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       #Post#: 3700--------------------------------------------------
       Esau and Jacob?
       By: 90sRetroFan Date: January 26, 2021, 11:43 pm
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       OLD CONTENT
       www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20548923.2018.1443547
       [quote]This paper presents new results of an interdisciplinary
       investigation of the diet and subsistence strategies of
       populations living in the North-Pontic region during the
       Eneolithic and the Early Bronze Age (ca. 3800 BC to the 2500
       BC). New organic residue analyses of >200 sherds from five
       Eneolithic sites and two Early Bronze Age settlements are
       presented. The molecular and stable isotope results are
       discussed in relation to zooarchaeological evidence. Overall,
       the findings suggest that each community relied on either a
       hunting- or a husbandry-based subsistence strategy dependent
       upon the ecosystem in which they settled; horses and wild
       animals dominated subsistence in the forest-steppe communities
       in contrast to ruminant husbandry in the steppe.
       ...
       ‘A special type of economy - the pastoralism - with herding
       predominant has formed in the steppe’ (Kuzmina 2003, 203).
       However, zooarchaeological evidence is particularly scarce in
       this area and during this period, which means that the extent of
       animal domestication and dietary habits of the North Black Sea
       communities remain poorly understood. Consequently, there is an
       ongoing discussion concerning several aspects of the subsistence
       economy (Rassamakin 1999, 129–32).
       ...
       Conclusions
       This research provided significant new insights into the
       communities lived in the North-Pontic region during the
       transitional periods of the Eneolithic and the Early Bronze Age.
       The main findings are that:
       1. There was a considerable variation of animal exploitation in
       the forest-steppe sites compared to the steppe sites, confirming
       the results of previous researches (Outram et al. 2012; Lillie,
       Budd, and Potekhina 2011).
       2. Despite the complications (i.e. peculiar soil and mixed
       archaeological layers), the zooarchaeological analyses are
       largely consistent with the lipid residue findings.
       3. The lipid residues revealed that ruminant dairy products were
       exploited by the communities of the steppe from the
       Mid-Eneolithic period (MikhailovkaI site). This suggests that
       these communities were pastoralists possessing a sophisticated
       knowledge of animal domestication. According to the
       zooarchaeological record for this site, animal husbandry became
       the primary subsistence strategy in the 4th millennium BC. At
       first, the livestock consisted mainly of sheep and goats, with a
       shift to cattle only detected with appearance of the Yamnaya
       culture (3100 BC onwards).
       4. The forest-steppe appears to have been populated by
       hunters-fishers as the two investigated sites (Molyukhov-Bugor
       and Dereivka) displayed a predominance of wild animals, fish and
       horse remains (Rassamakin 1999; Lillie, Budd, and Potekhina
       2011).
       5. The Molyukhov-Bugor site revealed a higher percentage of
       cattle bones and lipid residues of ruminant origin, suggesting
       that dietary habits were more varied compared to Dereivka,
       further suggesting that specialised substance practices can
       exist between sites even within the same, or similar, region.
       The latter dietary difference can be explained by a possible
       greater influence of the Tripolye culture to the closer
       Molyukhov-Bugor community, a suggestion also supported by the
       greater number of Tripolye imports discovered in Molyukhov-Bugor
       in comparison to Dereivka.
       6. Significant exploitation of horses was confirmed in the
       region. The lipid residues revealed that the two Mid-Eneolithic
       forest-steppe communities exploited horses extensively. The
       steppe communities also exploited horses but to a much lesser
       degree.
       7. Finally, a curious enrichment in δ13C16:0 values toward
       heavier carbon isotope values (increasing C4 plants?) was
       detected, especially associated with the residues with a
       ruminant dairy fat origin. The latter might be related to a
       seasonal effect and/or to greater summer aridity (Evershed et
       al. 2008) and/or seasonal pastoralism (Rassamakin 1999).[/quote]
       As I read about the differences between forest-steppe (more
       hunting) and steppe (mostly herding), I immediately remembered
       the Tanakh story of Isaac's two sons.
       www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/5846-esau
       [quote]The real meaning of "Esau" is unknown, the usual
       explanation "densely haired" (= "wooded") being very
       improbable.[/quote]
       Bingo!
       For reference:
       www.rusnature.info/reg/11_1.htm
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