DIR Return Create A Forum - Home
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       "THE AMATEUR BUZZ"
  HTML https://theamateurbuzz.createaforum.com
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       *****************************************************
   DIR Return to: General Discussion
       *****************************************************
       #Post#: 13--------------------------------------------------
       AMATEUR RADIO PRIVALIGES !
   DIR By: K4KGP
       Date: September 30, 2020, 9:21 am
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       Privileges
       In most administrations, unlike other RF spectrum users, radio
       amateurs may build or modify transmitting equipment for their
       own use within the amateur spectrum without the need to obtain
       government certification of the equipment.[47][48] Licensed
       amateurs can also use any frequency in their bands (rather than
       being allocated fixed frequencies or channels) and can operate
       medium to high-powered equipment on a wide range of
       frequencies[49] so long as they meet certain technical
       parameters including occupied bandwidth, power, and prevention
       of spurious emission.
       Radio amateurs have access to frequency allocations throughout
       the RF spectrum, usually allowing choice of an effective
       frequency for communications across a local, regional, or
       worldwide path. The shortwave bands, or HF, are suitable for
       worldwide communication, and the VHF and UHF bands normally
       provide local or regional communication, while the microwave
       bands have enough space, or bandwidth, for amateur television
       transmissions and high-speed computer networks.
       The international symbol for amateur radio, included in the
       logos of many IARU member societies. The diamond holds a circuit
       diagram featuring components common to every radio: an antenna,
       inductor and ground.
       In most countries, an amateur radio license grants permission to
       the license holder to own, modify, and operate equipment that is
       not certified by a governmental regulatory agency. This
       encourages amateur radio operators to experiment with
       home-constructed or modified equipment. The use of such
       equipment must still satisfy national and international
       standards on spurious emissions.
       Amateur radio operators are encouraged both by regulations and
       tradition of respectful use of the spectrum to use as little
       power as possible to accomplish the communication.[50] This is
       to minimise interference or EMC to any other device. Although
       allowable power levels are moderate by commercial standards,
       they are sufficient to enable global communication. Lower
       license classes usually have lower power limits; for example,
       the lowest license class in the UK (Foundation licence) has a
       limit of 10 W.
       Power limits vary from country to country and between license
       classes within a country. For example, the peak envelope power
       limits for the highest available license classes in a few
       selected countries are: 2.25 kW in Canada,[51] 1.5 kW in the
       United States, 1.0 kW in Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland and
       New Zealand, 750 W in Germany, 500 W in Italy, 400 W in
       Australia, India and the United Kingdom, and 150 W in Oman.
       Output power limits may also depend on the mode of transmission.
       In Australia, for example, 400 W may be used for SSB
       transmissions, but FM and other modes are limited to 120 W.
       The point at which power output is measured may also affect
       transmissions. The United Kingdom measures at the point the
       antenna is connected to the signal feed cable, which means the
       radio system may transmit more than 400 W to overcome signal
       loss in the cable; conversely, Germany measures power at the
       output of the final amplification stage, which results in a loss
       in radiated power with longer cable feeds.[citation needed]
       Certain countries permit amateur radio licence holders to hold a
       Notice of Variation that allows higher power to be used than
       normally allowed for certain specific purposes. E.g. in the UK
       some amateur radio licence holders are allowed to transmit using
       (33 dBw) 2.0 kW for experiments entailing using the moon as a
       passive radio reflector (known as Earth–Moon–Earth
       communication) (EME).
       *****************************************************
       Page 1 of 1