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       The innovative invention that improves solar
   DIR By: chandna rani
       Date: September 9, 2023, 5:15 am
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       These belong to the so-called platinum group metals ( mgp ) and
       are among the rarest, most carbon-intensive and most expensive
       metals. There are no known alternatives to the use of iridium in
       pem units . European dependence on platinum and iridium imports
       reaches 98% and 100%, respectively. The global MGP deposits are
       highly concentrated in South Africa, which is the largest
       supplier of platinum and iridium on the planet.
       Current extraction rates for both metals will only allow for an
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       increase in pem electrolysis capacity
       from 3 gw to 7.5 gw . However, demand is expected to increase
       massively by 2030, requiring substantial growth in mining
       activity. The shortage of iridium is not so much a result of
       geological scarcity as of the social and economic conditions
       required for increased mining activity. In 2013, for example,
       violent protests against working conditions in South African
       platinum mines led to a temporary ban on exports and large price
       increases.
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       Russia is the second largest supplier of platinum to Europe and
       the world, accounting for 13% of the total supply. Becoming
       independent from Russian supplies will therefore further deepen
       Europe's dependence on imports from South Africa. Zimbabwe
       (which currently contributes 7% of all platinum in the world and
       5% of iridium) faces situations of similar fragility to those of
       South Africa and is therefore exposed to the same risks.mgp , as
       South Africa also has the largest reserves (90%). Some more
       stable mining countries, such as the US and Canada, will see an
       increase in demand for MGP , especially as US companies are also
       considering manufacturing PEM electrolyzers.
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