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#Post#: 985--------------------------------------------------
Kent Hovind 🕊️ CSE-104 Class 4 - Creation Science
👨‍🔬🧐 Evangelism
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: April 7, 2023, 6:34 pm
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[center][glow=teal,2,300]Kent Hovind 🕊️ CSE-104
Class 4 - Creation Science 👨‍🔬🧐
Evangelism [/glow][/center]
[center]
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#Post#: 990--------------------------------------------------
Re: Kent Hovind 🕊️ CSE-104 Class 6 - Creation
Science 👨‍🔬🧐 Evangelism
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: April 10, 2023, 3:36 pm
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[center][glow=teal,2,300]Kent Hovind 🕊️ CSE-104
Class 6 - Creation Science 👨‍🔬🧐
Evangelism [/glow][/center]
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#Post#: 994--------------------------------------------------
Kent Hovind 🕊️ CSE-104 Class 7 - Creation Science
👨‍🔬🧐 Evangelism
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: April 12, 2023, 4:36 pm
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Dating methods1
👨‍🔬 Carbon-14 dates are determined from
the measured ratio of radioactive carbon-14 to normal carbon-12
(14C/12C). Used on samples which were once alive, such as wood
or bone, the measured 14C/12C ratio is compared with the ratio
in living things today. The date is calculated by assuming the
change of 14C in the sample is due entirely to radioactive
decay. It is also assumed that carbon has been in 🤔
equilibrium on the earth for hundreds of thousands of years.
Wrong dates are usually caused by assuming a wrong initial
14C/12C ratio, contamination or leaching. Samples from before
the
HTML https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-170422160755-732646.png<br
/>Flood, or from the early post-Flood period, give ages that are
too old by tens of thousands of years. This is because the Flood
buried lots of 12C-rich plants and animals. This would result in
a lower 14C/12C ratio, which is wrongly interpreted as great
age.
[center]
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👨‍🔬 Thermoluminescence (TL) dates are
obtained from individual grains of common minerals such as
quartz. When such grains are heated, they emit light, and this
is related to the radiation ‘stored’ in the crystal structure.
It is assumed that the radiation was slowly absorbed from the
environment, building up from zero at a certain time in the past
(perhaps when the grain was last exposed to sunlight). A date is
calculated by measuring the light emitted from the mineral grain
when it is heated, and measuring the radiation in the
environment where the grain was found.
Unfortunately, there are many unknowns and many assumptions need
to be made, including the amount of radiation ‘stored’ in the
mineral at a certain time in the past, that the change in
radiation has only been affected by the radiation in the
environment, that the radiation in the environment has remained
constant, and that the sensitivity of the crystal to radiation
has not changed. All these factors can be affected by water,
heat, sunlight, the accumulation or leaching of minerals in the
environment, and many other causes.
👨‍🔬 Optically-stimulated luminescence
(OSL) dates are based on exactly the same principle as TL. But
instead of heating the grain, it is exposed to light to make it
emit its ‘stored’ radiation. The calculated date is based on the
same assumptions, and affected by the same uncertainties, as for
TL.
👨‍🔬 Electron-spin resonance (ESR) dates
are based on the same principles as TL and OSL. However, the
‘stored’ radiation in the sample is measured by exposing it to
gamma radiation and measuring the radiation emitted. The
measuring technique does not destroy the ‘stored’ radiation (as
does TL and OSL), so the measurement can be repeated on the same
sample. The calculated date is based on the same assumptions,
and affected by the same uncertainties, as for TL and OSL.
👨‍🔬 Thorium-uranium (Th/U) dates are based
on measuring the isotopes of uranium and thorium in a sample. It
is known that uranium-238 decays radioactively to form
thorium-230 (through a number of steps, including through
uranium-234). The dating calculation assumes that the thorium
and uranium in the sample are related to each other by
radioactive decay. Furthermore, before a date can be calculated,
the initial ratios of 230Th/238U and 234U/238U need to be
assumed, and it is also assumed that there has been no gain or
loss of uranium or thorium to/from the environment—i.e., that
the system is ‘closed’. However, the bone and soil must have
been ‘open’ to allow these elements to enter and accumulate.
👨‍🔬 Protactinium-uranium (Pa/U) dates are
based on similar principles as Th/U dating, but use uranium-235
and protactinium-231 instead. The isotope 235U decays
radioactively to form 231Pa. Again, it is assumed that the
isotopes in the sample are related to each other by radioactive
decay. Also, the initial ratio of 231Pa/235U has to be assumed,
and it is assumed that there has been no gain or loss of uranium
or protactinium to/from the environment—i.e., that the system is
‘closed’. Again, any bone sample containing uranium must have
been ‘open’ to allow it to accumulate in the first place.
1 Reference
Details about dating methods may be obtained from such sources
as: Smart, P.L. and Frances, P.D. (Eds.), Quaternary Dating
Methods—A User’s Guide, Quaternary Research Association,
Technical Guide No. 4, Cambridge, 1991, or Faure, G., Principles
of Isotope Geology, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, New York,
USA, 1986.
HTML https://creation.com/how-dating-methods-work
[center]
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[center][glow=teal,2,300]Kent Hovind 🕊️ CSE-104
Class 7 - Creation Science 👨‍🔬🧐
Evangelism [/glow][/center]
[center]
HTML https://youtu.be/nQAZvd9QtmQ[/center]
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/>[/center]
#Post#: 1007--------------------------------------------------
Kent Hovind 🕊️ CSE-104 Class 9 - Creation Science
👨‍🔬🧐 Evangelism
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: April 21, 2023, 8:49 pm
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[center]
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[center][glow=teal,2,300]Kent Hovind 🕊️ CSE-104
Class 9 - Creation Science 👨‍🔬🧐
Evangelism [/glow][/center]
[center]
HTML https://youtu.be/5A3oyBrcFhw[/center]
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#Post#: 1014--------------------------------------------------
Kent Hovind 🕊️ CSE-104 Class 10 - Creation
Science 👨‍🔬🧐 Evangelism
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: April 25, 2023, 7:41 pm
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[center]
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[center][glow=teal,2,300]Kent Hovind 🕊️ CSE-104
Class 10 - Creation Science 👨‍🔬🧐
Evangelism [/glow][/center]
[center]
HTML https://youtu.be/JUqDt3kHBzY[/center]
[center]
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#Post#: 1266--------------------------------------------------
How do we see stars ✨ billions of light years away?
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: August 26, 2023, 7:58 pm
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[center]
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[center]How do we see stars billions of light years
away?[/center]
[center]
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[glow=green,2,300]Truth In ☝🏻 Genesis[/glow]
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