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#Post#: 4178--------------------------------------------------
Aryan diffusion Part 8?
By: 90sRetroFan Date: February 13, 2021, 12:28 am
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OLD CONTENT
I told you there was going to be more here!
www.ancient-origins.net/news-history-archaeology/papua-new-guine
a-artifacts-0013473
[quote]About 10,000 years ago, the climate changed to better
suit the planting of crops and the Neolithic revolution that
brought about agriculture emerged in different parts of the
world at different times. In Europe and Asia it is known that at
this time cultural complexity developed as people began settling
and living together on farms.
But archaeologists have now discovered buried artifacts on the
island of Papua New Guinea, which suggest ancient people began
farming and making tools, arts and crafts around the same time
as their Eurasian contemporaries.
...
A news release from Dr Shaw explains that while scientists have
known that wetland agriculture originated in the New Guinea
highlands between 6000 and 2000 BC, little evidence for
corresponding social changes like those that occurred in other
parts of the world had been found. But a subsequent excavation
at this site, led to the discovery of a range of ancient
artifacts, which changes all this.
Among the finds archaeologists discovered part of a carved stone
face, a fire-lighting tool, an ochre-stained rock with cut
marks, parts of an axe and fragments from two stone pestles,
which still had bits of yam, banana, sugarcane and nuts stuck to
them. When fragments of charcoal that had been found buried with
the artifacts were radiocarbon dated, it was determined that the
site was between 4200 to 5050 years old.
Evidence of complex cultural activities was established when the
researchers learned that the ochre-stained rock was once a
traditional tool for “dyeing organic fibers.” Moreover, the
researchers were also able to prove that the stones used to make
the artifacts had been gathered from nearby quarries. Because
the fragments of hand-axes were found in various stages of
production, they were constructed onsite rather than having come
from Australia or Southeast Asia, who are known to have
immigrated to New Guinea with what archaeologists call the
Lapita culture over 1000 years later.
These new discoveries are evidence of an ancient island culture,
which had developed sophisticated craftsmanship with a range of
tools and crafts, that according to the paper had developed “of
its own accord in New Guinea.”[/quote]
---
arstechnica.com/science/2020/04/new-guinea-villagers-unearth-evi
dence-of-the-islands-neolithic-past/
[quote]When people in New Guinea started tending crops like yam
and fruits around 8,000 years ago, they transformed nearly
everything about life on the island. By around 5,000 years ago,
people had begun settling in houses supported by wooden posts.
The farmers developed new kinds of cutting tools, and they
carved stone pestles to prepare yams, fruits, and nuts. They
also wove brightly colored fabrics with dyed fibers, elaborate
carved stone figures of birds, and traded across 800km of ocean
for obsidian.
The details of daily life were uniquely New Guinea. But the big
picture—more people, settled village life, new types of stone
tools, and a sudden flourishing of symbolic art—might have been
familiar to people from other early agricultural societies
around the world. Together, those things are a bundle of
cultural trends that archaeologists call Neolithic.
Until recently, archaeologists didn’t think New Guinea had
developed its own Neolithic culture. Instead, many researchers
thought all the trappings of Neolithic village life had arrived
around 3,200 years ago with the Lapita, a group of seafaring
farmers who came to the island from Southeast Asia. That’s
because the few Neolithic artifacts that could be properly dated
all seemed to come from after the Lapita arrived. But the people
of the small highland village of Waim recently rewrote that
narrative with a chance discovery during a local construction
project.
People have lived here for a long, long time
While cutting into a hillside for construction, local workers
unearthed stone woodworking tools and stone carvings: a human
head with a bird perched on top and a fragment of a face.
Archaeological excavations at the site yielded a snapshot of
ancient New Guinean life.
Microscopic traces of food—starches from yams, bananas, palm
tree nuts, and sugar cane—still clung to the surfaces of stone
pestles. Ochre still filled the groove worn into a stone where
ancient crafters had once pulled string through the ochre to dye
it; modern people living near Waim recognized the tool at once,
because they still use something quite similar to dye the string
for colorful woven bags called bilums.
The filled-in remains of five postholes marked where a house or
other building once stood. A flat rock nearby, cutting
horizontally into the clay slope of the hillside, may once have
been a step. The site even recorded the ancient residents’
housekeeping techniques; bits of stone debris from tool-making
had piled up downslope, as if someone tossed or swept them away
from the house to clear away the mess after finishing a tool.
But one chunk of stone debris stood out from the rest: an
obsidian core, with a chemical composition that traced it to the
island of New Britain in the Bismarck Archipelago, about 800km
away from New Guinea. It’s the oldest evidence of inter-island
trade in raw materials discovered in the region.
A slice of prehistoric life
Similar axe-adzes and stone pestles had turned up at
archaeological sites in the New Guinea highlands before, but
they were usually scattered on the surface, with no way to tell
how old they were. At Waim, University of New South Wales
archaeologist Ben Shaw and his colleagues radiocarbon-dated 12
fragments of wood and charcoal from the same layer as the
artifacts. The carvings, tools, pestles, and postholes turned
out to be between 5,050 and 4,200 years old.
The stone carvings from Waim are now the oldest symbolic stone
carvings from anywhere in Oceania, but very similar carvings of
birds have turned up sticking out of the ground all over the
highlands and northern lowlands of New Guinea. Shaw and his
colleagues say the imagery was probably a part of shared culture
that linked groups of people scattered around the region, even
as groups began to grow more isolated and developed the 800 to
1,000 separate languages spoken in modern Papua New Guinea.
“[The carvings] may have been the formative stages of a clan
system which we see in New Guinea today,” Shaw told Ars. “This
would have transcended language and cultural boundaries.”
Like the carvings, the stone pestles at Waim are also the oldest
examples ever found in Oceania. At earlier sites, archaeologists
tend to find heavy, round stones that had been used to pound
roots or nuts. Once people started taking time to shape and
grind a proper pestle for that sort of work, it suggests that
food processing had become a much more important, and probably
more complicated, process.
And the starchy residues left behind on those pestles reveal a
lot about what people ate and where it came from. The starches
reveal a mixed diet of wild food, like palm tree nuts and
domestic crops like bananas and yams. Yams tend to grow at low
altitudes, so people probably grew and harvested them in the
surrounding Jimi Valley lowlands, then carried them up to Waim,
1,980m above sea level.
A Neolithic Revolution like no other
The finds at Waim mean that the Lapita can’t claim credit for
introducing technologies like axe-adzes, symbolic artwork, and
defined domestic space to New Guinea. People on the island had
been using them for at least 1,000 years when the Lapita
arrived. But the Lapita still wrought drastic changes.
“The earliest pottery in New Guinea was introduced by Lapita, as
well as animal domesticates (pigs, dogs, and chickens), which
have become very important in New Guinea social exchanges over
the past three millennia,” Shaw told Ars. Yams, taro, and
bananas didn’t need pottery to cook them in, unlike the grain
crops that fed early farming cultures elsewhere in the world, so
people on New Guinea never bothered to invent it.
That’s not the only way in which New Guinea’s Neolithic probably
looked quite different from Neolithic cultures elsewhere in the
world. They farmed root and fruit crops instead of grains and
didn’t domesticate animals until the Lapita showed up (to be
fair, the only choices for domestication on New Guinea would
have been birds and possums). But most notably, there’s no
evidence yet that people settled in densely populated villages
like Neolithic farmers in most of the rest of the world. People
also seem to have stuck to hundreds of diverse cultural groups,
each with its own language, instead of coalescing into a more
centralized political system.
The difference, Shaw suggests, was cultural. “It just wasn’t
part of the social structure,” he told Ars.
Archaeological evidence suggests that people in New Guinea first
started raising yams and bananas as crops around 8,000 to 6,800
years ago. The earliest layers of buried artifacts at Waim date
to 7,350 years ago, and they contain no trace of the Neolithic
culture that appears later. But between 5,050 and 4,200 years
ago, the wetland agriculture that produced the island’s most
important crops got denser and more organized, and people’s way
of life changed drastically. That leaves one big question: what
took so long?
“Very rarely do we see independent cultural change occur
suddenly unless it was a response to a volcanic eruption (for
example) or incoming migration of people like the Lapita,” Shaw
told Ars. “Only thousands of years later when [agriculture] has
slowly been incorporated into people’s social system would
large-scale changes be seen.”[/quote]
---
Some details:
advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/13/eaay4573
[img]
HTML https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/advances/6/13/eaay4573/F2.large.jpg?width=800&height=600&carousel=1[/img]
And yet I still don't even know what name to call these Aryans
because of lack of matching myths that I have been able to find.
Can anyone help?
#Post#: 9071--------------------------------------------------
Re: Aryan diffusion Part 8?
By: 90sRetroFan Date: September 27, 2021, 4:08 am
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Asli confirmed as Gentiles:
HTML https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/science/dna-female-hunter-gatherer-7000-years-indonesia-population-history-asia-7501366/
[quote]A team of archaeological geneticists has reconstructed
the genome of a female hunter-gatherer from the Indonesian
archipelago, which sheds significant light on the population
history of southeast Asia.
This study reports the first-known human genome from Leang
Panninge in Wallacea, an oceanic island in the middle of the
continental shelves of Sahul and Sunda.
...
Hunting gathering is a lifestyle that is associated with the
Palaeolithic (3 million years ago to 10,000 years ago) in the
archaeological record. This lifestyle was largely replaced by
the adoption of agriculture and domestication of animals and
plants, widely known as the Neolithic Revolution (10,000 to 8000
years ago). However, some hunter-gatherer groups have managed to
survive to the present day and have been the subject of many
anthropological inquiries.
...
Genetic analyses reveal that the individual shares significant
genetic ancestry with the present-day populations of Oceania —
Australia, Papua New Guinea and other island groups.
...
Given the dearth of pre-Neolithic genomes from the region, it is
difficult to underpin the exact source of admixtures. It could
be that this individual carries some ancestry from the first
Homo sapiens inhabitants of Sulawesi around 50,000 years ago, or
that a Southeast Asian group related to the present-day
Andamanese people had contributed some genetic material.[/quote]
(In conjunction with my theory about Gentile consensus on Giant
supremacy, perhaps this is why kameradbaren is a Eurocentrist
(as well as of course a tribalist!).)
#Post#: 9074--------------------------------------------------
Re: Aryan diffusion Part 8?
By: christianbethel Date: September 27, 2021, 11:45 am
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Makes sense to me.
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