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#Post#: 26707--------------------------------------------------
Re: Racial View of Western Philosopher from John Locke to Karl M
arx
By: antihellenistic Date: June 8, 2024, 5:58 pm
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Eugenics were Western Unique Tradition
[quote]Eugenic leaders understood their campaign was never about
blindness alone. Blindness was only the test case to usher in
sweeping eugenic marriage restrictions. Eugenicists had sought
such laws since the days of Galton, who had encouraged
eugenically sound marriage and discouraged unsound unions. Of
course marriage prohibitions for cultural, religious, economic
and health reasons had flourished throughout history. In modern
times, many such traditions continued in law throughout Europe.
These mainly banned marriage to partners of certain ages, close
familial relationships and serious health conditions. But the
United States, with its numerous overlapping jurisdictions, led
the world in marriage restriction laws, based on various factors
of age, kinship, race and health. For example, marriage between
whites and persons of African ancestry was criminalized in many
states, including California, Maryland and North Dakota, plus
the entire South. Montana outlawed marriage between whites and
persons of Japanese or Chinese descent. Nevada forbade unions
between whites and Malays. Several states legislated against
intermarriage between whites and Native Americans.3
Eugenicists saw America’s marriage laws as ways of halting
procreation between defectives, because in addition to broad
laws against race mixing, many states prohibited marriage for
anyone deemed insane, epileptic, feebleminded or syphilitic.
Delaware even criminalized marriage between paupers. No wonder
radical British eugenicist Robert Rentoul proudly enumerated
American state laws in his 1906 book Race Culture; Or, Race
Suicide?, commenting, “It is to these States we must look for
guidance if we wish to … lessen the chances of children being
degenerates.”4[/quote]
Source :
War Against the Weak Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a
Master Race page 211 - 212
#Post#: 26709--------------------------------------------------
Re: Racial View of Western Philosopher from John Locke to Karl M
arx
By: antihellenistic Date: June 8, 2024, 6:06 pm
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White Racial Purity Law in United States during 1920s
[quote]To halt mongrelization, a coalition of Virginia’s most
powerful whites organized a campaign to create the nation’s
stiffest marriage restriction law. It would ban marriage between
a certified white person and anyone with even “one drop” of
non-Caucasian blood. The key would be mandatory statewide
registration of all persons, under Plecker’s purview as
registrar of the Bureau of Vital Statistics. Leading the charge
for the new legislation were Plecker and two friends, the
musician John Powell and the journalist Earnest S. Cox.23
Powell was one of Virginia’s most esteemed composers and concert
pianists. Ironically, he built his musical reputation on
performing his Rhapsodie Negre, which wove Negro themes and
spirituals into a popular sonata form. Later, as Powell became
more race conscious, he claimed that Negroes had stolen their
music from the “compositions of white men.” Powell decried the
American melting pot as a “witch’s cauldron.”24
Cox led the White America Society, and authored the popular
racist tome, White America (1923), which warned of the
mongrelization of the nation. “[The] real problems when dealing
with colored races,” trumpeted Cox, “[is] the sub-normal whites
who transgress the color line in practice and the super-normal
whites who [only] oppose the color line in theory.” Eugenical
News effusively reviewed Cox’s book, stating, “America is still
worth saving for the white race and it can be done. If Mr. E. S.
Cox can bring it about, he will be a greater savior of his
country than George Washington. We wish him, his book and his
‘White America Society’ god-speed.” Plecker, Cox and Powell
created a small but potent white supremacist league known as the
Anglo-Saxon Clubs, which would become pivotal in the
registration crusade25
Despite their virulent racism, the Anglo-Saxon Clubs claimed
they harbored no ill will toward Negroes. Why? Because now it
was just science-eugenic science. The Anglo-Saxon Clubs could
boast, “‘One drop of negro blood makes the negro’ is no longer a
theory based on race pride or color prejudice, but a logically
induced, scientific fact.” As such, even the group’s
constitution proclaimed its desire “for the supremacy of the
white race in the United States of America, without racial
prejudice or hatred.”26 This was the powerful redefining nature
of eugenics-in action.
The Anglo-Saxon Clubs and their loose confederation oflocal
branches successfully petitioned the Virginia General Assembly
and quickly brought about Senate Bill #219 and House Bill #311,
each captioned “An Act to Preserve Racial Integrity.” The
legislation would require all Virginians to register their race
and defined whites as those with “no trace whatsoever of any
blood other than Caucasian.” As one Norfolk editorialist
described the proposal, “Each person, not already booked in the
Vital Statistics Bureau will be required to take out a sort of
passport correctly setting forth his racial composition…. “ This
passport or certificate would be required before any marriage
license could be granted. Pure whites could only marry pure
whites. All other race combinations would be allowed to
inter-marry freely.27
The Anglo-Saxon Clubs found a powerful ally in their campaign.
The state’s leading newspaper, the Richmond Times-Dispatch,
allowed its pages to become a megaphone for the legislation. In
July of 1923, for example, Cox and Powell published side-by-side
articles entitled “Is White America to Become a Negroid Nation?”
The men claimed their proposed legislation was based on sound
Mendelian eugenics that now conclusively proved that when two
human varieties mixed, “the more primitive … always dominates in
the hybrid offspring.” The Richmond Times-Dispatch supported the
idea in an editorial.28
On February 12, 1924, Powell enthralled a packed Virginia House
of Delegates with his call to stop Negro blood from further
mongrelizing the state’s white population. “POWELL ASKS LAW
GUARDING RACIAL PURITY” proclaimed the Richmond Times-Dispatch’s
page one headline. Subheads read “Rigid Registration System is
Needed” and “Bill Would Cut Shon Marriage of Whites with
Non-Whites.” The newspaper’s lead paragraph called the address
“historic.” Leaving little to doubt, the article made clear that
a “rigid system of registration” would halt the race mixing and
mongrelization arising from centuries of procreation by whites
with Negro slaves and their descendants. Such preeminent eugenic
raceologists as Madison Grant were quoted extensively to
reaffirm the scientific necessity underpinning the legislative
effort. Lothrop Stoddard, a member of Margaret Sanger’s board of
advisors, was also quoted, declaring, “I consider such
legislation … to be of the highest value and greatest necessity
in order that the purity of the white race be safeguarded from
possibility of contamination with nonwhite blood. … This is a
matter of both national and racial life and death.”29[/quote]
Source :
War Against the Weak Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a
Master Race page 235 - 237
#Post#: 26724--------------------------------------------------
Re: Racial View of Western Philosopher from John Locke to Karl M
arx
By: antihellenistic Date: June 10, 2024, 10:24 pm
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United States's Racial Law during 1925
[quote]Plecker proselytized and chastised anyone who would
listen. His Bureau of Vital Statistics regularly published
radical racist and eugenic literature, which was distributed to
thousands of doctors, ministers, teachers, morticians and racial
integrity advocates. One series of official tracts, entitled the
“New Family Series,” was aimed at youngsters to heighten their
awareness of “dangers threatening the integrity and supremacy of
the white race.” The bureau’s 1925 annual report to the governor
was itself widely disseminated as a special health bulletin. In
that report, Plecker lamented, “Not a few white women are giving
birth to mulatto children. These women are usually feebleminded,
but in some cases they are simply depraved. The segregation or
sterilization of feebleminded females is the only solution to
the problem.”55
The 1924 state publication, Eugenics and the New Family,
insisted, “The variation in races is not simply a matter of
color of skin, eyes, and hair and facial and bodily contour, but
goes through every cell of the body. The mental and moral
characteristics of a black man cannot even under the best
environments and educational advantages become the same as those
of a white man. But even if the negro’s attainments should be
considerable, these could not be transmitted to his offspring
since personally acquired qualities are not inheritable. Neither
can the descendents of the union of the two races if left to
their own resources, be expected to develop or maintain the
highest type of civilization.”56
When Virginia’s Racial Integrity Act was passed in 1924, Plecker
became an immediate hero among raceologists and eugenicists
across America. He addressed major eugenic conferences and
authored special articles on the topic for Eugenical News, the
American Eugenics Society’s Eugenics, and various eugenic
research anthologies. Laughlin was so impressed that he cited
Plecker’s work in the 1929 edition of the American Year Book
“for leadership in establishing new racial integrity laws in the
American states.”57
Plecker’s audience expanded beyond eugenic circles. The American
Public Health Association invited him to read a paper before its
fiftythird Annual Meeting in October of 1924, in Detroit. At the
event, Plecker preached to the nation’s most important public
health officials that whites and nonwhites could not “live in
close contact without injury to the higher [whites], amounting
in many cases to absolute ruin. The lower [nonwhites] never has
been and never can be raised to the level of the higher.” The
association was so taken with Plecker’s advocacy that it
reprinted much of his speech in the American Journal of Public
Health. The journal praised Virginia’s law as “the most perfect
expression of the white ideal, and the most important eugenical
effort that has been made in the past 4,000 years.” Such
platforms only served to legitimize Plecker’s views.58[/quote]
Source :
War Against the Weak Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a
Master Race page 245 - 246
#Post#: 26725--------------------------------------------------
Re: Racial View of Western Philosopher from John Locke to Karl M
arx
By: antihellenistic Date: June 10, 2024, 10:28 pm
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It was the United States that enacted discriminative immigration
law to the Non-Nordic-Europeans and "Unfit Peoples"
[quote]Even before Johnson rose to chair the Immigration
Committee, Congress had enacted numerous immigration
restrictions that were reactive, not eugenic, in nature, even if
the legislation employed much of the same terminology. For
example, a 1917 statute barred immigration for “all idiots,
imbeciles, feebleminded persons, epileptics, insane persons …
[and] persons of constitutional psychopathic inferiority.”
Laughlin and his colleagues wanted to rewrite these
classifications along strictly biological and racial lines. His
idea? New legislation to create a corps of eugenic “immigration
attaches” stationed at American consulates across Europe and
eventually the entire world. These consuls would exclude “all
persons sexually fertile … who cannot … demonstrate their
eugenical fitness … mental, physical and moral.” Laughlin’s
proposed law was of paramount importance to eugenic stalwarts.
As a leading immigration activist told Davenport in an October
1, 1920, letter, any new system would need to “heavily favor the
Nordics” and ensure that “Asiatics, Alpines and Meds … [are]
diminished.”10[/quote]
Source :
War Against the Weak Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a
Master Race page 265
#Post#: 26734--------------------------------------------------
Re: Racial View of Western Philosopher from John Locke to Karl M
arx
By: antihellenistic Date: June 12, 2024, 7:05 pm
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United States was practicing "real Holocaust" and discriminative
"racial politics"
[quote]Gassing the unwanted, the lethal chamber and other
methods of euthanasia became a part of everyday American
parlance and ethical debate some two decades before President
Woodrow Wilson, in General Order 62, directed that the “Gas
Service” become the “Chemical Warfare Service,” instructing them
to develop toxic gas weapons for world war. The lethal chamber
was a eugenic concept more than two decades before Nevada
approved the first such chamber for criminal executions in 1921,
and then gassed with cyanide a Chinese-born murderer, the first
such execution in the world. Davenport declared that capital
punishment was a eugenic necessity. Popenoe’s textbook, Applied
Eugenics, listed execution as one of nine suggested remedies for
defectives-without specifying criminals.51
In the first decades of the twentieth century, America’s
eugenics movement inspired and spawned a world of look-alikes,
act-alikes and think-alikes. The U.S. movement also rendered
scientific aid and comfort to undisguised racists everywhere,
from Walter Plecker in Virginia right across Europe. American
theory, practice and legislation were the models. In France,
Belgium, Sweden, England and elsewhere in Europe, each clique of
raceological eugenicists did their best to introduce eugenic
principles into national life; perhaps more importantly, they
could always point to recent precedents established in the
United States.
Germany was no exception. German eugenicists had formed academic
and personal relationships with Davenport and the American
eugenic establishment from the turn of the century. Even after
World War I, when Germany would not cooperate with the
International Federation of Eugenic Organizations because of
French, English and Belgian involvement, its bonds with
Davenport and the rest of the U.S. movement remained strong.
American foundations such as the Carnegie Institution and the
Rockefeller Foundation generously funded German race biology
with hundreds of thousands of dollars, even as Americans stood
in breadlines.52
Germany had certainly developed its own body of eugenic
knowledge and library of publications. Yet German readers still
closely followed American eugenic accomplishments as the model:
biological courts, forced sterilization, detention for the
socially inadequate, debates on euthanasia. As America’s elite
were describing the socially worthless and the ancestrally unfit
as “bacteria,” “vermin,” “mongrels” and “subhuman,” a superior
race of Nordics was increasingly seen as the final solution to
the globe’s eugenic problems.53
America had established the value of race and blood. In Germany,
the concept was known as Rasse und Blut.
U.S. proposals, laws, eugenic investigations and ideology were
not undertaken quietly out of sight of Gennan activists. They
became inspirational blueprints for Germany’s rising tide of
race biologists and race-based hatemongers, be they white-coated
doctors studying Eugenical News and attending congresses in New
York, or brown-shirted agitators waving banners and screaming
for social upheaval in the streets of Munich.[/quote]
Source :
War Against the Weak Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a
Master Race page 351 - 352
#Post#: 26735--------------------------------------------------
Re: Racial View of Western Philosopher from John Locke to Karl M
arx
By: antihellenistic Date: June 12, 2024, 7:14 pm
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Eugenics was not begin from Hitler regime
[quote]Ploetz believed that a better understanding of heredity
could help the state identify and encourage the best specimens
of the German race. Ironically, while Ploetz believed in German
national eugenics and harbored strong anti-Semitic sentiments,5
he included the Jews among Germany’s most valuable biological
assets. After returning to Germany, Ploetz in 1904 helped found
the journal Archiv for Rassen und Gesellschaftsbiologie
(Archives of Race Science and Social Biology), and the next year
he organized the Society for Racial Hygiene (Gesellschaft for
Rassenhygiene) to promote eugenic research. Both entities
functioned as the principal clearinghouses for German eugenics
for years to come. Understandably, Ploetz emerged as Germany’s
leading race theorist and was often described as “the founder of
eugenics as a science in Germany.”6
Even as Boeters and Ploetz were formulating their American
influenced ideas, German social theorist Alfred Jost argued in
his 1895 booklet, The Right to Death, that the state possessed
the inherent right to kill the unfit and useless. The
individual’s “right to die” was not at issue; rather,Jost
postulated, it was the state’s inherent “rights to [inflict]
death [that are] the key to the fitness of life.”7 The seeds of
German negative eugenics were planted.
[/quote]
Source :
War Against the Weak Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a
Master Race page 384 - 385
#Post#: 26736--------------------------------------------------
Re: Racial View of Western Philosopher from John Locke to Karl M
arx
By: antihellenistic Date: June 12, 2024, 9:40 pm
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Eugenic practice and Nordic Superiority idea was already
implemented before World War 1
[quote]With Nordic superiority as the centerpiece of American
eugenics, Davenport quickly established good personal and
professional relations with German race hygienists. As director
of the Carnegie Institution’s Station for Experimental
Evolution, Davenport was more than happy to correspond
frequently with German eugenic thinkers on matters major and
mundane. In the first decade of the twentieth century, typed and
handwritten letters sailed back and forth across the Atlantic,
encompassing requests for copies of the latest German research
to replies to German appeals for Carnegie donations for a
memorial to Mendel.8
Quickly, Davenport and the Carnegie Institution became the
center of the eugenic world for German researchers. America was
enacting a growing body of eugenic laws and governmental
practices, and the movement enjoyed wealthy backers and the
active support of U.S. officials. While a small group of German
social thinkers merely expounded theory, America was taking
action. At the same time, by virtue of their blond and blue-eyed
Nordic nature as well as their stellar scientific reputation,
Germany’s budding eugenicists became desirable allies for the
Americans. A clear partnership emerged in the years before World
War 1. In this relationship, however, America was far and away
the senior partner. In eugenics, the United States led and
Germany followed.
One of Davenport’s earliest German allies was the anthropologist
and eugenicist Eugen Fischer. Fischer was among the first
“corresponding scientists” recruited by Davenport when the Cold
Spring Harbor facility opened in 1904. Before long Davenport and
Fischer were exchanging their latest research, including studies
on eye color and hair quality. In 1908, Fischer expanded into
research on race mixing between whites and Hottentots in Africa,
focusing on the children known as “Rehoboth bastards.”
Miscegenation fascinated Davenport. He and his colleagues, both
German and American, jointly pursued studies on race mixing for
years to come.9
When Davenport elevated eugenics into a global movement, he
chose German eugenicists for a major role, and British leaders
went along. Indeed, the First International Congress of Eugenics
in London was scheduled for July of 1912 to coincide with summer
visits to Great Britain by leading German and American
eugenicists. At the time, these two groups were seen as the
giants of eugenic science.10 But in fact there was only room for
one giant in the post-Galtonian world-and that would be America.
When Ploetz founded the Society for Racial Hygiene in Berlin in
1905, it was little more than an outgrowth of his own social
circle and his publication, Archiv for Rassen- und
Gesellschaftsbiologie. By the end of 1905, the Society for
Racial Hygiene had just eighteen German and two non-German
members. Even when so-called “branches” opened in other German
cities, these chapters usually claimed only a handful of
members. The society was less a national organization devoted to
Germany’s territorial borders than it was a Germanic society
devoted to the Nordic roots and Germanic language innervating
much of northwestern Europe. Ploetz himself maintained Swiss
citizenship, as did some of his key colleagues. Thinking beyond
Germany’s borders, Ploetz expanded the group within a few years
into the International Society for Race Hygiene. So-called
branches were established in Norway and Sweden, but again, these
branches were comprised of just a handful of eugenic
compatriots.11
As society members traveled through other traditionally Germanic
and Nordic lands, however, they recruited more fellow travelers.
By 1909, Ploetz’s growing international organization numbered
more than 120 members, although most were German nationals. In
the summer of that year, the organization gained prestige when
Galton agreed to become its honorary president, just as he had
for the budding Eugenics Education Society.12[/quote]
Source :
War Against the Weak Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a
Master Race page 385 - 387
#Post#: 26737--------------------------------------------------
Re: Racial View of Western Philosopher from John Locke to Karl M
arx
By: antihellenistic Date: June 12, 2024, 9:53 pm
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Racial and Immigration Laws in Germany were planned before
Hitler take into power in 1933
[quote]After 1913, the United States continued to dominate by
virtue of its widespread legislative and bureaucratic progress
as well as its diverse research programs. These American
developments were closely followed and popularized within the
German scientific and eugenic establishment by Geza von
Hoffmann, an Austro-Hungarian vice consul who traveled
throughout the United States studying eugenic practices. Von
Hoffmann’s 1913 book, Racial Hygiene in the United States (Die
Rassenhygiene in den Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika),
exhaustively detailed American laws on sterilization and
marriage restrictions, as well as methods of field investigation
and data collection. With equal thoroughness, he delineated
America’s eugenic organizational structure from the Rockefeller
Foundation to the institutions at Cold Spring Harbor. Then, in
alphabetical order, he summarized each state’s eugenic
legislation. A comprehensive eighty-four-page bibliography was
appended, with special subsections for such topics as
“euthanasia” and “sterilization.”15
Most importantly, von Hoffmann’s comprehensive volume held up
American eugenic theory and practice as the ideal for Germany to
emulate. “Galton’s dream,” he wrote, “that racial hygiene should
become the religion of the future, is being realized in America
…. America wants to breed a new superior race.” Von Hoffmann
repeatedly chided Germany for allowing mental defectives to roam
freely when in America such people were safely in institutions.
Moreover, he urged Germany to follow America’s example in
erecting race-based immigration barriers. For years after Racial
Hygiene in the United States was published, leading German
eugenicists would credit von Hoffmann’s book on America’s race
science as a seminal reference for German biology
students.16[/quote]
Source :
War Against the Weak Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a
Master Race page 387 - 388
#Post#: 26738--------------------------------------------------
Re: Racial View of Western Philosopher from John Locke to Karl M
arx
By: antihellenistic Date: June 12, 2024, 10:28 pm
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Western Nordic Superiority ideas were planned before Hitler rose
to power
[quote]In the fall of 1914, the Great War erupted. During the
war, “the eugenics movement in Germany stood entirely still,” as
one of Germany’s top eugenic leaders later remembered in Journal
of Heredity. Ploetz withdrew to his estate. Sensational
headlines in American newspapers reported and denounced German
atrocities against civilians, such as bayoneting babies and
mutilating women’s breasts. Many of these stories were later
found to be utterly unfounded. But despite the headlines, the
American eugenics movement strengthened ties with its German
scientific counterparts. In 1916, Madison Grant’s The Passing of
the Great Race declared that the white Nordic race was destined
to rule the world, and confirmed the Aryan people’s role in it.
German nationalists were heartened by America’s recognition of
Nordic and Aryan racial superiority. Reviews of the book
inspired a spectrum of German scientists and nationalists to
think eugenically even before the work was translated into
German.20
American fascination with the struggling German eugenics
movement continued right up until the United States entered the
war in April of 1917. In fact, the April issue of Eugenical News
summarized in detail von Hoffmann’s latest article in Journal of
Heredity. It outlined Germany’s broad plans to breed its own
eugenically superior race after the war to replace German men
lost on the battlefield. The article proposed special apartment
buildings for desirable single Aryan women and cash payments for
having babies.21
America entered the war on April 6, 1917. Millions died in
battle. At the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh
month of 1918, a defeated Germany finally agreed to an
armistice, ending the bloody conflict. The Weimar Republic was
created. A peace treaty was signed in June of 1919. American
eugenics’ partnership with the German movement resumed.22
Laughlin prepared a detailed pro-German speech for the Ninth
Annual Meeting of the Eugenics Research Association, held at
Cold Spring Harbor in June of 1920. In the text, Laughlin
analyzed Germany’s newly imposed democratic constitution point
by point, identifying the clauses that authorized eugenic and
racial laws. These included a range of state powers, from
“Article 7 … [allowing] protection of plants from disease and
pests” to “Articles 119 to 134 inclusive [which] prescribe the
fundamental law of Germany in reference to the social life.”
Declaring that “modern civilization” itself depended on German
and Teutonic conquest, Laughlin closed by assuring his
colleagues, “From what the world knows of Germanic traits, we
logically concede that she will live up to her instincts of race
conservation….” Laughlin never actually delivered the speech,
probably because of time constraints, so Eugenical News
published it in their next issue, as did a subsequent edition of
the official British organ, Eugenics Review. Reprints of the
Eugenics Review version were then circulated by the
ERO.23[/quote]
Source :
War Against the Weak Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a
Master Race page 389 - 390
#Post#: 26739--------------------------------------------------
Re: Racial View of Western Philosopher from John Locke to Karl M
arx
By: antihellenistic Date: June 12, 2024, 10:33 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
Disgust towards "Africans" on Rhineland was firstly shown by the
German politicians after the end of World War 1, not Hitler
[quote]But efforts by German eugenicists to join America’s
international movement were still hampered by the aftershocks of
the war. Under the Treaty of Versailles, Germany agreed to pay
the Allies massive war reparations, 132 billion marks or 33
billion dollars. This crippled the finances of all of Germany,
including its raceologists. Meanwhile, German nationalists were
enraged because France and Belgium now occupied the Rhineland.
France’s army had long included African soldiers from its
colonies-such as Senegal, Mali and North Africa-who were now
mingling with German women and would ultimately father several
hundred children of mixed race in Germany.25[/quote]
Source :
War Against the Weak Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a
Master Race page 391
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