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#Post#: 1096--------------------------------------------------
Aryan hydraulic empire
DIR By: 90sRetroFan
Date: September 10, 2020, 4:14 am
---------------------------------------------------------
OLD CONTENT
www.telegraph.co.uk/china-watch/culture/liangzhu-unesco-world-heritage-site/
--- Quote ---
> “The archaeological ruins of Liangzhu (3300-2300BC) reveal an
early regional state with a unified belief system based on rice
cultivation in Late Neolithic China,” the Unesco World Heritage
Committee said.
> ...
> Scholars once considered that the Central China Plain along
the Yellow River (the plain is commonly known as Zhongyuan) was
the cradle of Chinese civilisations, and Liangzhu Culture was
once played down by academia as being a branch of a counterpart
spreading from the north.
>
> “However, Liangzhu Culture has its unique character and proves
that the Yangtze River is another cultural hub,” said Song
Xinchao, deputy director of the National Cultural Heritage
Administration. “New archaeological research has changed the way
we understand our history.
--- End Quote ---
I told you so.
aryanism.net/culture/aryan-race/aryan-diffusion-part-2/
--- Quote ---
> More importantly, there were still the Shennongshi who had
stayed behind in the south all along instead of migrating north
with the Yandi expedition.
--- End Quote ---
The infrastructure has Shennongshi written all over it:
--- Quote ---
> Links with water
>
> In Chinese, Liangzhu translates as “beautiful isle”, and this
culture was intricately connected with water.
>
> For example, of nine heritage sites found at the city gate,
eight were built above water, while research in 2010-16 revealed
a complicated dam system.
>
> Wang Ningyuan, a researcher with the Zhejiang Provincial
Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology, said: “This water
conservancy system was crucial for people in Liangzhu city. It
not only controlled flooding, but in an age with no vehicles and
domesticated horses, waterways comprised the main mode of
transport for the residents.”
>
> Waterways in the mountainous area might not have been able to
take large vessels, but the water was stored in an artificial
reservoir, estimated to be 13sq km, about two times the size of
the West Lake in Hangzhou, Wang said. Some parts of the
reservoir are still used.
>
> There was also a network of canals in the city, with a total
length of 32km. As the city was built above marshland, all
building materials had to be transported in by canal.
>
> Wang has also found sites near the dams that he thinks were
used to grow rice. He said the reservoir was probably used for
irrigation as well. In 2017, the ruins of a burnt barn were
found near the Mojiaoshan site, containing an estimated
200,000kg of carbonated rice.
>
> “Liangzhu is a unique example of early-stage civilisations in
the world, whose economy relied on cultivating rice, while other
civilisations were mainly fed by wheat,” Wang said.
>
> Li Boqian, an archaeology professor from Peking University,
said the emphasis on conserving water in ancient China may be a
legacy from Liangzhu city.
--- End Quote ---
What is being described is a hydraulic empire, which facilitates
autocracy:
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_empire
--- Quote ---
> A hydraulic empire (also known as a hydraulic despotism, or
water monopoly empire) is a social or government structure which
maintains power and control through exclusive control over
access to water. It arises through the need for flood control
and irrigation, which requires central coordination and a
specialized bureaucracy.[1]
> ...
> Most of the first civilizations in history, such as Ancient
Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, Sri Lanka, and Pre-Columbian Mexico
and Peru, are believed to have been hydraulic empires.[citation
needed] The Indus Valley civilization is often considered a
hydraulic empire despite a lack of evidence of irrigation (as
this evidence may have been lost in time due to flood damage).
--- End Quote ---
and indeed from the article:
--- Quote ---
> In the centre of the inner city of Liangzhu lies Mojiaoshan,
an artificially terraced site covering nearly 300,000sq m. The
foundations of 35 houses have been unearthed on the terrace,
which is 12m (39ft) to 16m above the ground.
>
> “This was probably the site of a palace complex where the top
rulers lived,” Liu said.
--- End Quote ---
But as usual the autocracy failed to control non-Aryan
reproduction:
--- Quote ---
> The city also faced a population crisis, with remains of
residences found on its walls showing that people needed more
living space. A 50m-wide canal in the city gradually shrank to
20m because residents kept dumping their rubbish there.
--- End Quote ---
---
www.thenationalherald.com/254940/a-sign-of-communal-sophistication-revealed-by-finds-in-neolithic-site-of-koutroulou-magoula/
--- Quote ---
> Excavations this year proved beyond any doubt that the
settlement in the Neolithic was surrounded by perimeter ditches,
large, seemingly communal works with multiple social, symbolic
and practical functions. The natural bedrock had been cut by
people in the Neolithic to form steps in order to facilitate
digging, but also enable its continuous use for collecting water
and possibly clay. “Given the size of the settlement, the time
and effort invested in the creation and maintenance of this
system of ditches would have phenomenal. These ditches would
have been a central feature in the material and social life of
the community,” noted professor Hamilakis.
--- End Quote ---
Other information:
--- Quote ---
> The building has stone walls measuring a total of 9.5 m in
length and nearly 8.5 m wide, and is one of the largest of this
period to be found in Greece. It also appears to have been
supported by a massive external buttress. Its function remains
unclear, but preliminary results indicate it was used over a
long time and underwent rebuilding and modifications. At certain
periods it also seems to have been shared with domestic animals.
>
> Another significant find is a complex of heavily burnt, closed
pottery kilns found near the edge of the settlement. One of the
kilns preserves extremely well its plastered floor, parts of its
plastered walls and dome, and other architectural features. It
was built on a coarsely plastered platform. “This is an
extremely important find, and an indication of the technological
sophistication of the Neolithic inhabitants of the site,” noted
Dr Nina Kyparissi-Apostolika, honorary ephor at the Ephorate of
Palaeoanthropology and Speleology, and co-director of the
excavation with professor Yannis Hamilakis of Brown University.
--- End Quote ---
---
Introductory article, with an emphasis on American examples:
www.sapiens.org/column/the-dirt/agriculture-water-crisis/
--- Quote ---
> Prior to about 11,000 years ago, people lived primarily by
hunting wild animals and gathering plants in their natural
habitats. Over time, humans began to encourage particular plants
to grow, while discouraging others. People came to rely more on
the food provided by those plants, and they placed their
communities nearby to protect their crops from animals and other
people. As more and more people began living in a localized
space, the need for more plant resources grew, which produced a
need for more consistent water than was provided by rain.
>
> As gatherers became farmers, they recognized that more
consistent supplies of water resulted in better crop yields and
healthier animals. The creation of water control systems, such
as wells, cisterns, runoff diversion systems, and, eventually,
irrigation, allowed populations to provide water for crops
without relying solely on local rainfall. Water control was part
of the Neolithic Revolution, as V. Gordon Childe called it, and,
along with plant and animal domestication, it allowed people to
consolidate and create denser population areas.
>
> The development of these water control systems, though,
created a concomitant need to control access to the water. In
the late 1940s and early 1950s, anthropologists Karl Wittfogel
and Julian Steward proposed that this control was a major factor
in the development of early civilizations. Increased food
production, they argued, led to increased population; increased
population led to a need for increased food production to feed
the larger population; increased food production required more
water; increased demand for water required that it be
apportioned in some way; and increased need for apportionment
led to a need for greater control in order to prevent tension
over conflicting demands for water.
>
> Ultimately, whoever controlled the water had to maintain that
control in one (or some combination) of three ways: through
force, by having permission from those who needed the water, or
by being able to negotiate with all the parties involved. People
accepted the decisions of the water administrator to withhold or
provide water, but they also came together under the
administrator’s direction to construct or maintain water control
structures. This centralized control led to greater integration
of various family groups as they united for a common cause under
an acknowledged leader
> ...
> Smaller irrigation systems that rely on centralized control
still exist in northern New Mexico. ... A friend of mine is a
mayordomo of an acequía near Abiquiu, New Mexico. His role is to
ensure equitable water distribution, and he makes himself
available to address issues that come up throughout the growing
season, as well as during the off-season. As a result of his
role as ditch boss he is known in the community, and people seek
him out for socializing as well as for “ditch business.” It’s a
year-round commitment, but my friend finds the community
interaction to be deeply satisfying.
> ...
> The Hohokam of central and southern Arizona, for example—a
major cultural group that thrived from about A.D. 200 to
1400—created irrigation systems that helped them deal with water
scarcity in their semi-arid environment. Their canal systems
brought water from rivers and dispersed it across the nearby
landscape. Archaeologists believe that the construction,
maintenance, and operation of these canal systems would have
required a substantial and well-organized effort—an investment
of time beyond that available to a single household or family.
Also, because of the possibility of conflicts over water, strong
leadership must have been necessary to quickly resolve disputes
that could threaten the cooperative ventures needed to run the
canals.
--- End Quote ---
More on the Hohokam canals:
www.inmaricopa.com/hohokam-canals-maricopa/
---
royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/full/10.1098/rsta.2010.0191
--- Quote ---
> Although some settlements show a long-term continuity of
settlement, when taken as a whole, the Neolithic settlement
pattern after 8500 years ago is transformed with the appearance
of smaller and more dispersed sites, some now being located in
parts of the landscape that suggest new forms of agricultural
economies and relationships with water. In Wadi Faynan, for
instance, the location of settlement shifts into the expansive
area of the wadi bottom itself in the form of Tell Wadi Faynan
(Najjar et al. 1990). Material culture is also transformed with
the appearance of ceramics—we now enter the period of the
Pottery Neolithic. It is also around this time, after 8500 years
ago, when more substantial evidence for water management
appears.
>
> The most striking is found at the Neolithic site of Sha’ar
Hagolan located in the northern reaches of the Jordan Valley: a
well, dating to 8300 years ago, excavated by Garfinkel et al.
(2006). This is not the earliest known well. This comes from the
west coast of Cyprus where three Neolithic wells have been dated
to approximately 10 000 years old (Peltenberg et al. 2000;
Croft 2003). Three more Neolithic wells have been discovered
from the underwater site of ‘Atlit-Yam near the Mediterranean
coast dating to around 9000 years ago (Galili & Nir 1993; Galili
et al. 1993). That of Sha’ar Hagolan is the earliest known in
the Jordan Valley.
>
> Sha’ar Hagolan is one of the largest known Neolithic
settlements, covering 20 ha with streets and courtyard
houses, giving the impression of a well-organized settlement
(figure 13). The well appears to have been in an open area
rather than within the courtyard of a private building. It
consists of a 4.2 m shaft, the upper portion of which was
stonelined, whereas the base widened out at the level of the
water table (figure 14). The meticulous excavation has revealed
the stages and methods of construction, along with the
accumulation of sediment and domestic refuse after it had fallen
into disuse.
>
> One of the most intriguing features of the Sha’ar Hagolan well
is that it was dug reasonably close to a permanent fresh water
source, the Yarmuk River—the well was no more than a few tens of
metres at most from the river bank itself. This is quite
different from the location of the wells on Cyprus and at
‘Atlit-Yam, which were evidently dug in locations of water
shortage. So why dig the well at Sha’ar Hagolan? It may have
been for convenience, to save that extra bit of effort that a
trip to the river to fill vessels required. Alternatively, as
Garfinkel and his co-workers have suggested, the well might have
been dug to provide isolated water that was of guaranteed
quality, the river being open to pollution by humans or animals.
Another possibility—and one that I would favour—is that the well
had functioned as a status symbol, perhaps the first evidence of
water being used as a sign of wealth and power.
>
> The settlement of Sha’ar Hagolan dates towards the end of the
Neolithic period. Another water management structure has been
dated to this time: the earliest terrace walls to inhibit soil
erosion and maximize water use for a field system. This is at
the Pottery Neolithic settlement of Dhra’, located close to the
Dead Sea. Excavations by Kuijt and his co-workers in 2005
revealed the presence of a suite of terrace walls close to a
Pottery Neolithic settlement with rectangular buildings (Kuijt
et al. 2007). Nine of these walls have been found between 100
and 200 m away from the buildings. They were oriented
perpendicular to the slope and placed directly across bedrock
outcrops as a means to anchor them against the flow of water
(figure 15).
>
> These walls, some of which had stood almost 1 m high and
ran for more than 20 m, indicate a significant investment
of labour into the construction and maintenance of field
systems, the walls functioning to minimize soil erosion and to
control run-off during wet periods of the year. The scatter of
pottery and other refuse in the vicinity of the walls suggests
attempts at manuring to fertilize the soil.
--- End Quote ---
You do know that the term "canal" (also "channel" (verb))
etymologically originates from Cain, I hope?
---
Different but still relevant:
www.livescience.com/65728-neolithic-human-made-islands.html
--- Quote ---
> Neolithic People Made Fake Islands More Than 5,600 Years Ago
>
> Hundreds of tiny islands around Scotland didn't arise
naturally. They're fakes that were constructed out of boulders,
clay and timbers by Neolithic people about 5,600 years ago, a
new study finds.
> ...
> Archaeologists have yet to find any Neolithic structures on
the islands, and they said more excavations were needed. But
divers found dozens of Neolithic pottery fragments, some of them
burnt, around the islets at Bhorgastail and Langabhat, the
researchers said.
>
> These pots were likely dropped into the water intentionally,
possibly for a ritual, the researchers said.
>
> Each of the islets is fairly small, measuring approximately 33
feet (10 meters) across. One islet in Loch Bhorgastail even had
a stone causeway connecting it to the mainland. And though it
undoubtedly took a lot of work to make these crannogs, these
structures were clearly important to ancient people, as there
are 570 known in Scotland alone. (There are more in Ireland, the
researchers noted.)
--- End Quote ---
---
www.irishtimes.com/culture/heritage/underwater-study-reveals-possible-quay-at-br%C3%BA-na-b%C3%B3inne-1.4189765
--- Quote ---
> An underwater archaeological reconnaissance of the bed of the
River Boyne near the Brú na Bóinne complex in Co Meath has
revealed features that may represent log boats or man-made
quays, a research conference was told on Saturday.
> ...
> Christie told the conference, titled The Pleasant Boyne and
organised by the UCD school of archaeology as part of its world
heritage programme, that it was likely that for the first
visitors to this landscape, the river provided the easiest way
to travel, offering an accessible route through a largely wooded
landscape. As such, it represented a major communications
artery, not just for local visitors but also connecting
communities in the area to those from farther afield, such as
Wales or even Orkney.
>
> Christie said 100 “anomalous features” were revealed in the
study and these were assessed and classified according to how
likely they were to have been created as a result of past human
activity, and their likely archaeological interest.
>
> “Features that were clearly man-made, and were likely
historically or archaeologically important, were considered of
high archaeological potential. In addition to a few possible log
boats, two other features stand out as being of interest, one an
alignment of six stones that clearly formed part or all of a
weir, the other a strong linear feature that was clearly a
subsurface continuation of a wall in the river bank which could
possibly have been used as a quay,” she said.
>
> Tom Condit, of the National Monuments Service, said that
processions and processional routes were, even in modern times,
part and parcel of religious festivals and events, and he
described how cursus monuments, formally laid-out ritual
routeways controlling direction and views of the surrounding
visual landscape, indicated that such processions also took
place in the late Neolithic period at Brú na Bóinne.
>
> Clíodhna Ní Lionáin, project archaeologist at Dowth Hall,
where a 5,500-year-old passage tomb was uncovered in 2018, said
that two burial chambers have been discovered within the western
part of the main passage tomb, over which a large stone cairn
has been raised. One of the interesting finds there was the
skull of a woman, aged 17-25, which contained bones of a child
and animals, pointing to possible ritual ceremonies.
--- End Quote ---
Besides the waterways themselves, humans and non-humans sharing
the same tomb is another Aryan practice as previously mentioned.
Definitely Partholonians here.
#Post#: 1097--------------------------------------------------
Re: Aryan hydraulic empire
DIR By: 90sRetroFan
Date: September 10, 2020, 4:20 am
---------------------------------------------------------
HTML https://www.al.com/news/2019/02/ancient-native-american-canal-discovered-in-gulf-shores.html
--- Quote ---
> The canal is six tenths of a mile, making it one of the
longest pre-Columbian canals discovered in North America said
Greg Waselkov, head of the archaeology department at the
University of South Alabama. Waselkov led the recent excavation
of the canal in a forested area near Little Lagoon.
>
> “There are other similar ancient canals, but they are very
rare. All of the other long canals, and there are only six known
examples of this type, are all in Florida,” Waselkov said. “The
Gulf Shores canal is one of the best preserved ancient canals.
There are many short canals found at coastal sites, but long
ones like the Gulf Shores example, which ran for a kilometer or
more are quite rare.”
>
> Waselkov said that one of the Florida canals was in the
panhandle area, but the others were in the Everglades and south
Florida, making the Gulf Shores canal an important find for the
northern Gulf Coast.
>
> “The only other ancient canals I know of in North America are
the Hohokam irrigation canals in Arizona, which are similar in
appearance and scale and very extensive, but very different in
terms of function and hydrology,” Waselkov said.
--- End Quote ---
Which, of course, fits the Eastern Agricultural Complex Aryans
learning canal engineering from the Pueblo Aryans:
HTML http://aryanism.net/culture/aryan-race/aryan-diffusion-part-7/
Continuing with the first link:
--- Quote ---
> In that era, one of the easiest ways to travel was by water.
That was especially true along the Gulf Coast, where our forests
often form dense jungles. Study a map of the Fort Morgan
peninsula and the benefits of this particular canal are quickly
apparent. As you look at the map, remember that the Intracoastal
Canal did not exist.
>
> Getting from the eastern shore of Mobile Bay to the Gulf
without the newly discovered canal would mean an arduous trip,
requiring hours of paddle across the open and often rough waters
of the bay. From the mouth of Weeks Bay to the tip of Fort
Morgan, for instance, would require a 14-mile paddle across the
bay, where two-foot waves are common. Then imagine making that
trip in a hollowed-out log with paddles carved from trees.
>
> Connecting Oyster Bay with Little Lagoon, which had an outlet
to the Gulf even in prehistoric times, was a brilliant idea.
Travelling via the canal would cut the amount of paddling from
Weeks Bay to the Gulf by more than 10 miles. And much of the
journey would occur in calm and protected water, where paddling
is both safer and much easier.
>
> Waselkov said that the Middle Woodland era was believed to be
relatively peaceful compared to later times, when tribes
frequently enslaved those they conquered. While slave labor was
sometimes used for various purposes in those later periods,
Waselkov said he did not think that was the case with the canal.
>
> “We have no reason to think any of them were built with slave
labor,” Waselkov said. “People seem to have contributed labor
for short periods during the year to build mounds and earthen
enclosures.”
> ...
> Standing on the edge of the canal this week, gazing over the
remnants of one of the oldest manmade objects on the Gulf Coast,
it was easy to understand why those ancient people would have
come together for a communal project like this. Simply put, it
would have made life much easier, and much more pleasant. What
better reason to do anything?
--- End Quote ---
But of course the increasingly non-Aryan population did not even
maintain it:
--- Quote ---
> While the benefits of the canal for travel are obvious, it was
clearly abandoned at some point and allowed to fill in. Only a
few sections of the canal are apparent today, one where it dumps
in to Little Lagoon.
>
> “I am still trying to pin down the approximate date when the
canal fell out of use.
--- End Quote ---
#Post#: 4021--------------------------------------------------
Re: Aryan hydraulic empire
DIR By: guest5
Date: February 6, 2021, 11:37 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
The Ancient Peruvian Mystery Solved From Space
--- Quote ---
> The puquios were a “sophisticated hydraulic system constructed
to retrieve water from underground aquifers,” says Rosa
Lasaponara of the Institute of Methodologies for Environmental
Analysis, in Italy. And they transformed this inhospitable
region.
--- End Quote ---
--- Quote ---
> “What is clearly evident today is that the puquio system must
have been much more developed than it appears today,” says
Lasaponara. “Exploiting an inexhaustible water supply throughout
the year the puquio system contributed to an intensive
agriculture of the valleys in one of the most arid places in the
world.”
>
> A series of canals brought the water, trapped underground, to
the areas where it was needed; anything left was stored in
surface reservoirs. To help keep it moving, chimneys were
excavated above the canals in the shape of corkscrewing funnels.
These funnels let wind into the canals, which forced the water
through the system.
>
> “The puquios were the most ambitious hydraulic project in the
Nasca area and made water available for the whole year, not only
for agriculture and irrigation but also for domestic needs,”
says Lasaponara, who has written about her satellite studies in
Ancient Nasca World: New Insights from Science and Archaeology,
published in 2017.
--- End Quote ---
--- Quote ---
> The origin of the puquios has remained a mystery to
researchers because it was not possible to use traditional
carbon dating techniques on the tunnels. Nor did the Nasca leave
any clues as to their origin. Like many other South American
cultures they had no writing system.
--- End Quote ---
HTML https://getpocket.com/explore/item/the-ancient-peruvian-mystery-solved-from-space?utm_source=pocket-newtab
[img width=1280
height=960]
HTML https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Puquios_aqueduct_Nazca_Peru.JPG[/img]
[img]
HTML https://imgix.bustle.com/mic/4hyqgmodo6wiieigqhiruu26qjuibqsakjqegwmzjktsd1rq9cn0k3ijlhmkqeks.jpg?w=1020&h=576&fit=crop&crop=faces&auto=format%2Ccompress[/img]
--- Quote ---
> Puquios are systems of subterranean aqueducts found the
deserts of southern Peru and northern Chile. Of 36 known puquios
in Peru, most still function and are relied upon to bring fresh
water into the desert.[1]
>
> The puquios first became a subject of study in the early 20th
century,[2] although they had been known before, but historic
evidence was scarce. Around 1900 it was noted there were
puquios, locally known as socavones (lit. shafts), spread
through the oases of Atacama Desert.[3] Today puquios, in
various states of use and decay, are known to exists in the
valleys of Azapa and Sibaya and the oases of La Calera,
Pica-Matilla and Puquio de Núñez.[3]
>
> For some time, scholars disagreed on whether they were built
by pre-Hispanic peoples or during the Spanish colonial era,
because of a lack of evidence.
>
> The first known historical writing to refer to them was in
1605 by Reginaldo de Lizárraga. Some scholars believe this
suggests that the works were built by the Spanish.[4] But none
of the available Spanish texts mentions a project to build the
puquios,[5] nor do they describe such existing water systems.[6]
The theory of a Spanish origin holds that the puquio technique
is not substantially different from Spanish techniques used from
the early conquest to drain mines.[7] An early example is the
mine of Potosí that was drained by subterranean canals as early
1556 following instructions of Florentine engineer Nicolás de
Benito.[7]
>
> In 1918 geologist Juan Brüggen mentioned the existence of 23
socavones (shafts) in the Pica oasis, yet these have since then
been abandoned due to economic and social changes.[3] The
puquios of Pica-Matilla and Puquio Núñez tap the Pica
Aquifer.[3]
--- End Quote ---
--- Quote ---
> The puquios of Nazca are thought to have been built by both
the Paracas and Nasca cultures. The former group occupied the
area roughly between 800 BCE and 200 BCE, and the Nasca from 200
BCE to 650 CE[8] near the city of Nazca, Peru.
>
> The technology of puquios is similar to that of the qanats of
Iran and Makhmur, Iraq, and other ancient filtration galleries
known in numerous societies in the Old World and China, which
appear to have been developed independently.[9] They are a
sophisticated way to provide water from underground aquifers in
arid regions.
--- End Quote ---
HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puquios
#Post#: 9502--------------------------------------------------
Re: Aryan hydraulic empire
DIR By: 90sRetroFan
Date: October 21, 2021, 10:00 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
HTML https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/mysterious-9000-years-old-wells-discovered-central-china-1659531
--- Quote ---
> The discovery was made public on Tuesday, (6 February). Deputy
head of the provincial archaeological research institute, Wei
Xingtao told Xinhua News that they are the oldest wells found in
China to date.
>
> The wells are different in structure. The deepest of the six
goes 5.2 metres underground. Some were built with flights of
stairs, most likely to allow settlers to fetch deeper water and
more easily.
>
> In the wells, the team of archaeologists unearthed ancient
tools. five pottery pots were found, most likely used to carry
water. These pots were built with handles so that strings could
be attached to them.
>
> "The people probably dropped the pots accidentally into the
wells while fetching water," said Xingtao.
>
> The purpose of the wells is still obscure. Xingtao mused they
could have either been used for drinking water, for land
irrigation or to fetch water used in pottery. "These are
questions yet to be answered."
--- End Quote ---
#Post#: 15453--------------------------------------------------
Re: Aryan hydraulic empire
DIR By: 90sRetroFan
Date: September 2, 2022, 12:17 am
---------------------------------------------------------
HTML http://www.china.org.cn/arts/2022-09/01/content_78399557.htm
--- Quote ---
> Jijiaocheng is an archaeological site that hit the headlines
in March when it was named among China's top 10 new discoveries
of 2021. Located in Lixian county, Changde city, Central China's
Hunan province, it's recorded in local annals that Jijiaocheng,
which literally means "****-crowing city", got its name because
it is said to have been built at the very dawn of time.
>
> Dating back to between 5,300 and 4,000 years, Jijiaocheng may
have not "crowed" over thousands of years, but when it did, it
startled everyone.
>
> A classic case among Neolithic sites, it presents a unique
civilization of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River that
thrived on rice agriculture.
>
> The archaeological discoveries are significant and reveal a
three-layer moat near settlement clusters, vast areas of
irrigated paddy fields and a large-scale wooden complex.
> ...
> "There is an evidence chain to prove that it's a civilization
of an early-stage state based on rice agriculture," says Guo
Weimin, who's in charge of Jijiaocheng's excavation project.
> ...
> the complicated moat system, which dates back between 4,000
and 5,000 years, reflects the high level of rice agriculture at
that time. Parallel canals were found on the fringe of the moat,
and their function was to irrigate the rice fields.
>
> Today, the well-preserved moat system can be clearly seen in
aerial photos, and he says that "it's very rare among its
counterparts in China".
>
> "Compared with China's Liangzhu and Hongshan cultures,
Jijiaocheng is less religious. However, it is more religious
than its counterparts in the Central China Plains. It is
probably somewhere in between a theocracy and monarchy," Guo
says.
>
> He believes that Jijiaocheng shows no obvious traces of war,
which is different from the Central China Plains.
>
> "At Jijiaocheng, the ancients were self-sufficient in food
production. It's probable that they had no awareness or need to
snatch resources from others," he says.
>
> Archaeologists found a pile of chaff covering an area of 80 sq
m, with an average depth of 15 centimeters. It's estimated to be
from unprocessed rice weighing about 22 metric tons, enough to
feed 1,000 adults for over 40 days.
>
> "This is only what we discovered. The original storage must
have been huge. It reveals the centralized management and
redistribution of grain in Jijiaocheng, meaning that the society
was highly developed," he says.
> ...
> The 4,700-year-old house has a floor area of 420 sq m, with an
extra 210 sq m of corridors. F63 was made of nanmu and camphor
trees, which are resilient to warping and cracking.
>
> Before the construction of the building, planks were placed on
foundation trenches and columns, 55 cm in diameter, were
installed.
>
> He says that, even without metal tools, using just implements
made from stone and wood, the people of that time were able to
produce smooth wooden planks between five and eight meters long.
>
> "It's unlikely a house for daily living. It's more likely to
be a place for a ritual or large public activities, revealing
that Jijiaocheng was a hierarchical society," he says
--- End Quote ---
HTML http://www.itourschina.com/ChinaMap/bigimg/20070615-0000000425.jpg
See also:
HTML https://trueleft.createaforum.com/mythical-world/yandi-vs-huangdi-myth-confirmed/
#Post#: 20537--------------------------------------------------
Re: Aryan hydraulic empire
DIR By: 2ThaSun
Date: June 20, 2023, 4:37 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
Ancient Structure Along River Nile Is Oldest Hydraulics System
of Its Kind
--- Quote ---
> A smattering of ancient rock walls along the river Nile in
Sudan appear to represent the oldest known hydraulics system of
their kind.
--- End Quote ---
--- Quote ---
> New findings suggest people living in the ancient empire of
Nubia in northern Sudan were manipulating the river to their
advantage as far back as 3,000 years ago.
>
> River 'groynes' are rigid structures, laid perpendicular to a
shore or bank, that humans still use to this day to manipulate
the flow of water and silt.
>
> They're highly useful, and farmers and boaters along the Nile
have known that for much longer than we ever knew.
>
> The Yellow River in China used to have the oldest known
groynes in the world. But not anymore.
>
> Researchers in Australia and the United Kingdom have found
evidence that Nubians were using groynes 2,500 years before
farmers in China were doing the same.
>
> Using satellite data, local surveys, and previous studies, the
team revealed hundreds of groynes that still stand in Sudan to
this day.
>
> Some are buried under the waters of the Nile, while others
stand on ancient riverbeds that have long since dried out.
>
> Their shape, orientation, and size say a lot about their
possible purposes.
>
> Researchers suspect they were used to trap fertile silt, to
irrigate land, to limit bank erosion, to defend against seasonal
floods, to create optimal fishing pools, or to stop winds of
sand from smothering crops.
--- End Quote ---
HTML https://www.sciencealert.com/images/2023/06/GroyneWalls-642x285.png
--- Quote ---
> The system is so effective, it's actually still employed by
locals, although not in the same spots. Climate changes over the
past three millennia have significantly altered the flow of the
Nile in this region.
>
> "From speaking with farmers in Sudanese Nubia, we also learned
that river groynes continued to be built as recently as the
1970s, and that the land formed by some walls is still
cultivated today," says archaeologist Matthew Dalton from the
University of Western Australia.
>
> "This incredibly long-lived hydraulic technology played a
crucial role in enabling communities to grow food and thrive in
the challenging landscapes of Nubia for over 3,000 years."
>
> The practice of installing river groynes along the Nile was
assumed to be modern, dating to around the early 19th century,
and yet other older-looking groynes also exist in the region.
>
> Unfortunately, the groynes found near archaeological sites
from Nubia are often submerged in active channels, which means
they cannot be properly dated.
>
> Still, the ones that exist on dry riverbed, near an ancient
walled town known as Amara West, have now been dated to between
3,000 and 3,300 years old...
--- End Quote ---
Entire article:
HTML https://www.sciencealert.com/ancient-structure-along-river-nile-is-oldest-hydraulics-system-of-its-kind
#Post#: 20655--------------------------------------------------
Re: Aryan hydraulic empire
DIR By: 90sRetroFan
Date: June 27, 2023, 2:04 am
---------------------------------------------------------
HTML https://us.yahoo.com/lifestyle/1-000-old-wall-peru-171958063.html
--- Quote ---
> An ancient desert wall in northern Peru was built to protect
precious farmlands and canals from the ravages of El Niño
floods, according to new research.
> ...
> El Niño floods are thought to have occurred there for
thousands of years, and they would have been a serious danger to
the Chimú, Gabriel Prieto, an archaeologist at the University of
Florida, told Live Science.
>
> "The annual rainfall there in a regular year is very low —
almost no rain at all," he said. "So when the rainfall was very
high, that caused a lot of damage."
> ...
> The wall is built across two dry riverbeds that flood during
El Niño. Preventing flooding in the farmlands also would have
protected Chan Chan, which was connected to them by a network of
canals.
>
> "I'd guess, to some degree, that the wall worked like a kind
of a dam," Prieto said.
> ...
> "The Chimú were the descendants of people who had lived in
this region for 10,000 years — they knew exactly what was going
on," he said.
--- End Quote ---
Of course! In contrast:
--- Quote ---
> Edward Swenson, an archaeologist at the University of Toronto
who isn't involved in the research, told Live Science that
Prieto's interpretation made sense.
>
> "The idea at first struck me as incongruous, because I've not
heard of walls against water before," he said.
--- End Quote ---
Thank you for revealing your non-Aryan blood memory.
HTML https://trueleft.createaforum.com/true-left-vs-right/plebian-hubris/msg16715/#msg16715
--- Quote ---
>
HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_empire
>
> [quote]A hydraulic empire, also known as a hydraulic
despotism, hydraulic society, hydraulic civilization, or water
monopoly empire, is a social or government structure which
maintains power and control through exclusive control over
access to water. It arises through the need for flood control
and irrigation, which requires central coordination and a
specialized bureaucracy.[1]
> ...
> A developed hydraulic civilization maintains control over its
population by means of controlling the supply of water. The term
was coined by the German-American historian Karl August
Wittfogel (1896–1988), in his book Oriental Despotism: A
Comparative Study of Total Power (1957). Wittfogel asserted that
such "hydraulic civilizations"—although they were neither all
located in the Orient nor characteristic of all Oriental
societies—were essentially different from those of the Western
world. According to Wittfogel, most of the first civilizations
in history, such as Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India,
and Pre-Columbian Mexico and Peru, are believed to have been
hydraulic empires.[2] Most hydraulic empires existed in arid or
desert regions, but imperial China also had some such
characteristics, due to the exacting needs of rice cultivation.
>
> The Maurya Empire in India was classified by Wittfogel as a
grandiose Hydraulic Economy.[3] Kautilya while referring to the
udakabhaga (water-cess, cess being a term used in India,
Scotland and Ireland for an additional tax) lists various kinds
of irrigation, viz., irrigated by manual labour, by carrying
water on the shoulder, by water lifts, and by raising water from
lakes, rivers etc. Some scholars believe, there is a clear
reference to canals for irrigation in the Arthashastra, in a
sutra which points out that water was set in motion by digging
(khatapravrittim) from a river-dam (nandinibhandayatana) or a
tank.[4]
>
> Apart from Ancient Egypt and the Kingdom of Kush, the Ajuran
Sultanate of the Horn of Africa was the only other hydraulic
empire in Africa. Beginning in the 13th century, the Ajuran
monopolized the water resources of the Jubba and Shebelle
rivers. Through hydraulic engineering, they also constructed
many of the state's limestone wells and cisterns that are still
in use today. Its rulers developed new systems for agriculture
and taxation, which continued to be used in parts of the Horn of
Africa as late as the 19th century.[5]
> ...
> The typical hydraulic empire government, in Wittfogel's
thesis, is extremely centralized, with no trace of an
independent aristocracy – in contrast to the decentralized
feudalism of medieval Europe.
--- End Quote ---
[/quote]
#Post#: 27318--------------------------------------------------
Re: Aryan hydraulic empire
DIR By: 90sRetroFan
Date: August 6, 2024, 7:59 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
HTML https://us.yahoo.com/news/engineers-theory-egypt-first-pyramid-211938317.html
--- Quote ---
> For years, Egyptologists have hotly debated how the massive
pyramids of ancient Egypt were built more than 4,000 years ago.
Now, a team of engineers and geologists brings a new theory to
the table — a hydraulic lift device that would have floated the
heavy stones up through the middle of Egypt’s oldest pyramid
using stored water.
> ...
> Using an interdisciplinary approach, the new paper was the
first to report a system consistent with the Step Pyramid’s
internal architecture, the authors wrote.
>
> A complex water treatment system drawing upon local resources
would have allowed for a water-powered elevator within the
pyramid’s internal vertical shaft. Some type of float would have
raised the heavy stones up the middle of the pyramid, according
to the study.
> ...
> the study team suggested that water from ancient streams
flowed from the west of the Saqqâra plateau into a system of
deep-water trenches and tunnels that surrounded the Step
Pyramid.
>
> The water also would have flowed into the Gisr el-Mudir — a
rectangular limestone structure that is a massive 650 by 350
meters (2,133 feet by 1,148 feet) — which would have acted as a
check dam. This device, which was previously thought to be a
fortress, a celebration arena or a cattle enclosure, would
control and store water from heavy floods, as well as filter out
sediment and dirt so they would not clog the water passageways.
>
>
[img]
HTML https://s.yimg.com/ny/api/res/1.2/QE9jJaHwiOJohv8.33et7w--/YXBwaWQ9aGlnaGxhbmRlcjt3PTE5MjA7aD0xMDgwO2NmPXdlYnA-/https://media.zenfs.com/en/cnn_articles_875/1b28ee6ff950ec754ff4904e2170ddf2[/img]
>
> The theorized water treatment system would not only allow for
water control during flood events, but also would have “ensured
adequate water quality and quantity for both consumption and
irrigation purposes and for transportation or construction,”
> ...
> she pointed to past research that found rainwater gutters
being built and used in the Old Kingdom
> ...
> The Sahara’s greener period most likely ended by the beginning
of the third millennium BC, according to Jeffreys.
> ...
> This is not the first time the Nile has been investigated as
to whether it played a role in the building of the pyramids. A
study published in May found a dried-up branch of the massive
river and theorized that the stream was likely used to transport
massive limestone blocks to construction sites of multiple
pyramids. There is also some evidence of ancient Egyptians using
hydraulics on a smaller scale, Jeffreys said.
> ...
> “It may hold the key to uncovering the mystery of how the
largest monoliths, found in pyramids like Khufu or (Khephren)
were raised. These monoliths weigh tens of tons, making it
seemingly impossible for them to be hauled using (human labor)
alone. Conversely, a moderate-sized hydraulic lift can raise 50
to 100 tons.
--- End Quote ---
#Post#: 30671--------------------------------------------------
Re: Aryan hydraulic empire
DIR By: RomanMoorIberianHydrolics
Date: July 27, 2025, 1:47 am
---------------------------------------------------------
Rio Tinto Mines, Spain
--- Quote ---
> Image Credit: U.S. Consulate General Perth - Public
domain/Wiki Commons
> The Rio Tinto Mines in Spain are among the oldest documented
mines in the world, with a history spanning approximately 5,000
years. Renowned for their rich deposits of copper, silver, and
gold, these mines were extensively worked by early
civilizations, including the Iberians, Romans, and Moors. The
complex network of open pits and underground tunnels
demonstrates advanced mining techniques for its time.
>
> Historically, the site’s significance is not only due to its
mineral wealth but also due to its role in the industrial
development of the region. The Romans, in particular, utilized
advanced methods such as hydraulic mining to increase extraction
efficiency. Today, the Rio Tinto Mines serve as a vivid reminder
of the technological prowess of ancient societies.
--- End Quote ---
HTML https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/markets/6-ancient-mines-too-advanced-for-era/ss-AA1JleAi?ocid=msedgntp&pc=U531&cvid=6885c59c55c4481292edf801cbeedb55&ei=50#image=3
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