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       #Post#: 5702--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Consciousness Cannot Have Evolved 
       By: guest5 Date: April 20, 2021, 8:52 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       The Idea That Everything From Spoons to Stones is Conscious is
       Gaining Academic Credibility
       [quote]“If you think about consciousness long enough, you either
       become a panpsychist or you go into administration.”[/quote]
       [quote]Consciousness permeates reality. Rather than being just a
       unique feature of human subjective experience, it’s the
       foundation of the universe, present in every particle and all
       physical matter.
       This sounds like easily-dismissible bunkum, but as traditional
       attempts to explain consciousness continue to fail, the
       “panpsychist” view is increasingly being taken seriously by
       credible philosophers, neuroscientists, and physicists,
       including figures such as neuroscientist Christof Koch and
       physicist Roger Penrose. [/quote]
       Entire article:
  HTML https://getpocket.com/explore/item/the-idea-that-everything-from-spoons-to-stones-is-conscious-is-gaining-academic-credibility?utm_source=pocket-newtab
       [img width=1280
       height=720]
  HTML https://pocket-image-cache.com/direct?resize=w2000&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcms.qz.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F01%2Fpia20176_main.jpg%3Fquality%3D75%26strip%3Dall%26w%3D3200%26h%3D1802[/img]
       #Post#: 7682--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Consciousness Cannot Have Evolved 
       By: guest55 Date: July 23, 2021, 3:35 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       A Conscious Universe?
       [quote]The sciences are pointing toward a new sense of a living
       world.  The cosmos is like a developing organism, and so is our
       planet, Gaia. The laws of Nature may be more like habits.
       Partly as a result of the ‘hard problem’ of finding space for
       human consciousness in the materialist worldview, there is a
       renewed interest in panpsychist philosophies, according to which
       some form of mind, experience or consciousness is associated
       with all self-organizing systems, including atoms, molecules and
       plants.  Maybe the sun is conscious, and so are other stars, and
       entire galaxies. If so, what about the mind of the universe as a
       whole? Rupert Sheldrake will explore some of the implications of
       this idea.
       Rupert Sheldrake is a biologist and author of more than 85
       scientific papers, and was named among the top 100 Global
       Thought Leaders for 2013. He studied natural sciences at
       Cambridge University, where he was a Scholar of Clare College,
       took a double first class honours degree and was awarded the
       University Botany Prize in 1963. Dr Sheldrake then studied
       philosophy and the history of science at Harvard before
       returning to Cambridge, where he took a Ph.D. in biochemistry in
       1967.
       He is the author of 13 books, and in 2012 he published ‘The
       Science Delusion’. This book examines the ten dogmas of modern
       science, and shows how they can be turned into questions that
       open up new vistas of scientific possibility. It received the
       Book of the Year Award from the British Scientific and Medical
       Network. His most recent book: ‘Ways To Go Beyond, And Why They
       Work’ was published in 2019, and looks at seven spiritual
       practices that are personally transformative and have
       scientifically measurable effects.[/quote]
  HTML https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XqWbIVlnmNM
       [quote]keith lambe
       2 months ago
       Rupert Sheldrake has pointed us in the right direction once
       again.The mistakes of the Newton/Descartes mechanistic universe
       have wreaked havoc on our relationship with the natural world
       .It's now time humans to re establish the holistic paradigm and
       our proper place in the cosmos.[/quote]
       See also:
  HTML https://trueleft.createaforum.com/ancient-world/antropocentricism-the-most-dangerous-ideology-in-the-world/
       [quote]chauncygardner123
       3 months ago (edited)
       People in other cultures have experienced an alternative view of
       Consciousness using substances that are illegal here (USA).
       Which is exactly why they are illegal...here. [/quote]
       #Post#: 7704--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Consciousness Cannot Have Evolved 
       By: guest55 Date: July 24, 2021, 6:17 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       Science Vs God - Is There A Life Force That Transcends Matter?
       [quote]Dubbed “the most controversial scientist on Earth” Rupert
       Sheldrake joins me to discuss the dogmas within conventional
       science, the evolving laws of physics, memory in nature, and how
       science validates and improves spiritual practices. [/quote]
  HTML https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dAS-QzWvj8g
       See also:
  HTML https://trueleft.createaforum.com/ancient-world/antropocentricism-the-most-dangerous-ideology-in-the-world/
       #Post#: 8732--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Consciousness Cannot Have Evolved 
       By: guest55 Date: September 11, 2021, 2:34 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       Stoned Ape & Fungal Intelligence - Paul Stamets
       [quote]Paul Stamets is a mycologist, author and advocate of
       bioremediation and medicinal fungi. In this animation he
       describes the incredible properties of fungi as well as an
       overview of how mushrooms could have played a massive role in
       the evolution of human consciousness.[/quote]
  HTML https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Nxn2LlBJDl0
       See also:
  HTML https://trueleft.createaforum.com/ancient-world/gnosticism/
       #Post#: 9954--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Consciousness Cannot Have Evolved 
       By: guest55 Date: December 2, 2021, 7:45 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       The Conscious Universe[quote]
       The radical idea that everything has elements of consciousness
       is reemerging and breathing new life into a cold and mechanical
       cosmos.[/quote]
       [quote]London was a crowded city in 1666. The streets were
       narrow, the air was polluted, and inhabitants lived on top of
       each other in small wooden houses. That’s why the plague spread
       so easily, as well as the Great Fire. So did gossip, and the
       talk of the town was Margaret Cavendish, the Duchess of
       Newcastle.
       Cavendish was a fiery novelist, playwright, philosopher and
       public figure known for her dramatic manner and controversial
       beliefs. She made her own dresses and decorated them in ribbons
       and baubles, and once attended the theater in a **** gown with
       red paint on her nipples. In his diaries, Samuel Pepys described
       her as a “mad, conceited, ridiculous woman,” albeit one he was
       obsessed with: He diarized about her six times in one
       three-month spell.[/quote]
       [quote]If the dominant worldview of Christianity and the rising
       worldview of science could agree on anything, it was that matter
       was dead: Man was superior to nature. But Cavendish, Spinoza,
       Bruno and others had latched onto the coattails of an ancient
       yet radical idea, one that had been circulating philosophy in
       the East and West since theories of mind first began. Traces of
       it can be found in Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, Christian
       mysticism and the philosophy of ancient Greece, as well as many
       indigenous belief systems around the world. The idea has many
       forms and versions, but modern studies of it house them all
       inside one grand general theory: panpsychism.
       “If the panpsychists are right, it could cast doubt on the
       foundations of a worldview that has been deeply embedded in our
       psyche for hundreds of years: that humans are superior to
       everything around them.”
       Derived from the Greek words pan (“all”) and psyche (“soul” or
       “mind”), panpsychism is the idea that consciousness — perhaps
       the most mysterious phenomenon we have yet come across — is not
       unique to the most complex organisms; it pervades the entire
       universe and is a fundamental feature of reality. “At a very
       basic level,” wrote the Canadian philosopher William Seager,
       “the world is awake.”[/quote]
       [quote]At the turn of the 12th century, the Christian mystic
       Saint Francis of Assisi was so convinced that everything was
       conscious that he tried speaking to flowers and preaching to
       birds. In fact, the history of thought is dotted with very
       clever people coming to this seemingly irrational conclusion.
       William James, the father of American psychology, was a
       panpsychist, as was the celebrated British mathematician Alfred
       North Whitehead; the Nobel Prize-winning physicist Max Planck
       once remarked in an interview, “I regard consciousness as
       fundamental.” Even the great inventor Thomas Edison had some
       panpsychist views, telling the poet George Parsons Lathrop: “It
       seems that every atom is possessed by a certain amount of
       primitive intelligence.”[/quote]
       [quote]But over the course of the 20th century, panpsychism came
       to be seen as absurd and incompatible in mainstream Western
       science and philosophy, just a reassuring delusion for New Age
       daydreamers. Karl Popper, one of the most influential
       philosophers of recent times, described it as “trivial” and
       “grossly misleading.” Another heavyweight, Ludwig Wittgenstein,
       waved away the theory: “Such image-mongery is of no interest to
       us.” As the American philosopher John Searle put it:
       “Consciousness cannot be spread across the universe like a thin
       veneer of jam.”[/quote]
       [quote]If the panpsychists are right, it could cast doubt on the
       foundations of a worldview that has been deeply embedded in our
       psyche for hundreds of years: that humans are superior to
       everything around them, disconnected from the insensate matter
       of nature, marooned on a crumbling planet in a cold and
       mechanical universe. Panpsychism re-enchants the world, embeds
       us profoundly within the climate crisis and places us on a
       continuum of consciousness with all that we see around us.
       [/quote]
       See also:
  HTML https://trueleft.createaforum.com/ancient-world/antropocentricism-the-most-dangerous-ideology-in-the-world/
       [quote]The notion of a world awake might seem unintuitive to
       most of us, but it is something we adopt naturally in childhood.
       In 1929, the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget found that children
       between two and four years old are inclined to attribute
       consciousness to everything around them. A child can happily
       talk to a grasshopper and blame the pavement if they trip up,
       and it isn’t such an alien thought, at that age, to think a
       flower might feel the sunlight and perhaps even enjoy it. Fairy
       tales and children’s media are infused with animate worlds in
       which trees, animals and objects come to the aid or annoyance of
       a protagonist.[/quote]
       [quote]Most of us dismiss these notions as we mature. Gradually,
       we rein the concept of consciousness closer and closer in,
       until, at least in the West, we usually settle on the
       traditional view that consciousness is present only in the
       brains of humans and higher animals.[/quote]
       [quote]But in the last 10 years or so, this understanding has
       been repeatedly disrupted by new scientific breakthroughs. We
       are now well versed in the playfulness and creativity of
       cephalopods, the intelligent communication between fungi and the
       interspecies sharing economy in forests. Honeybees recognize
       faces, use tools, make collective decisions, dance to
       communicate and appear to understand higher-order concepts like
       zero. Plants can feel you touching them. In fact, the
       evolutionary ecologist Monica Gagliano has suggested that pea
       plants can learn behavior, identify the sound of running water
       and grow towards it and communicate via clicking sounds. When
       you consider that plants account for around 80% of the total
       biomass on Earth (the biomass of humans is roughly equivalent to
       that of Antarctic krill), then extending consciousness to them
       would mean we are living on a vastly conscious planet.[/quote]
       [quote]Eddington, like Russell before him, felt that the
       intrinsic nature of matter, the thing that has mathematical
       structure, could be integral to explaining consciousness. He
       wrote that there is one clump of matter that we know and
       experience directly, not through perceptions, equations or
       measuring devices: the matter that constitutes our brains. We
       know that the intrinsic matter that constitutes our brains must
       involve consciousness because that is our rich and subjective
       moment-to-moment experience of reality.[/quote]
       [quote]Since the 1930s, our scientific understanding of the
       fundamental building blocks of reality has become even weirder.
       Particles have been shown to behave like waves and waves like
       particles, depending on the experimental conditions. Particles
       no longer seem to be the fixed and knowable objects they once
       were, and different particle physicists will give you different
       answers to the question, “What is a particle?” Perhaps it is a
       quantum excitation of a field, vibrating strings or simply what
       we measure in detectors. “We say they are ‘fundamental,’”
       Xiao-Gang Wen, a theoretical physicist at the Massachusetts
       Institute of Technology, told Quanta Magazine. “But that’s just
       a [way to say] to students, ‘Don’t ask! I don’t know the answer.
       It’s fundamental; don’t ask anymore.’”
       “Physical science only tells us what stuff does, not what stuff
       is. It’s not telling us the underlying nature of the stuff that
       is behaving in this way.”
       — Philip Goff
       [/quote]
       [quote]Christianity didn’t create the ecological crisis, White
       asserted, but it laid the foundations for an abusive
       relationship between man and nature. (What White meant to say
       was JUDEO-CHRISTIANITY'S ANTROPOCENTRIC WORLD-VIEW IS LAREGELY
       RESPONSIBLE FOR THE ECOLOGICAL CRISIS BECAUSE JUDEO-CHRISTIANITY
       IS THE CORNERSTONE OF WESTERN CIVILIZATION FFS!!!) This
       religious ideology was infused with the Scientific Revolution
       (of which the key drivers were deeply religious Christians like
       Galileo, Descartes, Newton and Bacon) and ushered in an age of
       technology, capitalism and colonialism that thrived on
       exploiting the Earth. The universe came to be viewed not as
       organic and animate, but as a mindless machine, like a clock,
       the gears of which are governed by scientific laws. The wonder
       and unpredictability of nature was transformed into something
       stable, predictable, knowable and therefore controllable.
       Forests were there to be cleared, hills were there to be mined
       and animals were there to be slaughtered. This became known as
       the “mechanistic worldview.” As the science historian Carolyn
       Merchant wrote in a 1980 book: “Because it viewed nature as dead
       and matter as passive, mechanism could function as a subtle
       sanction for the exploitation and manipulation of nature and its
       resources.”[/quote]
       [quote]While we might think we are now living in a
       “post-Christian age,” this deeply entrenched mindset still
       haunts us. This “relation to nature,” White wrote, is “almost
       universally held not only by Christians and Neo-Christians but
       also by those who fondly regard themselves as post-Christians.
       (JUDEO-CHRISTIANS AND JEWS FFS!!!) Despite Copernicus, all the
       cosmos rotates around our little globe. Despite Darwin, we are
       not, in our hearts, part of the natural process.” Echoes of this
       story, Naomi Klein wrote in her 2014 book “This Changes
       Everything,” reverberate through a “cultural narrative that
       tells us that humans are ultimately in control of the Earth, and
       not the other way around. This is the same narrative that
       assures us that, however bad things get, we are going to be
       saved at the last minute — whether by the market, by
       philanthropic billionaires or by technological wizards.”[/quote]
       [quote]Mathews thinks we are now on the verge of another
       paradigm shift, whether that is to panpsychism or some other
       worldview that sees nature as more than unfeeling matter. “Our
       current worldview is leading to the ecological collapse of the
       planet,” she said. “And it is completely pragmatically
       self-defeating to continue with it.”[/quote]
       If nature\Yahweh cared about the living and their suffering
       would nature do stuff like this:
       [img]
  HTML https://preview.redd.it/ykrqrxfjmwu21.jpg?auto=webp&s=ceedf1b8e1e56d26995e5e62a6811750454cdc28[/img]
       One of the biggest mistakes many human-beings make is believing
       that nature and the living are one in the same. When in
       actuality nature\Yahweh are nothing more than prison wardens!!!
       Life would be so much better off without natural selection
       corrupting it at every turn!!!
       Continuing:
       [quote]Margaret Cavendish had a fairly robust set of
       environmental ethics that was rare in 1600s Europe. At a time
       when Descartes — who gave his dog the very human name Monsieur
       Grat (“Mr. Scratch”) — was arguing that animals were
       machine-like senseless automata that felt neither pain nor
       pleasure, Cavendish was trying to create a dialogue between man
       and nature.
       In her poems “The Hunting of the Hare” and “The Hunting of the
       Stag,” she abandoned the human perspective to adopt that of the
       animal being killed. In another, she imagined a conversation
       between a man and the tree he is about to cut down. These views
       and others ostracized her from the 17th-century scientific
       community, and much of her work was either ignored or dismissed.
       When she became the first woman to visit the all-male scientific
       institution of the Royal Society in May 1667, Pepys’ account of
       her visit focused mostly on the offensiveness of her dress. She
       was viewed by many as insane and irrational; they labeled her
       “Mad Madge.”[/quote]
       Westerners! Indeed, it's difficult to justify the industrial
       revolution, colonialism, and capitalism, if you care what
       non-humans think and feel, right!? I mean, if you start walking
       down that path what's next, caring how "blacks" and "women" feel
       about their exploitation? Or even worse, caring how children
       feel? Heaven forbid!!!
       Continuing with the article:
       [quote]But none of this dissuaded Cavendish, who, in her
       lifetime, published numerous books of philosophy, fiction, plays
       and poetry. “I had rather appear worse in singularity,” she
       said, “than better in the mode.” And if anyone was being
       irrational, thought Cavendish, it certainly wasn’t her. “Man is
       more irrational,” she wrote in 1664, “when he believes that all
       knowledge is not only confined to one sort of Creatures, but to
       one part of one particular Creature, as the head, or brain of
       man.”[/quote]
       Entire article:
  HTML https://www.noemamag.com/the-conscious-universe/
       #Post#: 10248--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Consciousness Cannot Have Evolved 
       By: guest55 Date: December 24, 2021, 4:19 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       A ‘Self-Aware’ Fish Raises Doubts About a Cognitive Test
       [quote]A report that a fish can pass the “mirror test” for
       self-awareness reignites debates about how to define and measure
       that elusive quality.[/quote]
       [quote]Very few animals have ever passed the mirror test for
       self-recognition — even most primates fail it. The news that a
       fish seemed to recognize itself in one recent study has made
       psychologists and animal behaviorists wonder anew what (if
       anything) the mirror test proves. Photo by Jiro Morita / EyeEm /
       Getty Images.[/quote]
       Entire article:
  HTML https://getpocket.com/explore/item/a-self-aware-fish-raises-doubts-about-a-cognitive-test?utm_source=pocket-newtab
       [img width=1280
       height=853]
  HTML https://pocket-syndicated-images.s3.amazonaws.com/5f6e26c1dde51.jpg[/img]
       #Post#: 12568--------------------------------------------------
       What a trip: research suggests mushrooms talk to each other with
        a vocabulary of 50 words
       By: guest55 Date: April 6, 2022, 11:47 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       What a trip: research suggests mushrooms talk to each other with
       a vocabulary of 50 words
       [quote]You might have stepped and (mentally) tripped on some,
       but you would’ve never considered that mushrooms could be
       terribly talkative in the forest. Now, a new study suggests that
       fungi in general are always communicating with each other. In
       fact, they have even been recorded having conversations in a
       language similar to human speech.
       But before we regret all our shroom hunting trips, let’s analyse
       how individual fungi, even after being separated from each
       other, are capable of interactions in the first place. Well,
       their secret to communication lies in electrical impulses—which
       are conducted by fungi through long, underground filamentous
       structures called hyphae, similar to how nerve cells transmit
       information in us humans. Call hyphae the internet of the woods,
       if you may.
       In fact, previous research has shown that the firing rate of
       these impulses increase when the hyphae of wood-digesting fungi
       come into contact with wooden blocks. This has raised questions
       if fungi use this electrical language to share information about
       food and warn parts of themselves—or other hyphae-connected
       partners like trees—about potential threats. But does this
       communication pattern have anything in common with human
       speech?[/quote]
       Entire article:
  HTML https://screenshot-media.com/the-future/science/mushrooms-can-talk/
  HTML https://cdn.screenshot-media.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/06120748/SCREENSHOT-media-What-a-trip-research-suggests-mushrooms-talk-to-each-other-with-a-vocabulary-of-50-words-kulli-kittus-full-image.jpg
       #Post#: 14151--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Western civilization is a health hazard
       By: guest78 Date: June 17, 2022, 9:39 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       The Empty Brain
       [quote]Your brain does not process information, retrieve
       knowledge, or store memories. In short: Your brain is not a
       computer.[/quote]
       [quote]No matter how hard they try, brain scientists and
       cognitive psychologists will never find a copy of Beethoven’s
       5th Symphony in the brain – or copies of words, pictures,
       grammatical rules or any other kinds of environmental stimuli.
       The human brain isn’t really empty, of course. But it does not
       contain most of the things people think it does – not even
       simple things such as ‘memories’.
       Our shoddy thinking about the brain has deep historical roots,
       but the invention of computers in the 1940s got us especially
       confused. For more than half a century now, psychologists,
       linguists, neuroscientists and other experts on human behaviour
       have been asserting that the human brain works like a
       computer.[/quote]
       [quote]But here is what we are not born with: information, data,
       rules, software, knowledge, lexicons, representations,
       algorithms, programs, models, memories, images, processors,
       subroutines, encoders, decoders, symbols, or buffers – design
       elements that allow digital computers to behave somewhat
       intelligently. Not only are we not born with such things, we
       also don’t develop them – ever.
       We don’t store words or the rules that tell us how to manipulate
       them. We don’t create representations of visual stimuli, store
       them in a short-term memory buffer, and then transfer the
       representation into a long-term memory device. We don’t retrieve
       information or images or words from memory registers. Computers
       do all of these things, but organisms do not.[/quote]
       [quote]Forgive me for this introduction to computing, but I need
       to be clear: computers really do operate on symbolic
       representations of the world. They really store and retrieve.
       They really process. They really have physical memories. They
       really are guided in everything they do, without exception, by
       algorithms.
       Humans, on the other hand, do not – never did, never will. Given
       this reality, why do so many scientists talk about our mental
       life as if we were computers?[/quote]
       Because of the industrial revolution, the rise of machinists,
       hence the rise of Western civilization and homo-hubris!
       [quote]The invention of hydraulic engineering in the 3rd century
       BCE led to the popularity of a hydraulic model of human
       intelligence, the idea that the flow of different fluids in the
       body – the ‘humours’ – accounted for both our physical and
       mental functioning. The hydraulic metaphor persisted for more
       than 1,600 years, handicapping medical practice all the while.
       By the 1500s, automata powered by springs and gears had been
       devised, eventually inspiring leading thinkers such as René
       Descartes to assert that humans are complex machines. In the
       1600s, the British philosopher Thomas Hobbes suggested that
       thinking arose from small mechanical motions in the brain. By
       the 1700s, discoveries about electricity and chemistry led to
       new theories of human intelligence – again, largely metaphorical
       in nature. In the mid-1800s, inspired by recent advances in
       communications, the German physicist Hermann von Helmholtz
       compared the brain to a telegraph.[/quote]
       [quote]Propelled by subsequent advances in both computer
       technology and brain research, an ambitious multidisciplinary
       effort to understand human intelligence gradually developed,
       firmly rooted in the idea that humans are, like computers,
       information processors. This effort now involves thousands of
       researchers, consumes billions of dollars in funding, and has
       generated a vast literature consisting of both technical and
       mainstream articles and books. Ray Kurzweil’s book How to Create
       a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed (2013), exemplifies
       this perspective, speculating about the ‘algorithms’ of the
       brain, how the brain ‘processes data’, and even how it
       superficially resembles integrated circuits in its
       structure.[/quote]
       [quote]Just over a year ago, on a visit to one of the world’s
       most prestigious research institutes, I challenged researchers
       there to account for intelligent human behaviour without
       reference to any aspect of the IP metaphor. They couldn’t do it,
       and when I politely raised the issue in subsequent email
       communications, they still had nothing to offer months later.
       They saw the problem. They didn’t dismiss the challenge as
       trivial. But they couldn’t offer an alternative. In other words,
       the IP metaphor is ‘sticky’. It encumbers our thinking with
       language and ideas that are so powerful we have trouble thinking
       around them.[/quote]
       Entire article:
  HTML https://getpocket.com/explore/item/the-empty-brain?utm_source=pocket-newtab
       See also:
  HTML https://trueleft.createaforum.com/human-evolution/consciousness-cannot-have-evolved/
       #Post#: 15791--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Consciousness Cannot Have Evolved 
       By: guest78 Date: September 23, 2022, 11:22 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       What a fucken nightmare....
       The Boltzmann brain paradox - Fabio Pacucci
  HTML https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OpohbXB_JZU
       If true, why was Yahweh's brain the decided original worth
       replication? Or, is Yahweh's brain just a nightmare in Allah's
       dreaming?
       #Post#: 19311--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Consciousness Cannot Have Evolved 
       By: 2ThaSun Date: May 8, 2023, 1:57 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       Animal Magic: Why Intelligence Isn’t Just for Humans
       [quote]Meet the footballing bees, optimistic pigs and alien-like
       octopuses that are shaking up how we think about minds.[/quote]
       [quote]How do you spot an optimistic pig? This isn’t the setup
       for a punchline; the question is genuine, and in the answer lies
       much that is revealing about our attitudes to other minds – to
       minds, that is, that are not human. If the notion of an
       optimistic (or for that matter a pessimistic) pig sounds vaguely
       comical, it is because we scarcely know how to think about other
       minds except in relation to our own.[/quote]
       The optimistic pig says: The human-beings put me in this pig pen
       because they love me.
       The pessimistic pig says: The human-beings put me in this pig
       pen so that I cannot escape and then they can slaughter me at
       their convenience.
       Back to the article:
       [quote]Here is how you spot an optimistic pig: you train the pig
       to associate a particular sound – a note played on a
       glockenspiel, say – with a treat, such as an apple. When the
       note sounds, an apple falls through a hatch so the pig can eat
       it. But another sound – a dog-clicker, say – signals nothing so
       nice. If the pig approaches the hatch on hearing the clicker,
       all it gets is a plastic bag rustled in its face.[/quote]
       Human-beings are attempting to turn optimistic pigs into
       westerners...  ;)
       Continuing:
       [quote]What happens now if the pig hears neither of these
       sounds, but instead a squeak from a dog toy? An optimistic pig
       might think there’s a chance that this, too, signals delivery of
       an apple. A pessimistic pig figures it will just get the plastic
       bag treatment. But what makes a pig optimistic? In 2010,
       researchers at Newcastle University showed that pigs reared in a
       pleasant, stimulating environment, with room to roam, plenty of
       straw, and “pig toys” to explore, show the optimistic response
       to the squeak significantly more often than pigs raised in a
       small, bleak, boring enclosure. In other words, if you want an
       optimistic pig, you must treat it not as pork but as a being
       with a mind, deserving the resources for a cognitively rich
       life...[/quote]
       Entire article:
  HTML https://getpocket.com/explore/item/animal-magic-why-intelligence-isn-t-just-for-humans?utm_source=pocket-newtab
       Leave the glockenspiel alone young pig...
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