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#Post#: 873--------------------------------------------------
Turanian diffusion
By: 90sRetroFan Date: August 21, 2020, 11:54 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
OLD CONTENT
www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-6865741/The-violent-grou
p-people-lived.html
[quote]The most violent group of people who ever lived:
Horse-riding Yamnaya tribe who used their huge height and
muscular build to brutally murder and invade their way across
Europe more than 4,000 years ago
...
They would murder men and sire their own children so that within
a few generations the presence of the previous societies is all
but eradicated.
...
Yamnaya people arrived in Eastern Europe approximately 5,000
years ago and their culture and customs spread rapidly to both
the east and the west.
They then interbred with the Corded Ware people in central
Europe, with later generations inheriting a significant amount
of Yamnaya DNA.
...
Ancient DNA reveals these migrants were well nourished, tall and
muscular. Some archaeologists also argue that the warrior tribe
consisted of skilled horsemen.
'It looks like they lived mostly on meat and milk products,'
says Professor Kristiansen.
...
This theory is backed up by David Reich at Harvard Medical
School who is due to release a piece of research stating the
Yumnaya orchestrated a systematic genocide of Neolithic men.
...
Forty per cent of all males had a Y chromosome linked to
Yumnaya, indicating after the cultures met, only Yumnaya men
were procreating.
The collision of these two populations was not a friendly one,
not an equal one, but one where the males from outside were
displacing local males and did so almost completely,' Reich told
New Scientist Live in September.
'It's the only way to explain that no male Neolithic lines
survived.'[/quote]
This could account for why lactose tolerance became so common in
the region so quickly: the population of milk-drinking men
massacred the population of non-milk-drinking men! I am so proud
to be lactose intolerant!
It also explains why I have always instinctively despised
mesomorphs. And equestrian sports, of course (as I have
mentioned many times in the past).
One day we will have to thoroughly de-Turanize the gene pool.
The article also includes an appendix about Aryan diffusion:
[quote]The Neolithic Revolution was the world's first verifiable
revolution in agriculture.
It began in Britain between about 5000 BC and 4500 BC but spread
across Europe from origins in Syria and Iraq between about 11000
BC and 9000 BC.
The period saw the widespread transition of many disparate human
cultures from nomadic hunting and gathering practices to ones of
farming and building small settlements.
The revolution was responsible for turning small groups of
travellers into settled communities who built villages and
towns.
Some cultures used irrigation and made forest clearings to
better their farming techniques.
Others stored food for times of hunger, and farming eventually
created different roles and divisions of labour in societies as
well as trading economies.[/quote]
There is also a link to a New Scientist article that apparently
goes into more detail, but requires subscription to read (below
is all that I could get from the preview):
www.newscientist.com/article/mg24132230-200-story-of-most-murder
ous-people-of-all-time-revealed-in-ancient-dna/
[quote]THE iconic sarsen stones at Stonehenge were erected some
4500 years ago. Although the monument’s original purpose is
still disputed, we now know that within a few centuries it
became a memorial to a vanished people. By then, almost every
Briton, from the south coast of England to the north-east tip of
Scotland, had been wiped out by incomers. It isn’t clear exactly
why they disappeared so rapidly. But a picture of the people who
replaced them is emerging.
The migrants’ ultimate source was a group of livestock herders
called the Yamnaya who occupied the Eurasian steppe north of the
Black Sea and the Caucasus mountains. Britain wasn’t their only
destination. Between 5000 and 4000 years ago, the Yamnaya and
their descendants colonised swathes of Europe, leaving a genetic
legacy that persists to this day. Their arrival coincided with
profound social and cultural changes. Burial practices shifted
dramatically, a warrior class appeared, and there seems to have
been a sharp upsurge in lethal violence. “I’ve become
increasingly convinced there must have been a kind of genocide,”
says Kristian Kristiansen at the University of Gothenburg,
Sweden. As he and others piece together the story, one question
resounds: were the Yamnaya the most murderous people in history?
Before about 5000 years ago, Neolithic Europe was inhabited by
people much like those who raised Stonehenge. They were farmers
with an urge to work together and build large stone structures.
“It looks like these people were quite communal,” says
Kristiansen. And that community spirit continued into the
afterlife: many of …[/quote]
The wrong side won back then. But the war never ended. Final
victory can still be ours.
---
I have watched WN fashion shift over the years from previously
preferring to self-identify with Ice Age Giants to now
preferring to self-identify with Pelasgians/Vanir. I noted this
all the way back here:
aryanism.net/blog/aryan-sanctuary/western-civilization-late-20th
-century-pop-culture/comment-page-2/#comment-170659
I might as well repaste the enemy stuff here directly:
[quote]The author views the Trojan Wars as an unconscious
metaphor for the clash of the civilizations that resulted from
the arrival of the Indo-Europeans in the eastern Mediterranean.
Instead of the meeting of Achilles and Hector, “it is a deathly
confrontation of two ways of understanding the world.” The
language of the Iliad symbolizes this clash: words like “city,”
“battlements,” “walls,” and “gates” are juxtaposed against the
“flatlands,” the “open plain” and the “pedion,” over which
Achilles runs like “a being radiant with horror, bringing evil
and pain to men.”[xiii] For the author no two worlds could be
more different than “the grasslands of the steppes north of the
Black Sea [the Indo-European homeland] and the craggy broken
boundaries of the Mediterranean.”[xiv] This dialectical tension
between steppe and city-dweller is reflected in a key Homeric
theme: the Greeks’ deep “distrust of the potential for
unmanliness in the city, whose beauties and order are
nevertheless deeply desirable.”[xv]
…
He asserts that: “Only in reference to Indo-European
aristocratic berserkers … can we speak in Hegelian terms of a
fight to the death for the sake of pure prestige.”[xxi]
Prestige-motivated fighting pervades both Homeric epics. In the
Iliad the first fighting does not begin until 2,380 lines into
the story, but thereafter the blood flows, increasingly, with an
increasing intensity and savagery, until, as Nicolson notes,
“the climax comes in the crazed berserker frenzy of Achilles’s
grief-fuelled rampage through the Trojans. The culmination is
the death of Hector, when steppe-man finally meets and kills the
man of the city.”[xxii]
…
Achilles, the “city destroyer” who is the ultimate symbol of an
Indo-European warrior elite that was “ferociously male in its
focus, with male gods and a cultivation of violence, with no
great attention paid to dwellings or public buildings, but a
fascination with weaponry, speed and violence.”[xxv] Even in the
world of the Iliad, Achilles’ homeland in Thessaly is further
north than that of any other character. For Nicolson, “Achilles
carries a pre-southern, pre-urban, pre-complicated world of
purity and integrity within him.”[xxvi]
The willingness of Achilles to defy the authority of King
Agamemnon is certainly illustrative of Duchesne’s culture of
“aristocratic egalitarianism” where a leader is regarded as a
“first among equals.” It is only natural, therefore, that
Achilles “cannot tolerate the overarching kingliness of
Agamemnon.”[xxvii] When Odysseus intercedes between Agamemnon
and Achilles he suppresses the former’s injunction for Achilles
to “submit himself to me, since I am so much more kingly,”
because he knows that “the steppe consciousness of Achilles will
not accept an overking.”[xxviii][/quote]
[quote]the classical Greeks were baffled by Homer’s dislike of
fish which they regarded as the ultimate delicacy. They couldn’t
comprehend why Homer’s heroes ate beef when they were so often
located next to prime fishing spots. For Nicolson, this contempt
for fish was “likely a steppe land inheritance, from the time
when a large herd of meaty animals was one of the identifying
marks of a king or hero.”[v]
The heroes of the Indo-European warrior world were men whose
individuality was commemorated in large single burials, often
under prominent mounds called “kurgans” on highly visible places
among grazing grounds cleared for their herds. Meat mattered in
this warrior world, largely as a symbol of portable wealth when
alive, and for feasting when dead and cooked.
…
According to the author: “Homer is full of half-buried memories
like this of that northern past which hint at a
non-Mediterranean world, far from water, far from cities,
land-locked, dominated by an enormous sky, horse-rich, focused
on flocks and herds and the meat they provide, violent, noble
and heroic. This steppe-world is the place from which Achilles
comes. It is not the Homeric foreground, because Homer is
inconceivable without sailing ships, cities and the sea —
without everything that is bound up with the name of “Troy”:
civilization, the sea-borne raid, the connection to the east —
but that other northern place lurks as a kind of murmured
ancestral layer, a sub-conscious.[vii]“[/quote]
This shift has occurred in concord with the extent to which they
have increasingly Judaized their own thinking via incorporating
extreme sexism and homophobia into WN (previously purely racist
without being particularly sexist/homophobic) to create the
Alt-Right.
---
This perfectly coincides with shift in WN ideology from Neo
Nazism to Turanism. For example weev (jew) admits that he is not
a national socialist, but instead identifies more with franco
(jew). .
web.archive.org/web/20181226114853/
HTML http://weev.net/a-response-to-paul-ramseys-boomerposting-proof-of-his-financial-sponsorship-from-the-state/
[quote][quote]For years now every time I am asked a sincere
question about Hitler, National Socialism, or my political
ideology I talk about memes and how I don’t actually think the
record of Hitler is great at all. I usually identify with the
governance style of Franco or Vargas, who managed to implement
fascism without getting involved in massive world wars. Here’s
an instance from February of last year to show I’m not making
this up:[/quote][/quote]
He also happens to be an Odinist (Vanir). Then there's the fact
that many in the alt right strongly support putin (eurasianism)
because he upholds traditional gender roles.
#Post#: 874--------------------------------------------------
Re: Turanian diffusion
By: 90sRetroFan Date: August 21, 2020, 11:54 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
OLD CONTENT contd.
e-history.kz/en/publications/view/on_how_tengrism_affected_the_e
thnic_identity_and_culture_of_turkicmongolian_people__4114
[quote]Due to certain reasons, the culture of nomadic societies
was formed as a militant civilization. Most researchers express
different points of view in regards to the emergence of this
type of civilization. A prominent scholar Kradina, for example,
in her article entitled "Nomads in the world-historical process"
mentions about the aspects of the development of the nomadic
society as such: "The need for the unification of nomads arises
only in the case of wars for the resources of existence, the
organization of plundering of farmers or expansion into their
territory, in establishing control over trade routes. In this
situation, the folding of a complex political organization of
nomads in the form of nomadic empires is both a product of
integration and a consequence of the conflict (between nomads
and farmers)”.
However, it must be mentioned that for a successful waging of
wars, a powerful military organization was needed. Researchers
managed to notice an interesting circumstance that the degree of
centralization of nomads was directly proportional to the
magnitude of the neighbouring agricultural civilization.
Another model of political genesis, applicable to the origin of
the steppe empires, is "commercial". Its main premise is that
foreign trade exchange with the subsequent redistribution of
rare and prestigious goods among subjects is an important
component of the power of the leaders and rulers of early
states. The stability of the steppe empires directly depended on
the ability of the highest authority to organize the receipt of
silk, agricultural products, handicrafts and exquisite jewellery
from sedentary territories. Since these products could not be
produced in a cattle-breeding farm, obtaining it by force or
extortion was the primary responsibility of the ruler of the
nomadic society. As the only mediator between China and the
Steppe, the ruler of the nomadic society had the opportunity to
control the redistribution of the extraction received from
China, and thereby he strengthened his own power. This made it
possible to maintain an empire that could not exist on the basis
of an extensive pastoral economy.
All this predetermined the dual nature of the "steppe empires".
Outwardly, they looked despotic, conquering state-like
societies, since they were created to seize the surplus product
from outside the Steppe. But from within, the nomadic empires
remained based on tribal links without establishing taxation and
exploitation of pastoralists. The power of the ruler of the
steppe society, as a rule, was not based on the possibility of
applying legitimate violence, but on his ability to organize
military campaigns and redistribute revenues from trade, tribute
and raids to neighbouring countries" [1].
The self-identification of the Kazakhs was built on the basis of
a rigid value-based antithetical "us-them", where "us" - is the
universal norm and the model, whereas "them" - any and all
settled agricultural people and cultures is a paradigmatic set
of anomalies. The attitude of the nomads to the culture and way
of life of settled agricultural peoples was selectively
critical, if not frankly nihilistic. In one of the legends about
the origin of the three Kazakh zhuzes, recorded by Mashhur
Zhussup Kopeev, the jigits sent to conquer new lands were so
responsive to the envoys of the khan on the command given to
them to return: "Do not tell us about the return and do not come
back yourself. Why should you go back to the region where the
horses grow old at five, and the jigits at twenty-five, where
only the chicken is known from the birds, and from the lessons -
plucking the grass, where the men are like nags, and women - on
their minds, where they change Malakhai to the skull-cap, where
the knife is changed to a spoon, where there is no other joy
like serving Sarts, carrying salt in the summer, and wood and
coal in the summer, and serving Sarts, whose vaunted upbringing
consists only in eating a wheat cake and drinking with millet
soup, at best, being content with the thigh of a tiny quail"
[2].
The core of the social relations of nomads and the basic value
of a worldview is a kin-generational principle, which is the
fundamental principle of self-identification of the individual
with both the community and the natural habitat, primarily from
the territories as a continuation of one's natural being
[8].[/quote]
Nothing has changed. Literally nothing. Even rightist
stereotypes of leftists today ("soyboy" etc.) are thematically
identical to the old nomadic stereotypes of peasants.
About the term "Sarts":
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sart
[quote]It is thus very difficult to attach a single ethnic or
even linguistic meaning to the term "Sart". Historically the
various Turkic and Persian peoples of Central Asia were
identified mostly by their lifestyle, rather than by any
notional ethnic or even linguistic difference. The Kazakhs,
Kyrgyz, and Turkmens were nomads, herding across steppes,
mountains and sand deserts, respectively. The settled Turks and
Tajiks, on the other hand, were Sarts, as they either lived in
cities such as Khiva, Bukhara or Samarkand, or they lived in
rural agricultural communities.[/quote]
---
www.upi.com/Science_News/2020/03/02/5000-year-old-milk-proteins-
show-dairy-pastoralisms-effect-on-Eurasian-steppe/9711583167334/
[quote]Scientists analyzed the chemical makeup of dental
calculus, or plaque, extracted from human teeth dated from the
Early Bronze Age to the Mongol Period. More than three-quarters
of the individuals tested revealed evidence of dairy
consumption.
The extensive nature of the milk consumption suggests the
practice was introduced even earlier than 3,000 B.C.
Previous genetic surveys have linked the people of prehistoric
Mongolia with herder populations of the western steppe. The
connection suggests populations from Russia's Atlai mountains
likely brought dairy pastoralism with them as they traveled
east.[/quote]
www.horsetalk.co.nz/2020/03/08/early-evidence-horse-milk-consump
tion/
[quote]Milk proteins were identified in the dental calculus of
72% of the individuals.
The earliest individual to show evidence of dairy consumption
lived around 5000 years ago and consumed milk from ruminant
species, such as cattle, sheep, or goats.
This is the earliest evidence of milk consumption ever to have
been identified in East Asia.
...
The findings push back estimates of dairying in the eastern
Steppe by more than 1700 years.[/quote]
This is why I hate the Western category "Mongoloid", which in
accurate usage should only refer to eastern steppe Turanians,
but in mainstream usage has been used to refer to (in many cases
negligibly Turanian) West Pacific populations as a whole. (The
Western category "Caucasoid" is not much better in this regard
either, for equivalent reasons.)
The truth is that eastern steppe Turanians and western steppe
Turanians clearly are more evolutionarily similar to each other
than to their respective non-Turanian neighbours.
---
Regarding Turanists in India, Iran, etc., I would say it is
incorrect to refer to Turanists as "nationalists" since their
allegiance is to the Turanian diaspora (including from countries
other than their own), not to any nation-state or folk, similar
to Jews. They are tribalists, plain and simple.
---
phys.org/news/2020-04-neolithic-genomes-modern-day-switzerland-p
arallel.html
[quote]Towards the end of the Neolithic period, the emergence of
archaeological finds from Corded Ware Complex cultural groups
(CWC) coincides with the arrival of new ancestry components from
the Pontic-Caspian steppe, but exactly when these new peoples
arrived and how they mixed with indigenous Europeans remains
unclear.
To find out, an international team led by researchers from the
University of Tübingen, the University of Bern and the Max
Planck Institute for the Science of Human History (MPI-SHH)
sequenced the genomes of 96 individuals from 13 Neolithic and
early Bronze Age sites in Switzerland, southern Germany and the
Alsace region of France. They detect the arrival of this new
ancestry as early as 2800 BCE, and suggest that genetic
dispersal was a complex process, involving the gradual mixture
of parallel, highly genetically structured societies. The
researchers also identified one of the oldest known Europeans
that was lactose tolerant, dating to roughly 2100 BCE.
"Remarkably, we identified several female individuals without
any detectable steppe-related ancestry up to 1000 years after
this ancestry arrives in the region," says lead author Anja
Furtwängler of the University of Tübingen's Institute for
Archeological Sciences.
...
These results show that CWC was a relatively homogenous
population that occupied large parts of Central Europe in the
early Bronze Age, but they also show that populations without
steppe-related ancestry existed parallel to the CWC cultural
groups for hundreds of years.[/quote]
This is what we need to get back to.
#Post#: 876--------------------------------------------------
Re: Turanian diffusion
By: 90sRetroFan Date: August 22, 2020, 12:03 am
---------------------------------------------------------
HTML https://harvardmagazine.com/2020/09/right-now-did-milk-build-mongol-empire
[quote]nomadic cultures leave only limited archaeological
evidence of their lifeways behind—mortuary mounds with
occasional animal-bone offerings are the prime archaeological
feature of the Eastern Steppe. Now a scientist interested in
reconstructing ancient diets and understanding the evolution of
the human microbiome has begun to assemble new types of evidence
suggesting that the ability to build a succession of empires on
the Eurasian Steppe has been predicated, at least in part, on
dairying: the widespread production and consumption of horse,
sheep, goat, cow, and other milks and milk products that
sustained and tied nomadic tribes together culturally across
vast distances.
...
In new research described in Nature Ecology & Evolution,
Warinner and her coauthors use dental calculus to show that
around 3000 b.c., ruminant dairying rapidly spread thousands of
kilometers across the Eurasian Steppe, from the north Caucusus
region near the Black Sea to as far east as Mongolia, in the
span of only a few centuries. There, the grasslands, although
inhospitable to grain agriculture, provided abundant nutrition
for grazing animals and supported the production of a wide
variety of dairy-based foods for humans.
...
the use of horses led to a transformative expansion of dairying
culture. Horses travel farther and faster than other ruminants,
she points out, thereby enhancing herding capacity, access to
pasturage, and the control of larger territories. And in winter,
they dig instinctually for snow-covered grasses, exposing it for
sheep, goats, and cattle, which would otherwise starve.
“Horses,” explains Warinner, “made the whole dairy-based economy
work better and more efficiently.” The stage was set for the
rise of nomadic empires.[/quote]
#Post#: 1211--------------------------------------------------
Re: Turanian diffusion
By: 90sRetroFan Date: September 18, 2020, 4:16 am
---------------------------------------------------------
HTML https://www.sciencecodex.com/lactose-tolerance-spread-throughout-europe-only-few-thousand-years-655763
[quote]"We conclude that over the past 3,000 years,
lactase-persistent individuals had more children or,
alternatively, those children had better chances of survival
than those without this trait." The researchers calculate a
remarkable selective advantage: "In each generation
lactase-persistent individuals have a six percent greater chance
of surviving to reproductive age than non-lactase-persistent
individuals," added Professor Joachim Burger.[/quote]
Guess who these were!
[quote]Back in 2007, Burger and his team established that almost
none of the first sedentary farmers in Europe were
lactase-persistent. "It is astonishing that at the time of the
battle at the Tollense, more than 4,000 years after the
introduction of agriculture in Europe, lactase persistence in
adults was still so rare," said Burger.[/quote]
It is not astonishing at all. Aryans do not even drink milk, so
what reason had we to evolve lactose tolerance?
[quote]However, there is as yet no definitive answer to the
question: Why did being able to digest the sugar in milk after
infancy provide such a big evolutionary advantage?" With milk
being a high-energy, relatively uncontamined drink, its
ingestion may have provided greater chances of survival during
food shortages or when supplies of drinking water were
contaminated. Particularly during early childhood, in the years
shortly after weaning, this factor often may have been decisive
amongst prehistoric populations," Burger concluded.[/quote]
Anyone want to bet the Turanian milk-drinkers were the ones who
deliberately contaminated our water supply, knowing they would
be unaffected by it?
HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Well_poisoning
#Post#: 1245--------------------------------------------------
Re: Turanian diffusion
By: 90sRetroFan Date: September 21, 2020, 2:21 am
---------------------------------------------------------
What we basically already knew:
HTML https://www.heritagedaily.com/2020/05/bronze-age-dna-shows-direct-genetic-link-to-current-inhabitants-of-southern-poland/128244
[quote]She said: “We have determined that members of communities
related to the Mierzanowice, Strzyżów and Trzciniec
cultures (which existed from 2,400 to 1,100 BC) genetically
resembled populations from the steppe near the Black Sea area
and their descendants, including the communities associated with
the Corded Ware culture.”
...
According to Dr. Juras, the population associated with the
Strzyżów culture has genetically most in common with steppe
communities.
The descendants of people associated with the Strzyżów
culture could have come to the lands of present-day
south-eastern Poland with the first migration from the steppe
during the late Neolithic. But they formed an isolated
population that developed independently of the Corded Ware
culture community. It is also possible that later in the Bronze
Age there was an additional migration of people from the
steppe.[/quote]
HTML https://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2020-05/c-7yo052020.php
[quote]French prehistory was punctuated by two waves of
migration: the first during the Neolithic period, about 6,300
years ago, the second during the Bronze Age, about 4,200 years
ago.
...
Admixture of the Neolithic populations with those from the
Pontic steppes**, who arrived 4,200 years ago in what is now
France, also left a lasting imprint, with the Y chromosome of
the majority of French men still bearing the signature of men
from the steppes.[/quote]
#Post#: 2274--------------------------------------------------
Re: Turanian diffusion
By: 90sRetroFan Date: November 16, 2020, 11:47 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
HTML https://www.genomeweb.com/sequencing/ancient-dna-sequences-spell-out-population-history-eastern-eurasian-steppe-region#.X7NfZlARVPY
[quote]"The population history of the Eastern Steppe is one
marked by the repeated mixing of diverse eastern and western
Eurasian gene pools," they wrote. "However, rather than simple
waves of migration, demographic events on the Eastern Steppe
have been complex and variable."
Their results suggested that hunter-gatherer individuals from
the area were genetically related to hunter-gatherers from sites
in the Russian Far East and western Baikal area around the same
time, for example, together forming an "Ancient Northeast Asian"
group.
The genetic data also pointed to an Early Bronze Age expansion
of pastoralist herding populations from the Western Steppe into
Mongolia, the team reported. By the Late Bronze Age, meanwhile,
Mongolian populations were marked by ancestry from three
different groups known for dairy pastoralism that mixed with one
another in the lead up to the emergence of the Xiongnu
Empire.[/quote]
It is simpler to call them all Turanians.
#Post#: 3025--------------------------------------------------
Re: Turanian diffusion
By: 90sRetroFan Date: December 24, 2020, 2:33 am
---------------------------------------------------------
Nothing we didn't expect:
HTML https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/38/eabb0030
[quote]Our paleogenetic study of pre- and protohistoric horses
in Anatolia and the Caucasus, based on a diachronic sample from
the early Neolithic to the Iron Age (~8000 to ~1000 BCE) that
encompasses the presumed transition from wild to domestic horses
(4000 to 3000 BCE), shows the rapid and large-scale introduction
of domestic horses at the end of the third millennium BCE. Thus,
our results argue strongly against autochthonous independent
domestication of horses in Anatolia.
...
Because northern Eurasia, and in particular the Pontic-Caspian
steppe, is currently the most likely origin for the domestic
horses brought into Anatolia, there are two possible
introductory routes, one via southeastern Europe and one via the
Caucasus.
...
our identification of several allochthonous mitochondrial
lineages and coat color mutations appearing broadly
contemporaneously in the southern Caucasus and in central
Anatolia argues in favor of a dispersal route via the Caucasus.
...
Although the cultural processes initiating the dispersal of
horse husbandry south of the Caucasus are currently difficult to
address, it may relate to human population movements into the
Caucasus and subsequently into Anatolia beginning in the late
third millennium BCE.[/quote]
Guess who?
De-Turanization should include phasing out equestrian sports.
HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrianism#Criticism_of_horses_in_sport
[quote]Horse racing is a popular equestrian sport which is
practiced in many nations around the world. It is inextricably
associated with gambling, where in certain events, stakes can
become very high. Despite its illegality in most competitions,
these conditions of extreme competitiveness can lead to the use
of performing-enhancing drugs and extreme training techniques,
which can result in negative side effects for the horses'
well-being. The races themselves have also proved dangerous to
the horses – especially steeplechasing, which requires the horse
to jump hurdles whilst galloping at full speed. This can result
in injury or death to the horse, as well as the jockey.[48] A
study by animal welfare group Animal Aid revealed that
approximately 375 racehorses die yearly, with 30% of these
either during or as a result of injuries from a race.[49] The
report also highlighted the increasing frequency of race-related
illnesses, including bleeding lungs (exercise-induced pulmonary
hemorrhage) and gastric ulcers.[49]
Animal rights groups are also primarily concerned that certain
sports or training exercises may cause unnecessary pain or
injuries to horse athletes. Some specific training or showing
practices are so widely condemned that they have been made
illegal at the national level and violations can incur criminal
penalties. The most well-known is soring, a practice of applying
a caustic ointment just above the hooves of a Tennessee Walking
Horse to make it pick up its feet higher. However, in spite of a
federal law in the United States prohibiting this practice and
routine inspections of horse shows by inspectors from the United
States Department of Agriculture, soring is still widespread and
difficult to eliminate.[50] Some events themselves are also
considered so abusive that they are banned in many countries.
Among these are horse-tripping, a sport where riders chase and
rope a loose-running horse by its front legs, throwing it to the
ground.[51][/quote]
#Post#: 4285--------------------------------------------------
Yamnaya Culture and the Origin of the Germanic Tribes
By: guest5 Date: February 17, 2021, 3:52 pm
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[quote]The Yamnaya culture (/ˈjamnaja/), also known as the
Yamnaya Horizon,[2] Yamna culture, Pit Grave culture or Ochre
Grave culture, was a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age
archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug,
Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic steppe), dating to
3300–2600 BC.[3] Its name derives from its characteristic burial
tradition: Я́мная
(romanization: yamnaya) is a Russian adjective that means
'related to pits (yama)', and these people used to bury their
dead in tumuli (kurgans) containing simple pit chambers. "Yamna"
is the name that is derived from the same word in Ukrainian
(ямна, romanization: yamna).
The people of the Yamnaya culture were likely the result of a
genetic admixture between the descendants of Eastern European
Hunter-Gatherers[a] and people related to hunter-gatherers from
the Caucasus.[4] People with this ancestral component are known
as Western Steppe Herders.[5] Their material culture was very
similar to the Afanasevo culture, and the populations of both
cultures are genetically indistinguishable.[1] They lived
primarily as nomads, with a chiefdom system and wheeled carts
that allowed them to manage large herds.
They are also closely connected to Final Neolithic cultures,
which later spread throughout Europe and Central Asia,
especially the Corded Ware people and the Bell Beaker culture,
as well as the peoples of the Sintashta, Andronovo, and Srubnaya
cultures. Back migration from Corded Ware also contributed to
Sintashta and Andronovo.[6] In these groups, several aspects of
the Yamnaya culture are present.[b] Genetic studies have also
indicated that these populations derived large parts of their
ancestry from the steppes.[1][7][8][9]
The Yamnaya culture is identified with the late
Proto-Indo-Europeans, and is the strongest candidate for the
Urheimat (original homeland) of the Proto-Indo-European
language. [/quote]
[quote]According to Mallory (1999), "The origin of the Yamnaya
culture is still a topic of debate," with proposals for its
origins pointing to both Khvalynsk and Sredny Stog.[13] The
Khvalynsk culture (4700–3800 BCE)[14] (middle Volga) and the
Don-based Repin culture (ca.3950–3300 BCE)[15] in the eastern
Pontic-Caspian steppe, and the closely related Sredny Stog
culture (c. 4500–3500 BCE) in the western Pontic-Caspian steppe,
preceded the Yamnaya culture (3300–2500 BCE).[16][17]
According to Anthony (2007), the Yamnaya culture (3300–2600 BCE)
originated in the Don–Volga area at ca. 3400 BCE,[18][3]
preceded by the middle Volga-based Khvalynsk culture and the
Don-based Repin culture (c. 3950–3300 BC),[15][3] arguing that
late pottery from these two cultures can barely be distinguished
from early Yamnaya pottery.[19] Earlier continuity from
eneolithic but largely hunter-gatherer Samara culture and
influences from the more agricultural Dnieper–Donets II are
apparent.
Alternatively, Parpola (2015) relates both the Corded ware
culture and the Yamnaya culture to the late Tripolye
culture.[20] He hypothesizes that "the Tripolye culture was
taken over by PIE speakers by c. 4000 BCE,"[21] and that in its
final phase the Tripolye culture expanded to the steppes,
morphing into various regional cultures which fused with the
late Sredny Stog pastoralist cultures. This gave rise to the
Yamnaya culture.[22]
According to Anthony (2007), the early Yamnaya horizon spread
quickly across the Pontic–Caspian steppes between c. 3400 and
3200 BC:[18]
The spread of the Yamnaya horizon was the material
expression of the spread of late Proto-Indo-European across the
Pontic–Caspian steppes.[23]
[...] The Yamnaya horizon is the visible archaeological
expression of a social adjustment to high mobility – the
invention of the political infrastructure to manage larger herds
from mobile homes based in the steppes.[24]
According to Pavel Dolukhanov (1996) the emergence of the
Pit-Grave culture represents a social development of various
local Bronze Age cultures, representing "an expression of social
stratification and the emergence of chiefdom-type nomadic social
structures", which in turn intensified inter-group contacts
between essentially heterogeneous social groups.[25]
In its western range, it was succeeded by the Catacomb culture
(2800–2200 BC); in the east, by the Poltavka culture (2700–2100
BC) at the middle Volga. These two cultures were followed by the
Srubnaya culture (18th–12th century BC). [/quote]
HTML https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg
[quote]Near East population
See also: Maykop culture, Kura–Araxes culture, and Leyla-Tepe
culture
The Near East population were most likely hunter-gatherers from
the Caucasus (CHG),[31] though one study suggested that farmers
with a CHG component dated to the Chalcolithic era in what is
now Iran may be a better fit for the Yamnaya's Near Eastern
descent.[35]
Jones et al. (2015) analyzed genomes from males from western
Georgia, in the Caucasus, from the Late Upper Palaeolithic
(13,300 years old) and the Mesolithic (9,700 years old). These
two males carried Y-DNA haplogroup: J* and J2a. The researchers
found that these Caucasus hunters were probably the source of
the Near Eastern DNA in the Yamnaya.[4] Their genomes showed
that a continued mixture of the Caucasians with Middle Eastern
took place up to 25,000 years ago, when the coldest period in
the last Ice Age started.[4]
An analysis carried out by Gallego-Llorente et al. (2016),
concludes that Iranian populations are not a likelier source of
the 'southern' component in the Yamnaya than Caucasus
hunter-gatherers.[36] [/quote]
[quote]Genetic relationship with the Catacomb culture
A genetic study published in August 2014 examined the DNA of the
remains of a number of individuals from the Yamnaya culture and
the Catacomb culture, who succeeded the Yamnaya culture as the
dominant force on the Pontic steppe. Catacomb people were found
to have much higher frequencies of the maternal haplogroups U5
and U4 than people of the Yamnaya culture. Haplogroups U5 and U4
are typical of Western Hunter-Gatherers and Eastern
Hunter-Gatherers. A generic similarity between Catacomb people
and northern hunter-gatherers, particularly the people of the
Pitted Ware culture of southern Scandinavia, was detected. It
was suggested that the Catacomb people and the Yamnaya people
were not as genetically admixed as previously believed.
Interestingly, the modern population of Ukraine was found to be
more closely related to people of the Yamnaya culture than
people of the Catacomb culture.[37] [/quote]
[quote]Haplogroups
Haplogroup R1b is the most common Y-DNA haplogroup found among
both the Yamnaya and modern-day Western Europeans.[1][7]
Mathieson (2015) analyzed twelve individuals ascribed to the
Yamna culture. Eleven belonged to haplogroup R1b, specifically
to the R1b-L23 subclade, while one belonged to haplogroup
I2a2a1b1b.[8]
Mathieson (2018) analysed a Yamnaya male in Bulgaria. He carried
haplogroup I2a2a1b1b.[38]
Wang (2019) analyzed four Yamnaya individuals from the Caucasus.
One male carried the paternal R1b1a1a2. With regards to mtDNA,
three carried U5a1 or subclades of it, while one carried
T2a1.[39] [/quote]
[quote]Physical characteristics
Examination of physical remains of the Yamnaya people has
determined that they were Europoid, tall, and massively built.
Their cephalic index varies depending on the region, with
brachycephaly being prevalent in its southern and southeastern
areas, and dolichocephaly being prevalent in its northeastern
areas.[e]
The genetic basis of a number of physical features of the
Yamnaya people were ascertained by the ancient DNA (aDNA)
studies conducted by Haak et al. (2015), Wilde et al. (2014) and
Mathieson et al. (2015): They were genetically tall (phenotypic
height is determined by both genetics and environmental
factors), overwhelmingly dark-eyed (brown), dark-haired and had
a skin colour that was moderately light, though somewhat darker
than that of the average modern European.[8][41] Despite their
pastoral lifestyle, there was little evidence of lactase
persistence.[7] [/quote]
HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamnaya_culture
HTML https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Yamna-en.svg/1280px-Yamna-en.svg.png
Origin of the Germanic Tribes - BARBARIANS DOCUMENTARY
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#Post#: 4661--------------------------------------------------
Re: Turanian diffusion
By: guest5 Date: March 6, 2021, 9:16 pm
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What Happened To Britain's Last Hunter-Gatherers?
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#Post#: 6138--------------------------------------------------
Re: Turanian diffusion
By: rp Date: May 4, 2021, 2:11 am
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HTML https://twitter.com/RichardBSpencer/status/1388633593509863425?s=20
[quote]
Richard Spencer
@RichardBSpencer
There's nothing more thrilling than horse racing. I'm, at most,
a casual fan, but without fail, I get chills and an adrenaline
rush watching the Kentucky Derby. It's pure athleticism;
transports us back to the origin of sport.
[/quote]
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