initial conditions for this widespread
graft and abuse through the Act of May 27, 1908. [b]That Act
transferred jurisdiction over land, persons and property of
Indian “minors and incompetents” from the Interior Department,
to local county probate courts in Oklahoma. Related legislation
also enabled the the Interior Department to put land in or out
of trust protection based on its assessment of the competency of
Native American allottees and their heirs.[/b]
Unfettered by federal supervisory authority, local probate
courts and attorneys seized the opportunity to use guardianships
to steal Native Americans estates and lands. As described in
1924 by Zitkála-Šá, a prominent Native American activist
commissioned by the Secretary of Interior to study the issue,
“When oil is ‘struck’ on an Indian’s property, it is usually
considered prima facie evidence that he is incompetent, and in
the appointment of a guardian for him, his wishes in the matter
are rarely considered.”
The county courts generally declared Native Americans
incompetent to handle more than a very limited sum of money
without any finding of mental incapacity. Zitkála-Šá’s report
and Congressional testimony documented numerous examples of
abuse. Breaches of trust were documented in which attorneys or
others appointed conservators took money or lands from Nation
members for their own businesses, personal expenses or
investments. Others schemed with friends and business associates
to deprive “wards.”
...
One such woman in Zitkála-Šá’s report was Munnie Bear, a “young,
shrewd full-blood Creek woman … [who] ran a farm which she
inherited from her aunt, her own allotment being leased.” Munnie
saved enough money to buy a Ford truck and livestock for her
farm, with savings remaining in a bank account. Once oil was
discovered, however, the court appointed a guardian, who
appointed a co-guardian and retained a lawyer, each of whom
deducted monthly fees that depleted Bear’s funds. During the
period of her guardianship, she was unable to spend any money or
make any decisions about her farm or livestock, nor did she
control her bank investment.
Zitkála-Šá’s report displays the extent of this practice:
“Many of the county courts are influenced by political
considerations, and … Indian guardianships are the plums to be
distributed to the faithful friends of the judges as a reward
for their support at the polls. The principal business of these
county courts is handling Indian estates. The judges are elected
for a two-year term. That ‘extraordinary services’ in connection
with the Indian estates are well paid for; one attorney, by
order of the court, received $35,000 from a ward’s estate, and
never appeared in court.”
Wards were often kept below subsistence levels by their
conservators while their funds and lands were depleted by the
charging of excessive guardian and attorneys’ fees and
administrative costs, along with actual abuse through graft,
negligence and deception.
...
the lands and funds lost as a result of guardianships were not
restored nor did descendants of those swindled ever enjoy the
benefit of their relatives’ lands and monies either.[/quote]
NEVER FORGIVE. NEVER FORGET.
#Post#: 9145--------------------------------------------------
Re: How did the English Colonize America?
By: 90sRetroFan Date: September 30, 2021, 10:18 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
HTML https://abcnews.go.com/US/century-arson-decimated-chinatown-san-jose-apologize-past/story?id=80188124
[quote]Local lawmakers in San Jose, California, are expected to
vote on a resolution next week that would apologize to Chinese
immigrants and their descendants for the role the city played in
"systemic and institutional racism" more than a hundred years
after one of the city's thriving Chinatowns was burned by
arsonists.
San Jose was once home to five Chinatowns built up by immigrants
arriving to the U.S. in the late 1800s, according to a
memorandum posted to the city's website that acknowledges the
pain and unequal treatment suffered by these early Asian
American communities.
"These early Chinese immigrants were met with virulent,
systematic racism, xenophobia and the violence of anti-Chinese
forces from early on and were regularly denied equal protection
before the law," the memo states. "In addition to federal
legislation such as the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, City
policies, resolutions, and other actions of the City of San José
and the City Council directly contributed to the xenophobic
discrimination and racial violence faced by Chinese immigrants."
...
The memo notes how one of the most well-known of San Jose's
Chinatowns succumbed to arson in 1887 after the city council at
the time declared the site a public nuisance and ordered it
removed to make way for the construction of a new city hall. The
blaze displaced some 1,400 people and destroyed homes and
businesses.
A plaque erected in 1987 on the Fairmont Hotel -- which sits on
the site of the former Chinatown -- acknowledges the atrocities,
but the memo notes that there "has been no formal
accountability" for the city's policies that led to the arson.
The resolution seeks to change this.
A draft of the resolution chronicles the contributions Chinese
immigrants made to the local economy, as well as the violence
and racism they faced -- noting how the first church in 1869 to
teach Sunday school to Chinese immigrants was burned to the
ground and the minister at the time received death threats.
The resolution also acknowledges the still-persisting impacts of
centuries of racist policy, stating, "the recent rise in
anti-Asian violence and racial discrimination demonstrates that
xenophobia remains deeply rooted in our society" and that
"Asian-Americans are still considered perpetual foreigners."
It calls for the story of Chinese immigrants "and the
dehumanizing atrocities committed against them in the 19th and
early 20th century" to not be purged from the city's history.
"The City must acknowledge and take responsibility for the
legacy of discrimination against early Chinese immigrants as
part of our collective consciousness that helps contribute to
the current surge in anti-Asian and Pacific Islander hate," it
states.
The resolution seeks to apologize to all Chinese immigrants and
their descendants, acknowledge the injustices and brutality, as
well as recognize the contributions and resilience of the
Chinese community.
...
"The apology by the City of San Jose for anti-Chinese policies
comes very late, but it is deeply meaningful for the Chinese
American community and symbolically offers peace and
reconciliation," she said. "The apology recognizes the hardships
and struggles of our ancestors by the Chinese Exclusion Act
which deprived Chinese naturalization to U.S. citizenship,
inciting cities to drive out the Chinese by outlaw violence or
legal methods."[/quote]
It would only be meaningful if the descendants of the
colonialists were prohibited from reproducing.
[quote]San Jose Mayor Sam Liccardo told San Francisco ABC
station KGO, "It's appropriate that every generation, we do
this."
"That we remember this," Liccardo added, "because tragically,
these lessons are lost from one generation to another. And even
more tragically, history does repeat itself."[/quote]
Not least because the bloodlines responsible were allowed to
keep reproducing.
#Post#: 9330--------------------------------------------------
Re: How did the English Colonize America?
By: guest55 Date: October 10, 2021, 9:26 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
Keep in mind the term "tribal nation" is an oxymoron!
Indigenous Peoples Day Comes Amid a Reckoning Over Colonialism
and Calls for Return of Native Land
[quote]Renaming a national holiday to celebrate Native culture
is one thing, but many Indigenous peoples are looking for
greater recognition of the land grab that deprived them of
ancestral homes.[/quote]
[quote]In many parts of what is now the United States,
communities have in recent years replaced Columbus Day with
Indigenous Peoples Day.
Celebrating Indigenous cultures every October is important. But
in this moment when the U.S. is reckoning with legacies of
racism and colonialism, many Indigenous nations call for
something more – the return of ancestral lands.
Having spoken to Native Americans activists, leaders and
community members in the course of my research into sacred sites
protection movements, I understand that land is often the center
of Indigenous life. It is not just where people live, but a site
of complex relationships among humans, waters, plants, animals
and spiritual beings. This is why the famous Standing Rock Sioux
scholar and activist Vine Deloria Jr. wrote “American Indians
hold their lands – places – as having the highest possible
meaning, and all their statements are made with this reference
point in mind.”
Stolen Lands
In my research with California Bay Area Ohlone tribes, I have
learned how land is central to identity and culture. Even in
highly urbanized places like San Francisco and Oakland, Ohlone
people have talked to me about how the land still holds meaning.
As a non-Indigenous Latino scholar, I have also been challenged
to continually reimagine those places – and the continent as a
whole – as Indigenous land. Like many people in the U.S., my
education growing up taught me to think about Indigenous peoples
in the past tense – looking at their history and not their
contemporary experiences.
This reimagining is necessary given important U.S. policies
related to Indigenous lands. Laws such as the Indian Removal Act
of 1830 worked to displace tribes from their homelands into
“Indian Territory” in Oklahoma. This law intended to open lands
for non-Native settlers.
Such is the context of the Trail of Tears, the forced removal of
the Cherokee and other tribal nations from their homelands to
reservations in the 1830s. [/quote]
[img]
HTML https://pocket-image-cache.com/direct?resize=w2000&url=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.theconversation.com%2Ffiles%2F362801%2Foriginal%2Ffile-20201011-13-10lsr9g.jpg%3Fixlib%3Drb-1.1.0%26q%3D45%26auto%3Dformat%26w%3D754%26fit%3Dclip[/img]
[quote]Similar policies are found in the Allotment Act of 1887,
which sought to dissolve communally held reservation lands into
individual allotments. After allotments were granted, the
“excess land” was sold to white settlers. Tribes lost 90 million
acres as a result.
Some policies sought to take away land through less explicit
means. These include the establishment of Indian boarding
schools that worked to assimilate tribal youth. Native children
were forcibly taken from their homes to assimilate them. Many
suffered physical, sexual and psychological abuse.
Other policies like the Indian Relocation Act of 1956 worked to
assimilate Native peoples by encouraging them to move to major
cities.
This last policy ended up backfiring significantly. Instead of
assimilating, Native peoples in urban spaces eventually joined
forces to create the American Indian Movement in 1968. This
intertribal political movement sought to protect tribal lands,
stop police brutality and hold the U.S. government accountable
to treaty agreements with tribal nations.
Beyond Acknowledgments
In recent years many institutions in the U.S. have attempted to
recognize the wrongs done to Indigenous peoples. For example,
some organizations, universities and businesses have issued land
acknowledgments – brief statements that mention the Indigenous
peoples of the land where the institution operates.
The land acknowledgment at Syracuse University, where I work, is
typical of such statements:
“The Syracuse University College of Arts and Sciences would like
to acknowledge with respect the Onondaga Nation, firekeepers of
the Haudenosaunee, the indigenous peoples on whose ancestral
lands Syracuse University now stands.”
These statements work to bring awareness to Indigenous lands and
peoples. They can also be a first step toward solidarity between
Native and non-Native peoples. Leaders like Corrina Gould of the
Bay Area’s Confederated Villages of Lisjan/Ohlone encourage
institutions to take this further. “Land acknowledgment must
begin with a relationship with the people on whose land you are
on,” she said at a workshop in San Francisco. “And I think the
next step I’m looking for is, how do we now live in reciprocity
with one another on our homelands?”
Indigenous leaders also call for the return of land. The social
media hashtag campaign #LandBack addresses this directly. Forbes
writer Michela Moscufo traces the origins of the campaign to
Indigenous activists’ critique of the ways Canadian Prime
Minister Justin Trudeau has handled pipelines through First
Nations territories. Moscufo also notes that the phase “Land
Back” has been used in the U.S. as well.
This has included protests by Lakota peoples and allies during
President Trump’s visit to Mount Rushmore on July 4. Mount
Rushmore is part of the Black Hills, a sacred place to the
Lakota that was taken by U.S. forces after gold was discovered
in 1874, a violation of the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie.
Resistance at the U.S./Mexico Border
The phrase “Land Back” has also been invoked in resistance to
the construction of the border wall between the U.S. and Mexico.
Tribal nations whose territories exist along this border such as
the Kumeyaay in California, Tohono O'odham in Arizona, and
others are active in protesting against its construction.
[/quote]
[quote] In September 2020, two Kumeyaay activists were arrested
while protesting the wall construction. The San Diego Tribune
reported that activists were part of “Camp Land Back,” which
began in August to protest the wall. Kumeyaay leaders have
voiced concerns that the construction of the wall will disrupt
ancestral lands, especially sacred and burial sites. On the
Instagram page @kumeyaaydefenseagainstthewall, the campaign
describes itself as a “Small indigenous initiative that is
rooted in prayer to defend Kumeyaay lands and people.”
Expanding Indigenous Peoples Day
The Yellowhead Institute, a Canadian First Nations-led research
center, describes “land back” as being about “reclaiming
Indigenous jurisdiction” and “breathing life into rights and
responsibilities.”
As Indigenous peoples the world over continue to defend
ancestral lands, Indigenous Peoples Day can have important
meaning, more than just the renaming of a national holiday. It
is an invitation to contend with the impacts of colonialism and
the wrongful appropriation of Indigenous lands.[/quote]
HTML https://getpocket.com/explore/item/indigenous-peoples-day-comes-amid-a-reckoning-over-colonialism-and-calls-for-return-of-native-land?utm_source=pocket-newtab
#Post#: 9514--------------------------------------------------
Re: Non-Aryan aggressiveness
By: Zea_mays Date: October 22, 2021, 1:33 am
---------------------------------------------------------
[quote]John "Liver-Eating" Johnson, born John Jeremiah Garrison
Johnston (July 1, 1824 – January 21, 1900), was a mountain man
of the American Old West.
[...]
Rumors, legends, and campfire tales about Johnson abound.
Perhaps chief among them is that in 1847, his wife, a member of
the Flathead American Indian tribe, was killed by a young Crow
brave and his fellow hunters, which prompted Johnson to embark
on a vendetta against the tribe. According to historian Andrew
Mehane Southerland, "He supposedly killed and scalped more than
300 Crow Indians and then devoured their livers" to avenge the
death of his wife, and "As his reputation and collection of
scalps grew, Johnson became an object of fear."[3]
Accounts say that he would cut out and eat the liver of each
Crow killed.[4] This led to him being known as "Liver-Eating
Johnson". [/quote]
HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver-Eating_Johnson
#Post#: 10781--------------------------------------------------
Re: How did the English Colonize America?
By: 90sRetroFan Date: January 23, 2022, 11:27 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
It's OK for treaties to be "white":
HTML https://us.yahoo.com/news/history-hidden-treaty-temecula-robbed-160105541.html
[quote]History: Hidden Treaty of Temecula robbed Indigenous
people of their lands
...
Between March 19, 1851, and January 5, 1852, Wozencraft, McKee
and Barbour traversed California and created 18 treaties with
Native American tribes. Officially called California Treaty K,
but ever after known as the Treaty of Temecula, it was submitted
to the U.S. Senate on June 1, 1852, by President Fillmore. But
it was never ratified. Unbeknownst to the tribal signatories,
the Senate rejected the treaty in closed session and ordered the
document held in secret for the next 52 years.
During those years at the end of the 19th century, Indigenous
people were subjugated by white settlers and the policies of
state lawmakers, devastating the native population. Those who
survived were displaced onto reservations. This diaspora was set
against the Gold Rush and mass immigration to California.
...
The original document of the hidden treaty was finally displayed
in 2016 at the Smithsonian National Museum of the American
Indian in what the director said was a recognition “not only
(that) the treaties that were broken, but also of the power
imbalance that existed to allow treaties to be dismissed and
their memory to be locked away in secrecy.”
Representatives from the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians,
Pechanga Band of Luiseno Indians, San Manuel Band of Mission
Indians and Ramona Band of Cahuilla, four of the tribes affected
by the treaty, were present to witness the installation of the
original document 150 years after it was unceremoniously
rejected by the Senate and concealed.
In September 2021, Sean Milanovich completed and published his
dissertation in support of his Ph.D. entitled “The Treaty of
Temecula: A Story of Invasion, Deceit, Stolen Land and the
Persistence of Power, 1846-1905.” It may be found online and is
recommended reading for anyone who cares about the history of
California.
...
"The [s]American[/s] invaders claimed the Indigenous land as
their own and established a foreign government and subjugated
the Indigenous peoples to a foreign law, [s]American[/s] law.
The [s]Americans[/s] held the Indigenous peoples in a peon state
of war and did not acknowledge their right to own land. On Jan.
5, 1852, Indigenous leaders of the Cahuilla, Cupeño, Luiseño,
and Serrano attached their marks to the Treaty of Temecula
surrendering their land base under duress and established a
small permanent reservation.
...
Milanovich poignantly observes that the stolen land was never
returned.[/quote]
NEVER FORGIVE. NEVER FORGET.
#Post#: 15273--------------------------------------------------
Re: How did the English Colonize America?
By: 90sRetroFan Date: August 22, 2022, 5:58 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
Continuing from:
HTML https://trueleft.createaforum.com/true-left-vs-false-left/leftists-against-progressivism/msg15272/#msg15272
Recall:
HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Valley_Indian_Tribes_of_the_Round_Valley_Reservation
[quote]Relations between the various Indian groups, settlers and
White employees of the reservation reached a state of extreme
hostility. Bloodshed became a frequent occurrence as settlers
massacred Indians, including massacres at the behest of future
first Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court Serranus
Clinton Hastings between the years 1850–70, which killed at
least 283 men, women and children, the most deadly of 24 known
state militia campaigns. The perpetrators of these massacres
were paid or reimbursed for expenses by the State of
California.[2][/quote]
HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Valley_Settler_Massacres_of_1856%E2%80%931859
[quote]The Round Valley Settler Massacres of 1856–1859 were a
series of massacres committed by early white settlers of
California with cooperation and funding from the government of
California
...
White immigrants flooded into Northern California in 1848 due to
the California Gold Rush, increasing the settler population of
California from 13,000 to well over 300,000 in little more than
a decade.[1][2] The sudden influx of miners and settlers on top
of the nearly 300,000 Native Americans living in the area
strained space and resources.
On April 22, 1850, the fledgling California state legislature
passed the Act for the Government and Protection of Indians,
legalizing the kidnapping and forced servitude of Indians by
White settlers.[3][4][5] In 1851, the civilian governor of
California declared, "That a war of extermination will continue
to be waged … until the Indian race becomes extinct, must be
expected."[6] This expectation soon found its way into law. An
1851 legislative measure not only gave settlers the right to
organize lynch mobs to kill Indians, but allowed them to submit
their expenses to the government. By 1852 the state had
authorized over a million dollars in such claims.[7][unreliable
source] In 1856, a San Francisco Bulletin editorial stated,
"Extermination is the quickest and cheapest remedy, and
effectually prevents all other difficulties when an outbreak [of
Indian violence] occurs."[8]
In 1854, when the first six White settlers arrived in Round
Valley, somewhere between 6,000 and 20,000 Yuki Indians
inhabited the valley and its surrounding area.[9][10] Those
first six settlers immediately attacked the Yuki without
provocation, killing 40 of them (see Asbill Massacre).[/quote]
HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asbill_massacre
[quote]On May 15, 1854, six Missouri-based explorers led by
Pierce Asbill happened upon Round Valley while searching for a
route between Weaverville, an interior mining center, and
Petaluma, an important river port.[5][6] Round Valley was in an
isolated, difficult to access region of the Coast Range,
allowing it to remain relatively untouched by settlers and
miners to this point. While crossing a meadow, the explorers
spotted movement in the grass and realized that Indians were in
the valley.
Asbill stated, "We've come a long way from Missouri to locate
this place... an' be damned if wigglin' grass 'ull keep us away!
Git a–hold of yer weapons—we'uns are goin' in!"[7]
The party proceeded to a creek bed where they encountered a
large settlement of Yuki. Through the combination of superior
weaponry, horses, and focused intent, the party killed
approximately 40 of the people.[8]
Repercussions
Neither Asbill nor any of his fellow settlers were charged with
any malfeasance for killing the nonthreatening Indians. Asbill
stayed on to hunt the land and eventually began kidnapping and
trafficking Yuki women to be sold to non-Indian men outside of
the valley. Asbill sold 35 women in this manner by
1855.[9][/quote]
Back to previous link:
[quote]By 1855–56 Yuki women were being kidnapped in large
numbers and sold to outside men[11][12] as there was a shortage
of women among the miners and settlers. Pierce Asbill, the
instigator of the Asbill Massacre, stayed in the area and
personally kidnapped at least 35 Yuki women over the next
year.[13] Indian Agent Simon Storms reported upon arriving in
1856 that the Yuki people feared White men due to the kidnapping
of women and children[14] and in 1857 Indian Agent Vincent
Geiger stated that in Round Valley: "the Indians ... have very
few children—most of them doubtless having been stolen and
sold."[15] By 1860, settler William Frazier reported that there
were no longer any children among the Indians they encountered
and blamed kidnapping by outsiders as the cause.[16] Historians
Sherburne Cooke and Benjamin Madley suggest that these
abductions were one of several instigators of violent conflict
in the valley.[17][18] William Brewer, a member of the
California Geological Survey in the early 1860s, directly blamed
child-stealing of Indian children for the rise in Indian/settler
conflict and the atrocities that followed.[19]
A second instigator of conflict was competition for resources.
The new settlers killed deer in large numbers and cut off Yuki
access to fields where they had gathered plants and hunted small
game.[20][21][22] This threatened the Yuki with starvation, and
at times Yuki men killed and ate grazing cattle to survive.[23]
Many cattle and horses also wandered off and died of natural
causes, but these deaths were also blamed on the Indians and
used to build animosity towards them.[24] In fact, US Army
Lieutenant Edward Dillon implicated California Superintendent of
Indian Affairs Thomas Henley, current ranch owner and former
California Supreme Court Judge Serranus Clinton Hastings, and
Hastings's ranch manager H.L. Hall in a plot to build hatred
towards the Indians by holding town-hall style public gatherings
where settlers aired their grievances against them, real or
imagined.[25] In this manner they would be able to create
community buy-in to their campaign of atrocities which could
then drive the Indians off the land and allow them to have the
valley entirely to themselves.
Incidents
A band of 20–30 men, a significant portion of the several dozen
White settlers occupying the valley at that time, committed a
series of attacks against the Yuki Indians between 1856 and the
summer of 1859.
One Round Valley settler, Dryden Lacock, testified to the
California State Legislature that he regularly took part in
expeditions that would kill 50-60 Indians in a trip, as often as
two to three a week at times, from 1856 to 1860.[26] Settler
William Scott testified before the legislature that H.L. Hall
was a leader of vigilantes, killing all the Indians he could
find whenever he encountered them and even poisoning their food
and supplies.[27] Hall’s culpability was verified by Army
Lieutenant Edward Dillon, who referred to Hall as a "monster"
who killed men, women, and children, regardless of any crimes
committed[28] and lamented that he had basically depopulated the
county of Indians.[29][30] Hall, despite remaining silent as to
the number of Indians he had killed, did admit under oath to
executing Indian women, children, and even infants.[31]
Special Treasury Agent J. Ross Browne's account of the attacks
is vivid:
"At [Round Valley], during the winter of 1858–‘59, more than a
hundred and fifty peaceable Indians, including women and
children, were cruelly slaughtered by the whites who had settled
there under official authority. ... Armed parties went into the
rancherias in open day, when no evil was apprehended, and shot
the Indians down—weak, harmless, and defenseless as they
were—without distinction of age or sex; shot down women with
sucking babes at their breasts; killed or crippled the naked
children that were running about."[32]
As early as September 1857, Superintendent Henley had stated
that the campaign against the Yuki would continue until they
were either exterminated or driven from the area entirely.[33]
Special Treasury agent J. Ross Browne in September 1858 called
it a "war of extermination" against the Yuki with 20–30 armed
White men engaging in months of constant attacks.[34] By August
1859, after three years of a sustained campaign of atrocities,
the Sacramento Union wrote that the local Indians appeared
doomed to extirpation.[35]
...
These estimates suggest well over 1,000 Yuki deaths at the hands
of White settlers. (See Cook, Sherburne; "The California Indian
and White Civilization" Part III, pg 7, for an argument in favor
of the approximate reliability of figures of Indians killed at
this time.) The White settler John Burgess testified that 10–15
Indians were killed for every beef that had been killed.[49]
Lieutenant Edward Dillon stated that many crimes were unknown as
settlers "will not testify against each other, and in most cases
of this nature, Indians are the only witnesses."[50] Yuki Indian
depositions were taken during the investigation of the murders
by the California legislature in 1860, but all of these
depositions have either been lost or destroyed.[51]
Little retaliation or defense was possible from the Yuki. On 24
September 1857, over three years after the first massacre of
Indians in Round Valley, Indian Agent Geiger reported that a
White man had been killed by a Yuki for the first time.[15]
Another White man was killed in early 1858,[52] and by the end
of 1858 a total of four White men had been killed.[53] Reports
from the US Army suggest that at least two of the men killed
were well known for grievous crimes against the Indians and that
the Indians had been provoked in both instances.[54]
...
a state militia captain F. F. Flint was deputized to
investigate, but Flint advocated for killing the Yuki rather
than protecting them.[64]
...
Jarboe's War
In July 1859, a White settler named Walter S. Jarboe, already
known for his brutal killings, formed an organized army of forty
mercenaries to destroy the Round Valley Indians. He sought
approval and payment from the state of California, and received
an official appointment to kill Indians from the governor
himself.[67] With state government support Jarboe launched a
new, organized campaign of atrocities on the valley, known as
"Jarboe's War" or the "Mendocino War" by the settlers. In the
middle of his campaign, Jarboe declared to the governor,
"However cruel it may be ... nothing short of extermination will
suffice to rid the Country of them [the Yuki]."[68] Within six
months Jarboe's mercenaries had killed 283 "warriors" in 23
attacks, along with hundreds of women and children as well, and
captured nearly 300 Yuki Indians to be relocated to
reservations.[69] (See Mendocino War)[/quote]
HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendocino_War
[quote]Hastings had grown tired of waiting, and created a new
company anyway, without federal funding, with Jarboe as captain.
The company was often referred to as the Eel River Rangers, and
Hastings and Henley promised to provide the funding (they later
went back on this promise, forcing the state to pay for Jarboe
and his men).[25] From July 1859 to January 1860, Jarboe and his
men ravaged native lands and massacred many natives. Claiming
that the natives were guilty of theft and violence, Jarboe and
his men engaged in an "ethnic cleansing genocide".[26] Trying to
justify his actions, Jarboe and his men used carcasses from
plundered villages to try to give evidence for native thievery.
It was a shoot-first, ask-questions-later approach that gave
Jarboe and his men the powers of "judge, jury, and
executioner".[27]
...
Some settlers also decided to assist in this cause, with
ranchers leading attacks and raiding parties of their own. In
one 22-day period, 40 ranchers killed at least 150 natives.[29]
Finally, on January 3, 1860, Governor Weller disbanded Jarboe's
group.[32] The public swiftly opposed this decision, petitioning
Governor Weller to reinstate the Eel River Rangers, but the
protest was unsuccessful.[33][/quote]
Back to previous link:
[quote]the Legislature generally took the route of Rep. Lamar in
blaming the Indians for the conflict. Rep. Lamar helped to push
through legislation broadening the Indians eligible to be
forcibly enslaved by White settlers.
...
California legislators indeed continued state support for the
ongoing slaughter. On 12 April 1860, legislators appropriated
$9,347.39 for "payment of the indebtedness incurred by the
expedition against the Indians in the county of Mendocino."[76]
They also passed a law expanding the age and condition of
Indians available for forced slavery.
...
In 1861 the editor of the Mendocino Herald visited Round Valley
and declared that there were no more than five or six hundred
Yuki Indians left, out of an original population that had been
more than ten times larger only five years earlier.[78] [/quote]
NEVER FORGIVE. NEVER FORGET.
Credit where credit is due:
[quote]A company-sized deployment of federal soldiers finally
stopped the violence against the Indians in 1862.[79] The law
allowing the kidnapping and enslavement of Indians was revoked
in 1863.[80][/quote]
HTML https://trueleft.createaforum.com/colonial-era/abraham-lincoln/
#Post#: 16003--------------------------------------------------
Re: How did the English Colonize America?
By: 90sRetroFan Date: October 7, 2022, 2:03 am
---------------------------------------------------------
HTML https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gpAQSMUP4s
#Post#: 16381--------------------------------------------------
Re: How did the English Colonize America?
By: 90sRetroFan Date: November 11, 2022, 6:46 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
HTML https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/bloody-brutal-reality-english-frontier-112552747.html
[quote]The bloody, brutal reality of The English’s frontier:
‘There were spasms of extraordinary violence’
...
In the show, “the English” doesn’t just mean the English.
Rather, it’s a catch-all term for Europeans settling in the West
(defined as anywhere west of the Mississippi River). Though the
posho English settlers do play cricket at one point. “I’ve never
seen anyone play cricket in a Western!” laughs Garrett-Davis.
It’s true that English aristocracy journeyed to the West as part
of a Victorian fascination with Frontier America. In the series,
Tom Hughes plays Thomas Trafford, a naïve, terrible-with-money
milksop who’s shipped off to Wyoming to oversee business in the
open range cattle industry. Trafford represents a point of
historical fact: English aristocrats buying into the booming
cattle business and sending younger sons to the West to keep
them occupied (though the beef boom soon bottomed out). Like the
cricketers in The English, they also brought Englishmen’s games
to the prairies: they played tennis and set up a steeplechase
course.
...
The English is a reckoning with the destruction, dispossession,
and displacement of the Native peoples. In the series, one
Wyoming town – one of those half-finished towns you see in most
Westerns – is quite literally built on dead Native Americans.
The 1890 setting is also significant for being the year of the
Wounded Knee Massacre. At Wounded Knee Creek, South Dakota, on
December 29, 1890, members of the 7th Cavalry Regiment killed
300 men, women, and children from the Lakota people.
...
It was also ultimately a massacre of a religious movement, the
Ghost Dance, which had swept through the Native peoples. The
Ghost Dance was a circular, ceremonial dance that arose in
response to the Natives’ treatment at the hands of whites – a
spiritual call to return dead Indians, oust the white man, and
restore their lands. White [s]Americans[/s] were alarmed – some
said the Ghost Dance was a prelude to attack. The “Ghost
Dancers” are referenced in The English. “Dancing Indians? That’s
something to be afraid of?” says Emily Blunt’s Cornelia. “It is
when they stop,” responds Ciarán Hinds’ oddball baddie.
...
Native people are forced to the edges of the white man’s world:
hunted down or beaten for wandering into the wrong territory; or
forced into servitude. “You wanna survive in a white man’s
world, you have to become one,” says one character. “Simple as
that.”
“The army’s stated goal by the late 19th Century is to get
Native people on reservations – to clear land for white
Americans for the range cattle industry,” says Graybill.
“Ultimately, this job was left more to missionaries than the
federal government, to ‘missionize’ and ‘civilise’ Native
peoples – to force them to assimilate. That’s the real goal.”
...
the influx of white [s]Americans[/s] looking to displace Native
peoples from their land, also opening up territory for ranching
and mining, does cause a lot of violence between US Federal
troops and Native peoples. The high watermark of that is the
Sand Creek Massacre in 1864 [in which 230 from Cheyenne and
Arapaho peoples were slaughtered]. There were spasms of
extraordinary violence against Native peoples up until 1890.
...
Violence between Frontier Americans has been mythologised in
sheriff vs outlaw quick-fire shootouts.
...
Graybill references the historian Robert R Dykstra. “He spent a
lot of time convincingly debunking the idea that these towns
were just infused with violence,” says Graybill. “Maybe because
of the relatively thin populations, these murder rates per
capita seemed high. But in terms of gross overall numbers,
really not so much.”
The real violence, says Graybill, was between federal troops or
settlers and Native peoples.[/quote]
*****************************************************
DIR Next Page