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#Post#: 389--------------------------------------------------
Plant Based Products for a Sustainable civilization
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: June 26, 2022, 5:50 pm
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[center][glow=green,2,300]Duckweed[/glow], the Miracle Biofuel
Plant Part 1[/center]
[center]Duckweed, the plant that may save mankind by enabling
our species to live symbiotically, instead of parasitically,
with the biosphere.[/center]
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1. Some Notes On Duckweed Identification
Since flowering and fruiting are rarely observed in most species
of Lemnaceae, the following keys and descriptions are based
primarily on vegetative characteristics. Minor traits which
might seem insignificant in morphologically complex plants
assume greater importance in the Lemnaceae.
Ideally, it is best to observe living plants under a 30X
dissecting microscope, preferably with substage lighting to view
veins and the shape of budding pouches (dried herbarium
specimens can be hydrated in water to obtain a resemblance of
their former shape).
[center]**20x 40x 80x dissecting microscope**[/center]
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For difficult species it is often necessary to grow them in
containers to observe the development of diagnostic features
such as shape, size, number of plants cohering, nervation,
anthocyanin pigmentation and turions.
Some species may exhibit considerable morphological variation,
particularly when growing under less than optimal environmental
conditions, making their precise vegetative identification very
difficult.
The traditional duckweed family (lemnaceae) contains 5 genera
and at least 38 species. DNA studies indicate that duckweeds are
best included within the Araceae.
Duckweeds have a worldwide distribution, especially temperate
and tropical regions.
They are the smallest and structurally simplest of all
angiosperms, with greatly reduced vascular tissue (tracheids)
limited to the veins of plant body, filaments of stamens, and
roots of some species.
Duckweeds and associated microfauna are an important food source
for certain waterfowl.
They are potentially valuable for waste-water reclamation and
one species, (Wolffia globosa (Roxb.) Hartog & Plas) known
locally as "khai-nam," is eaten by people in S.E. Asia.
HTML http://waynesword.palomar.edu/1wayindx.htm#Disclaimer
Agelbert note: There's a LOT MORE to duckweed than waste-water
reclamation. With proper nutrition (🐷 pig feces do quite
nicely), they can double their mass in 48 hours.
[center]
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There is simply no other angiosperm on earth that can increase
its biomass that fast. It is true that algae, in theory, can
grow even faster but harvesting algae and extracting biofuels
from it is quite a bit more expensive than harvesting and
extracting biofuels from duckweed. For algae to be used to
replace fossil fuel crude oil, the price per barrel needs to be
above $120 or more.
However, if fossil fuel crude oil is at or above $72 a barrel,
all hydrocarbon products can be made cheaper from duckweed than
from fossil fuels.
At the time of this writing, fossil fuel crude oil was $111 a
barrel. Need I say more? Well, yes I do.
Duckweed needs no chemical fertilizers and uses no fossil fuels
for harvesting. There is no plowing for planting and the water
can be continuously reused because the plants actually filter
impurities out of it.
In fact, duckweed makes an excellent bioindicator for heavy
metals contaminants because it readily takes up these toxins in
polluted water. Lemna minor appears to be the best duckweed for
use as a bioindicator of heavy metals contamination as evidenced
in experiments with various types of duckweed: Lemna minor is
very sensitive to the pollution/contamination of soil and water;
reacts to the salt TM with the concentration: Cu (0,000ymg/ml),
Zn (0,025 mg/ml), Ba (0.001 mg/ml), Co (0,0001 mg/ml), Mn (0,025
mg/ml).
HTML http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/Russe/heavymetal-e.htm
HTML http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/Russe/heavymetal-e.htm
Reactions range from discoloration to frond separation and roots
turning white and dropping off.
The metals are distributed as follows according to the degree of
toxicity for the test object: Co > > Cu > Ba > Mn > Zn > Pb.
This data on the sensitivity of duckweeds to contaminators make
it possible to make the following conclusions:
Copper (Cu), in comparison with Zn, Co, Ba, Mn, Fe possesses the
strongest toxic action and its reaction is manifested in 3 - 5
hours with the concentrations: 0,1; 0,25;0,025; 0.001; 0,0001
mg/ml.
Cu, Co, Ba, Mn - cause the complete disconnection of duckweed
fronds; with concentrations 0,1 - 0,25 - 0,025 mg/ml.Mn - death
of roots and their detachment from fronds.
The investigated metals possess toxic actions which can stop the
growth of duckweeds and affect their viability.
Lesser duckweed, swollen duckweed and greater duckweed - are
more sensitive subjects to the action of heavy metals than are
ivy-leaf duckweed and Wolffia arrhiza, which is apparently
explained by the intensive metabolic processes in the plants
themselves.
Lemna species as phytotesters possess high sensitivity to the
action of toxicants, since are capable of reacting to the metals
at concentrations in the range from 0,1 to 0,0001 mg/mL and thy
can be of successfully being used for testing
pollution/contamination by the pollutants of the components of
the ecosystem.
HTML http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/duckweed/Russe/heavymetal-e.htm
This side use for bioindication can provide low cost test kits
for people who are concerned with pollution in their ponds or
stagnant water (duckweed will not grow in moving water although
it can be spread by it). Duckweed grows in lentic systems only.
Lentic just means still water.
Returning to duckweed as a petroleum substitute providing
sustainable energy and products at a reasonable price, the great
advantage of duckweed over other plant based biofuel sources is
it's greatly reduced vascular tissue and root system.
This means less lignin to remove for processing into ethanol or
plastics than with corn or sugar cane, for example. High lignin
content of other plants that have a lot of vascular and root
system "woodiness" is a huge cost hurdle for processing plant
sugars into ethanol. The lower the lignin content, the higher
the EROEI (energy return on energy invested) provided the plant,
like duckweed, has a high starch content.
This easier duckweed processing potential, in addition to
enabling cheaper ethanol production, as long as it isn't
contaminated with heavy metals, also fits the bill as a carbon
sink because of fast growth as well as being excellent feed for
fish, foul and even hogs.
It is a common protein and starch source for humans far more
cost effective than corn or soy beans. In other words, it's a
miracle food and energy source combining the qualities of fossil
fuels (minus the pollution) with the qualities of an easy to
grow, nutritious crop.
But let's take the process of growth and processing of duckweed
one step at a time to see how the costs to produce everything
from heat to jet fuel to plastics and pharmaceuticals from
duckweed at a scale as large, or larger, than current world use
of fossil fuels (crude oil, coal and natural gas put together)
compare.
Is it possible? Can it be scaled up? Will it use land needed for
food? Will it produce any pollution in the form of toxic waste
or green house gases? Is it really much cheaper than fossil
fuel? Will it, if it creates a new food and fuel green
revolution (a real one this time), backfire and cause a further
increase in human population that will consequently damage the
biosphere instead of lead us into a symbiotic relationship with
it?
I hope to answer all these questions and perhaps a few more.
The answers may surprise you. They may even anger or frustrate
you because humanity has been so slow to deal symbiotically with
the biosphere but has instead opted ruinously for the predatory,
selfish, parasitic insanity so preferred by our elites.
Whatever the case, I assure you these answers will provide hope
for a viable biosphere. Whether Homo SAP does the right thing or
not is another matter.
So without further ado, welcome to the wonderful world of the
tiniest flowering plant (angiosperm) known to mankind.
[center]
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[center]Duckweeds in Maracaibo lake[/center]
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[center]
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/>
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/>
[center]
HTML https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Spirodela_polyrrhiza_marais_poitevin.jpg/440px-Spirodela_polyrrhiza_marais_poitevin.jpg[/center]
[center]Giant Duckweed Spirodela polyrhiza[/center]
[center]
HTML https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-260622191222-15571526.jpeg[/center]
[center]Ivy-leaf duckweed Lemna trisulca[/center]
[center]
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[center]Wolffia columbiana (watermeal) with Lemna and
Spirodela[/center]
Fronds of Wolffia contain about 40% protein, almost as much as
soybeans. Furthermore, Wolffia contains a quantity of the
essential amino acid, methionine. Wolffia arrhiza has no roots.
[center]Duckweed as a bioindicator of heavy metals -
discoloration, frond separation and root disconnection [/center]
[center]
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[center]Lemna minor discoloration[/center]
[center]
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[center]Lemna minor[/center]
[center]
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[center]Lemna turionifera[/center]
[center]
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[center]A. Lemna minor (probably). The midline row of dorsal
papules is not clearly discernible as in L. turionifera. Unlike
L. turionifera, reddish anthocyanin is not present on either the
dorsal or ventral side. [/center]
B. This plant has a midline row of dorsal papules characteristic
of L. turionifera. The majority of plants in this collection
(#11024) seem to fit L. minor rather than L. turionifera;
however, without evidence of turions produced in the fall I
cannot be 100% certain.
Agelbert NOTE: A turion is a a tiny tumor like projection that
duckweed grows when the water temperature gets near freezing
that makes it sink to the bottom and go dormant until the water
temperature is adequate in the spring.
HTML http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/09/08875/fig23b.gif
This is what Rutgers University ( School of Engineering and
Technology ) has to say about duckweed:
SNIPPET 1:
Governor’s School of Engineering and Technology 2012
I. Abstract
The pressing need for alternative energy is made manifest by the
dwindling natural oil reserves and the detrimental effects of
high carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. Current research
has been focusing on using starch from corn to produce ethanol
as a biofuel. However, the problems with competition with its
use as a food source and efficiency have shifted attention to
duckweed, a promising source for ethanol production.
Additionally, duckweed has potential to be used in wastewater
remediation, thus tackling the potable water crisis. Three
experiments conducted illustrated duckweed’s ability to grow
prolifically under unfavorable conditions, produce high levels
of dextrose, a form of glucose per grams of biomass, 9.68% on
average, and remove up to 50% of the ammonia contained in water
media in just two weeks.
These experiments, in total, evince duckweed’s efficiency in
remediating wastewater while also producing relatively high
dextrose levels for yeast fermentation into ethanol at a low
cost.
SNIPPET 2:
While maize is the most current source of ethanol and energy
production in the United States, expensive corn prices meshed
with economic and weather difficulties have now discouraged the
production of biofuels.
Additionally, excess amounts of energy are necessary to generate
corn-based ethanol and will result in a larger carbon footprint,
as well as wasting maize stalks and husks.
Therefore, researchers have shifted their focus more heavily on
the possibilities of using duckweed to extract dextrose and
produce ethanol.
As exemplified by this research project, duckweed illustrated
its ability to rapidly grow and remediate wastewater abundant in
toxic nutrients, making it ideal to deploy on a global scale.
However, with exponentially rising demands for energy and clean
water, duckweed offers a presently optimal solution in
efficiently ameliorating both these issues.
Future research in this field includes finding the best location
for duckweed growth in terms of surface area and climate. Larger
scale experiments should be conducted to prove the feasibility
of ethanol mass production as well as to test duckweed’s ability
to absorb phosphates and other toxic chemicals affecting water
sources.
While the current economic pressures have put constraints on
funding new scientific research endeavors, a new market should
expand for duckweed-produced ethanol based upon its efficiency
in process and abundance in water sources.
Through this research, cellulose is now being substantiated as a
possible source for ethanol production, and is increasingly more
adept at handling the energy and clean water crises.
HTML http://soe.rutgers.edu/files/2012Duckweed.pdf
HTML http://soe.rutgers.edu/files/2012Duckweed.pdf
How superior is duckweed to corn for ethanol production?
SNIPPET 1
Biosystems Engineering
Volume 110, Issue 2, October 2011, Pages 67–72
Growing high-starch duckweed for its conversion to bioethanol
was investigated as a novel technology to supplement maize-based
ethanol production. Under the fall (autumn) climate conditions
of North Carolina, the biomass accumulation rate of Spirodela
polyrrhiza grown in a pilot-scale culture pond using diluted pig
effluent was 12.4 g dry weight m−2 day−1.
Through simple transfer of duckweed plants into well water for
10 days, the duckweed starch content increased by 64.9%,
resulting in a high annual starch yield of 9.42 × 103 kg
ha−1.
After enzymatic hydrolysis and yeast fermentation of high-starch
duckweed biomass in a 14-l fermentor, 94.7% of the theoretical
starch conversion was achieved.
The ethanol yield of duckweed reached 6.42 × 103 l ha−1,
**about 50% higher than that of maize-based ethanol production,
which makes duckweed a competitive starch source for fuel
ethanol production.**
HTML http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1537511011001000
HTML http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1537511011001000
What you just read translates to a lot more than "50% higher
than maize-based ethanol production".
Why? Because Spirodela polyrhiza (giant duckweed) had no soil
plowed to plant it and pig feces, not chemical fertilizers, were
used to nourish and grow it.
At present, pig feces is an environmental problem that causes
eutrophication in lakes and streams (too much nourishment for
water plants and microbiota that, when the nutrient is used up,
die unleashing microbial activity during decomposition that
sucks out the oxygen and kills the fish) so this is an energy
multiple.
Eutrophication is an environmental problem because of B.O.D.
(biological oxygen demand).
Most natural waters contain small quantities of organic
compounds. Aquatic microorganisms have evolved to use some of
these compounds as food. Microorganisms living in oxygenated
waters use dissolved oxygen to oxidatively degrade the organic
compounds, releasing energy which is used for growth and
reproduction.
Populations of these microorganisms tend to increase in
proportion to the amount of food available. This microbial
metabolism creates an oxygen demand proportional to the amount
of organic compounds useful as food.
Under some circumstances, microbial metabolism can consume
dissolved oxygen faster than atmospheric oxygen can dissolve
into the water or the autotrophic community (algae,
cyanobacteria and macrophytes) can produce. Fish and aquatic
insects may die when oxygen is depleted by microbial
metabolism.[2]
Biochemical oxygen demand is the amount of oxygen required for
microbial metabolism of organic compounds in water. This demand
occurs over some variable period of time depending on
temperature, nutrient concentrations, and the enzymes available
to indigenous microbial populations.
The amount of oxygen required to completely oxidize the organic
compounds to carbon dioxide and water through generations of
microbial growth, death, decay, and cannibalism is total
biochemical oxygen demand (total BOD). Total BOD is of more
significance to food webs than to water quality.
Dissolved oxygen depletion is most likely to become evident
during the initial aquatic microbial population explosion in
response to a large amount of organic material. If the microbial
population deoxygenates the water, however, that lack of oxygen
imposes a limit on population growth of aerobic aquatic
microbial organisms resulting in a longer term food surplus and
oxygen deficit.[3]
**Typical BOD values**
Most pristine rivers will have a 5-day carbonaceous BOD below 1
mg/L. Moderately polluted rivers may have a BOD value in the
range of 2 to 8 mg/L. Municipal sewage that is efficiently
treated by a three-stage process would have a value of about 20
mg/L or less. Untreated sewage varies, but averages around 600
mg/L in Europe and as low as 200 mg/L in the U.S., or where
there is severe groundwater or surface water
Infiltration/Inflow. (The generally lower values in the U.S.
derive from the much greater water use per capita than in other
parts of the world.)[1]
HTML http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand
HTML http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand
Pig feces contribute to high BOD through eutrophication which
can extract too much oxygen from the water and kill the fish.
But, when the pig feces are used to fertilize duckweed in
shallow ponds that do not reach the area streams and runoff, no
such high BOD occurs.
The pig feces are helping, rather than hurting, the environment
and eliminating the need for chemical fertilizers which require
using massive amounts of fossil fuels to make which subsequently
contribute to polluting our land, rivers and lakes and kill
microbiota in the soil.
No more DuPont or Monsanto or whatever for fertilizers! The pigs
will do the job just fine, thank you.
In addition, almost the ENTIRE plant is used to make starch, not
a small portion like in corn where a lot of plant energy is
devoted to vascular structures and roots. It is incredibly
wasteful to make ethanol from corn and incredibly cheap to make
it from duckweed.
Continued in: [center]Duckweed, the Miracle Biofuel Plant Part 2
HTML https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/renewables/plant-based-products-for-a-sustainable-civilization/msg397/#msg397[/center]
#Post#: 397--------------------------------------------------
Duckweed, the Miracle Biofuel Plant Part 2
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: June 30, 2022, 5:47 pm
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[center]Duckweed, the Miracle Biofuel Plant Part 2[/center]
Duckweed is, for all practical purposes, a floating solar cell.
It makes maximum use of the sun to convert photons to plant
tissue with a lot of starch instead of vascular structures to
hold the plant up and keep it from blowing away in the wind.
That's why it grows so fast. Think of it as a super efficient
converter of light energy to starch (stored energy). It's a tiny
solar cell and a storage battery all rolled into one.
And there is one more thing you should know. Duckweed NEVER
stops growing. That's right, for every bushel of corn that you
harvest in one year, you can harvest 10 to twenty times more
duckweed that is 50% easier to turn into ethanol. The math is
mind boggling.
Yes, in places where the winter is cold, the duckweed will stop
growing if it is not housed so some geothermal heating might be
needed for a year round operation north of the southern states.
But so what? It would still be a bargain compared to corn.
Because duckweed grows so fast, you would need about a tenth of
the land area that corn now uses to get equivalent or larger
ethanol feedstock.
Would we be putting ponds in our corn fields? NOPE! Duckweed
ponds should be placed over non-arable land. There is more
non-arable land than there is arable land and it's, pardon the
pun, dirt cheap.
What happens to all those corn fields?
I don't know but we don't need to be plowing up that ground with
fossil fuel intensive machinery or fertilizing it with chemical
fertilizers killing the soil either. I would want them turned
into organic farms to introduce more crop diversity instead of
this insane monocropping.
The U.S. Government pays farmers NOT to plant right now. Why not
pay them to plant, over the corn field area, diverse flora (not
necessarily food crops) to help improve our biosphere?
I don't know what the corn farmers would do but what they are
doing now is just plain destructive. But that issue must be
addressed once it is clear we do not need to plant all that corn
for biofuel. We will cross that bridge when we come to it.
I am not concerned, however, because our farmers need only a
small nudge from we-the-people to stop unsustainable farming
practices. When they do that, they will be better off, despite
their fear of going broke because they might not be able to
market some other crop (hemp, anyone?) or make ends met with
"fallow" land (which isn't fallow at all but improving
biosphere).
By the way, I think that word "fallow" needs to be modified,
don't you?
The Little Green Plant That Could: Duckweed as a Renewable and
Sustainable Biofuel Feedstock
HTML http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_i_2h2CoQII#ws
Duckweed Ethanol
Christodoulos A. Floudas, Xin Xiao and colleagues explain that
duckweed, an aquatic plant that floats on or near the surface of
still or slow-moving freshwater, is ideal as a raw material for
biofuel production. It grows fast, thrives in wastewater that
has no other use, does not impact the food supply and can be
harvested more easily than algae and other aquatic plants.
However, few studies have been done on the use of duckweed as a
raw material for biofuel production.
They describe four scenarios for duckweed refineries that use
proven existing technology to produce gasoline, diesel and
kerosene. Those technologies include conversion of biomass to a
gas; conversion of the gas to methanol, or wood alcohol; and
conversion of methanol to gasoline and other fuels. The results
show that small-scale duckweed refineries could produce
cost-competitive fuel when the price of oil reaches $100 per
barrel. Oil would have to cost only about $72 per barrel for
larger duckweed refiners to be cost-competitive.
The article is titled "Thermochemical Conversion of Duckweed
Biomass to Gasoline, Diesel, and Jet Fuel: Process Synthesis and
Global Optimization."
Read more at:
HTML http://phys.org/news/2013-03-duckweed-cost-competitive-raw-material-biofuel.html#jCp
Would you like to get in on the duckweed action? Would you like
to grow your own renewable energy?
Well, it's easy to grow duckweed. But if you want to grow it all
year, you need to house it. Why? Because duckweed sinks to the
bottom of a pond or still water lake when the temperature
approaches freezing. this prevents it from being trapped in the
ice but, since it can no longer receive adequate sunlight, it
goes into a dormant stage until the water temperature rises
sufficiently in the spring and the duckweed rises to the surface
again to resume rapid growth.
Pacific Domes has a dome designed for that purpose.
Greenhouse Domes
Standard galvanized steel tube frame with anchors
Greenhouse Dome Cover- 13 oz FR vinyl, 82% light transmission,
UV resistant
Base screens for maximum ventilation
Pre hung door or optional hoop door opening
Removable roof
Shade screen interchangeable with removable roof - optional
Solar Exhaust Fan included
Stove vent flashing and pipe-cap - optional
Dome Care Manual including floor plans and assembly instructions
Full information on all kinds of domes including a dome size
simulator here:
HTML http://www.pacificdomes.com/greenhouse-dome/biodomes
You will be happy to know that growing duckweed has many other
benefits as quoted below from an Installer of BioEnergy Domes.
But energy production is only part of the overall equation.
Sean Roberts, who farms five leased acres off East Butler Creek
Road outside of Ashland, is in the process of installing one of
the BioEnergy Domes at his Fiddle Faddle Farm. But he's going to
do more than generate electricity.
In addition to growing duckweed for electricity, he's planning
to grow fish and other vegetables in the dome. Just as duckweed
is stimulated by the water vapor and carbon dioxide, so are
other plants.
"It's an extremely sustainable process," said Roberts, who hopes
to have his system up and running in a few weeks. "You lose less
than 2 percent of water you would use if you were soil farming;
the only water it loses is through evaporation."
Full article here:
HTML http://www.kval.com/news/local/117947779.html
The internet has a wealth of information how to obtain and grow
any of the 38 varieties of duckweed cheaply. Advances in genome
sequencing of duckweed strains are aiding scientists in zeroing
in on the fastest growing varieties or those that provide the
most nutrition, depending on the requirements in a given
duckweed growing operation.
To keep up with the latest, just Google "Science news articles
about 'duckweed' " or "How to Plant Duckweed".
You have, like most responsible people, asked yourself what you
can do to make this biosphere more livable in the face of all
the pollution and Homo SAP greed that is despoiling it.
There are many things you can do like writing about renewable
energy. But, in addition, if you have access to land which is
not considered prime farm land and would like to grow a great
renewable energy crop so you can save, or even make, some money
while saving the planet, I recommend you give growing duckweed
by setting up your own shallow ponds some serious thought.
"...the easy way to plant duckweed is by removal of plants from
a pond where they grow. Fronds or leaves, 1/16 to 1/8 inch long,
grow hairlike roots from the underneath side of the leaf. These
roots obtain nutrition for the plant from the water in which it
grows. Duckweed is often found growing in companion with water
lilies, pond lilies and other still water aquatic plants."
HTML http://homeguides.sfgate.com/plant-duckweed-21859.html
Stay tuned for Part 3 where I will go into detail about how to
make ethanol from plant sugar(s) in general and duckweed in
particular. You will even learn how to make
moonshine/hooch/white lightnin' or whatever you want to call the
drinkable ethanol.
No, I don't recommend you make your own hooch because drinking
ethanol is a sure way for you to get diabetes or cirrhosis
unless you exercise moderation. The drinkable ethanol is tricky
to make and, if you aren't careful, can poison you to death.
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/mog.gif<br
/>
HTML http://www.freesmileys.org/emoticons/emoticon-object-015.gif
That is not a concern for fuel you will burn in your car.
However, to get to the fuel grade ethanol you go through some
ethanol with a high water content (what booze has in comparison
with E100 ethanol engine fuel as used in Brazil). Booze, even
the undrinkable kind with wood alcohol and acetone poisons in
it, needs further refining to get to 200 proof (100% alcohol
fuel).
Continued in:Duckweed, the Miracle Biofuel Plant Part 3
HTML https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/renewables/plant-based-products-for-a-sustainable-civilization/msg919/#msg919
AGelbert NOTE: In case you missed the first part, here it is:
HTML https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-040422164615-5351419.gif
[glow=green,2,300]Duckweed, the Miracle Biofuel Plant[/glow]
Part 1
HTML https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/renewables/plant-based-products-for-a-sustainable-civilization/msg389/#msg389
#Post#: 880--------------------------------------------------
Re: Plant Based Products for a Sustainable civilization
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: February 25, 2023, 11:17 am
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[glow=blue,2,300]Only Organic[/glow]
HTML https://www.onlyorganic.org/category/news/
February 21, 2023 BY Heather Kirk-Ballard Contributing writer
[center]
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[center][glow=blue,2,300]Celebrating Black History Month[/glow]
On The [glow=green,2,300]Farm[/glow]:[/center]
For nearly 50 years, Black History Month has been celebrated in
the U.S.
During this month, we should recognize and celebrate Black
people who had a lasting impact on both horticulture and
agriculture.
One of the most highly recognized figures is
[glow=green,2,300]George Washington Carver ✨[/glow], who
in 1896 was the director of the Agriculture Department at
Tuskegee University in Alabama. Known most famously for
[glow=green,2,300]hundreds of inventions of products[/glow] made
from horticultural crops such as peanuts, soybeans, and sweet
potatoes, he is one of the most critical figures in
[glow=teal,2,300]regenerative farming[/glow] and
[glow=teal,2,300]environmental sustainability[/glow].
One of his most important historical scientific impacts on
agriculture was his work in improving soils through the
development of a crop rotation using nitrogen-fixing peanuts and
by promoting the practice of composting.
Learn more in this article.
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#Post#: 897--------------------------------------------------
Fake Meat Has a Real Problem 👀
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: February 28, 2023, 3:13 pm
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ANH-USA On 02/28/2023
[center]Fake Meat Has a Real
[color=brown]Problem[/color][/center]
SNIPPETS:
Most cultured or cell-based meats are created by growing animal
cells in a solution of fetal bovine serum (FBS). Aside from the
fact that this "green" ::) alternative requires the slaughter of
pregnant cows in order to drain the unborn fetus of its blood,
to get the cell cultures to grow fast enough, several companies
are using
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/>[glow=red,2,300]immortalized cells[/glow].
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As reported by The Fern, "[glow=red,2,300]Immortalized[/glow]
cells are a staple of medical research, but they are,
technically speaking, [glow=red,2,300]precancerous[/glow] and
can be, in some cases,
HTML https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-231122131214.gif<br
/>[glow=red,2,300]fully cancerous[/glow]."
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/>... ...
Industrial agriculture uses 75% of available farmland yet
produces just 30% of food consumed globally. This shocking
statistic is part of the narrative for why we need a
new and more sustainable food system.
What's left out of the conversation, however, is
that[glow=teal,2,300] small biodiverse farms use just 25% of
land yet provide 70% of our diet[/glow], so eliminating
traditional farming altogether is like throwing the baby out
with the bathwater.
What's more, studies have repeatedly shown that regenerative and
biodynamic farming practices effectively lower demand on
valuable resources like water, don't require synthetic
fertilizers and produce greater yields than GMO monocultures. It
also rebuilds rather than destroys soil, supports animal welfare
and promotes biodiversity of plants and wildlife.
When animals are raised according to
[glow=teal,2,300]regenerative agriculture, a complete ecosystem
is created, one that is both healing for the land and productive
for the farmers who keep it.[/glow] Eating meat is not
synonymous with harming the environment: It's industrial farming
practices that inflict the damage.
Read more:
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#Post#: 917--------------------------------------------------
Land use in the USA is not what most people think!
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: March 6, 2023, 3:02 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
[center]📢 Land use in the USA is not what most people
think! [/center]
[center]
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#Post#: 919--------------------------------------------------
Duckweed, the Miracle Biofuel Plant Part 3
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: March 8, 2023, 11:03 am
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[center]Duckweed is the plant that may save mankind by enabling
our species to live symbiotically, instead of parasitically,
with the biosphere.[/center]
[center]
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In [glow=green,2,300]Part 2[/glow]
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/>of this article I covered the great potential that duckweed
has
to [glow=green,2,300]replace[/glow]
[glow=brown,2,300]hydrocarbon based 🦖 feed stock[/glow]
now used by the chemical and pharmaceutical industries as the
raw material for [glow=teal,2,300]everything[/glow]
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/>they produce.
But you and I, because we don't have chemical or pharmaceutical
laboratories handy, need to concentrate on obtaining ethanol for
heating our houses, water, food, running an emergency generator,
any internal combustion engine lawn tools (although I recommend
you go full electric when they wear out and transition to
geothermal heat pumps for heating and cooling, electric hand and
lawn tools as well as getting solar panels to power your house
and cooking appliances) and, most of all, E100 fuel for your
car.
Going from gasoline, propane or natural gas to ethyl alcohol is
not a simple energy trade; it's an improvement.
Propane and natural gas burn cleaner than gasoline but, as long
as they are fossil fuel derived, harm the environment so we
should do all we can to stop using them.
Why does burning gasoline result in all that smoke and burning
ethanol is so clean?
Without getting into chemistry formulas, what happens with
ethanol is that the oxygen is evenly distributed throughout the
molecule. Consequently, when it burns in air (which provides the
rest of the oxygen needed), all of the ethanol converts to water
and carbon dioxide.
Gasoline, however, because it is a hydrocarbon, has just carbon
and hydrogen atoms (no oxygen). When it burns (combines with the
oxygen in the air) it does not fully react to produce water and
carbon dioxide. There are a couple of reasons for this. First of
all, gasoline is a catch all term for a witches brew of
hydrocarbons that are distilled from a barrel of crude oil in
cracking towers in a refinery that produces the greases, heavy
oil, lighter oil lubricants, heating oils, kerosene and whatever
is left in the form of VOCs (volatile organic compounds).
A note here of clarification: The term "organic" here has
nothing to do with food not grown with chemical fertilizers or
pesticides. In chemistry, the field of "organic" chemistry
generally deals with certain types of carbon compounds so don't
let that word "organic" throw you here.
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) – “Hydrocarbon compounds that
have low boiling points, usually less than 100ºC, and therefore
evaporate readily. Some are gases at room temperature. Propane,
benzene, and other components of gasoline are all volatile
organic compounds.” - Art, 1993
HTML http://toxics.usgs.gov/definitions/vocs.html
The VOCs are nasty, carcinogenic waste products like benzene
(causes bone cancer - that is why early automobiles stopped
using it as fuel) and several others (the frackers are pumping
them into the ground in the USA as we speak which will result in
poisoned aquifers in many areas).
Back in the late 19th century, Rockefeller's refineries in
Pennsylvania flush these waste products down the rivers at
night. Rockefeller convinced Henry Ford to use that waste
product (gasoline) in his cars instead of ethanol as had been
recommended by Thomas Edison Laboratories working with the U.S.
Navy in 1906.
Ethanol was such strong competition for gasoline (U.S. farmers
made their own to run their farm machines and cars) that it
wasn't until Prohibition that Rockefeller cornered the
automobile fuel market. Rockefeller had given over 4 million
dollars (an enormous amount of money back then) to a Ladies
Temperance Movement to get the anti-hooch craze going in U.S.
Congress. If you think it was because he didn't want people
drinking, I have a bridge to sell you in Brooklyn. This is not a
conspiracy theory, it is history.
John D. Rockefeller was that fine fellow that said, "Competition
is a sin". He also said THIS:"Try to turn every disaster into an
opportunity. "
HTML http://www.freesmileys.org/smileys/smiley-devil19.gifhttp://www.freesmileys.org/smileys/smiley-devil12.gif
Attributed in [I]The Rockefellers[/I] (1976) by Peter Collier
and David Horowitz
"Measured in today's dollars, Rockefeller is the richest person
in the history of mankind."
HTML http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/John_D._Rockefeller
Considering the mindset of this fine fellow and his descendants
in the fossil fuel industry, it is not far fetched to believe
than when an opportunity wasn't 'presenting itself' due some
competitive nuisance (like ethanol), they would contrive a
"disaster" for said competition that they could then turn into
an "OPPORTUNITY" (I.E. PROFIT[/I]).
It seems that we can see where the modern, conscience free
expression, "Never waste a crisis" originated. I don't think
Karl Rove and the Bush family invented the idea of deliberately
creating a crisis in order to obtain a profit or stifle
competition, do you? >:(
But all that misery and pollution is environmental damage that
has been done. We can't change the past but we can stop being
ignorant on how it shapes the future for better or, in case of
gasoline, for worse.
So returning to the comparison of burning gasoline versus
ethanol, we see a bunch soot generated when gasoline burns. In
the video the burning is done in open bowls but don't let
anybody try to convince you that inside an engine combustion
chamber, this soot which creates extra friction and reduces your
engine's life is not happening. It is. :o
Gasoline, because it is a fossil fuel and not a uniform
substance of basically identical molecules like we see in
ethanol, has sulfur contamination and may even have heavy metals
in it too, depending on the quality of the crude oil.
As the quality of the crude gets worse (see tar sands and high
sulfur Venezuelan heavy crude oil) the content of the VOCs at
the end of distillation that produce the gasoline are more
polluting. So this problem with gasoline will get even worse as
crude oil gets more scarce or we start getting gasoline from a
horrendously polluting process now being used by Exxon in a
recently built refinery that gasifies coal and turns it into
gasoline (along with a lot of mercury contamination in the
coal). ??? >:(
When the various different hydrocarbon compounds with sulfur and
other contaminants that make gasoline are burned, since the
oxygen is not distributed evenly, you get a lot of carbon
monoxide (incomplete combustion), some carbon dioxide and water
(from complete combustion) and some nitrogen and sulfur (and
other contaminants) compounds. The soot you see is carbon
molecules curling up into partial bucky ball type shapes that
resist further chemical reaction and act as abrasives in your
car, massively increase engine waste heat and are irritants in
your lungs.
Radiative properties of soot particles
HTML http://www.thermopedia.com/content/148/
The U.S. Government tested ethanol (up to E85 only not the
excellent E100 fuel used in Brazil) and found less pollution and
no engine problems. They did claim the pollution "balanced out"
between the two because ethanol had more nitrates but remember
that an internal combustion engine is lubricated with oil from
fossil fuels. Part of this is always in the combustion chamber
so you will never get a truly clean burn as long as the oil is
hydrocarbon based.
Also, had they tested E100, they would have found much less
pollution as well as less engine wear. They didn't want to go
there like Brazil has done over a decade ago. In fact the air
quality in cities in Brazil has made giant strides in pollution
reduction. But, of course, you haven't read that in our
pro-fossil fuel media.
As to the propaganda myths that have been perpetrated by the
fossil fuel industry about ethanol, Let's clear the air. They
are simply a pack of lies. The fuel that's
[glow=red,2,300]really harmful[/glow] for your car and for the
environment is [glow=red,2,300]gasoline[/glow],
not[glow=green,2,300] ethanol[/glow].
[glow=green,2,300][i]Ethanol[/glow] is a a
[glow=green,2,300]100% source of sustainable, renewable
energy[/glow]. Don't be fooled by the Orwellian anti-ethanol
fossil fuel propaganda.
Duckweed, the Miracle Biofuel Plant Part 4
HTML http://thehalloffame.wikidot.com/liesofbigoil
AGelbert NOTE: In case you missed the first two parts, here they
are:
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[glow=green,2,300]Duckweed, the Miracle Biofuel Plant[/glow]
Part 1
HTML https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/renewables/plant-based-products-for-a-sustainable-civilization/msg389/#msg389
Duckweed, the Miracle Biofuel Plant Part 2
HTML https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/renewables/plant-based-products-for-a-sustainable-civilization/msg397/#msg397
#Post#: 1959--------------------------------------------------
Bamboo Based Products for a Sustainable civilization
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: April 7, 2024, 12:55 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
[center]How Bamboo Products Are Made: From Planting Bamboo to
Toothbrush Factory[/center]
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[center]
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🤠🎍 The Smart Farm 30.9K subscribers 1,010,010
views Feb 9, 2024
Bamboo, often mistaken for a tree or plant, is actually a
species of grass. In China alone, there are over 200 species and
16 categories of bamboo cultivated for both economic and
ecological purposes. It is nowadays processed at modern bamboo
factories yielding an impressive 🌞 15–20 million tons of
products annually.
The journey of bamboo products begins with the careful
cultivation of bamboo shoots. After 4-5 years of growth, the
bamboo stems are ready for harvest, a significantly shorter
timeline compared to tropical hardwoods. From the bamboo factory
to modern production facilities specialized in bamboo product
processing, a wide array of items are crafted from this
versatile material. Flooring, furniture, kitchen utensils,
sports equipment, bathroom necessities, reusable items, and even
clothing are among the many products made from bamboo. Whether
it's a bamboo spoon factory, bamboo sunglass factory, or bamboo
toothbrush factory, the potential for innovation and
sustainability in bamboo product manufacturing is vast. With its
rapid growth and diverse applications, bamboo continues to
emerge as a cornerstone of eco-friendly production and
consumption.
This is The Smart Farm! A heavenly space featuring harvesting
innovation and production line insights.
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🟡 SUBSCRIBE to THIS channel
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/>➤
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🟡 LIKE the video for support!
You can support the companies featured in this episode:
MOSO Mastering Bamboo | Bamboo Products
HTML https://www.moso-bamboo.com/
Mesun Bamboo
HTML https://www.mesunbamboo.com/
Kawayan Collective
/ kawayancollective
Eco-Ancheng Tableware
HTML https://www.anchengfoodservice.com/
Anos Bamboo
HTML https://anos-bamboo.com/
What2Grow NECTEC
HTML https://www.nectec.or.th/en/
Plasticless Co
HTML https://plasticlesswholesale.co/
The Humble Co.
HTML https://www.thehumble.co/
Bamboo Toothbrush Machine By James Wu
wayatshanghai@outlook.com
Besta Machine
HTML https://www.bestachina.com/
If you are the owner or if you want to be featured please
contact us at thesmartfarm@yahoo.com
We will follow your request as soon as we receive your message.
Copyright disclaimer section 107 of the Copyright Act 1976.
"fair use" is allowed for purposes such as criticism, comment,
news reporting, teaching, scholarships, and research.
Selected
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/>COMMENTS:
@nelsonchinasamy9857 2 weeks ago
Did you know that bamboo is also converted to fibre by means of
a chemical process and then spun into yarn and then woven or
knitted into fabric. It feels like silk and is twice more water
absorbant than cotton. I have had the pleasure of working with
it.
@BEdwardStover 3 weeks ago
They also make plywood and dimensional lumber from bamboo by
glueing together large group of slats, laid out correctly and
then pressing them into shape under high pressure and oven
baking them so that the glue is both permanent and waterproof.
Just like other plywood and laminated lumber made from other
woods. Bamboo is now also used because of how fast it grows,
more timber is grown in a much shorter time than full sized
trees.
I was surprised that none of this was featured, just decorative
lumber and tiny items which have been made for thousands of
years. Excepting the replacement for plastic tableware and
straws.
@AmericanDrinker 3 weeks ago
SE Asia seems motivated to make itself known to the rest of the
world. Good for them
@mahakavi12 1 month ago
Bamboo is a grass (like sugarcane, and banana plant) which
spreads (to a forest) via underground runners called ratoons. It
is used in house construction as the supporting structure over
which tiles can be placed to form a roof. My childhood home was
one such house.
@fishnchips8132 1 month ago (edited)
I'd really liked to have seen the many different species of
bamboo & how each of them are BEST used. Just like trees, each
species has particular uses & values. The thick walled bamboos
have different uses to the thin walled ones.
#Post#: 1960--------------------------------------------------
🌞 Bamboo the ✨ Tradition of the Future for a
🎋🕊️ Sustainable civilization
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: April 7, 2024, 2:34 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
[center]Bamboo--the [glow=limegreen,2,300]Tradition[/glow] of
the Future[/center]
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[center]
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[glow=green,2,300]Anthrotechture[/glow] 10.1K subscribers
1,302,163 views Premiered Mar 19, 2020
Why do we not see more Bamboo Architecture and Bamboo Design?
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Bamboo—the [glow=blue,2,300]Tradition[/glow] of the Future is a
survey of the uses of bamboo in contemporary architecture. The
film shows the opportunities for using bamboo in modern design
and also illustrates the challenges the material faces. The film
invites us to meet some of the most interesting ‘bamboo
whisperers’ of today: architects and designers who have
developed unique and thought-provoking solutions using bamboo as
a material for the future.
With a growth rate of up to a meter/day
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/>—the world record of living plants
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/>—and structural properties equal to that of steel and concrete
HTML https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-070422160139.gif,<br
/>[glow=limegreen,2,300]bamboo[/glow] is a versatile design
material and an interesting alternative in the contemporary
material/sustainability discourse. Over 1,250 species are known,
varying from small to giant. Bamboo is found in varied
biotopes—cold mountains, hot tropics, and arid deserts.
Furthermore, bamboo is a good alternative to facilitate
biological carbon sequestration. “Bamboo’s fast-growing
attribute makes it a very useful resource to capture and
sequester atmospheric carbon and consequently mitigate climate
change, in a similar way that tree does. The unique growing
capacity makes bamboo a valuable sink for carbon storage”.
Bamboo, in spite of its many advantages, has long-standing
difficulties in gaining serious momentum and awareness in
mainstream design practices. The small-scale nature and the
peripheral cultural and geographic position of the bamboo
industry has made it hard for bamboo to make its voice heard.
The knowledge of bamboo is today mostly concentrated in Asia,
Latin America and Africa. Dr. Campbell Drake says “Architects
from the developing world are leading the industry in terms of
innovation, but it would be great to see it being exported to
other parts of the world” . This is echoed by the bamboo pioneer
Dr. Kristof Crolla who notes that “Some of the knowledge, some
of the drives that they [places outside the trendsetting
metropolises] put on the table can be exported back into the
west as well” . And what is true for architecture is equally
true for the design of daily objects.
The film has won several awards:
“Independent Short Awards”, Los Angeles, USA, Gold Award for
Best Documentary Short; “South Film and Arts Academy Festival”
Chili, Best Documentary Short Film; “Virgin Spring Cinefest”
Kolkata, India Best Documentary Gold Award; “Chhatrapati Shivaji
International Film Festival” Best Cinematography; “World Film
Carnival” Singapore, Best Documentary Film; “Košice
International Monthly Film Festival (KIMFF)” Košice Slovakia
Honorable Mention; and “Independent Short Awards”, Los Angeles,
USA, Honorable Mention for Best Editing
• Bamboo--the Tradition of the Future
#Post#: 2016--------------------------------------------------
Plant Based 🎋 Products for a 🤠 Sustainable
civilization 🌞
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: May 4, 2024, 3:08 pm
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[center]Why Hong Kong Still Uses
[glow=limegreen,2,300]Bamboo[/glow] to Build Buildings[/center]
[center]
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[glow=black,2,300]Goldthread[/glow] 428K subscribers 3.9K
336,370 views Apr 15, 2020 #bamboo #hongkong #artisans
Think of construction, and you’ll probably imagine scaffolding
made of steel or aluminum. But in Hong Kong, the material of
choice is bamboo.
The densely populated city is one of the last places on earth
that still uses bamboo in construction, even when building
skyscrapers. The organic material is said to be stronger and
more flexible than steel.
We spent a day up high with Hong Kong’s death-defying bamboo
scaffolding workers and met one of the last bamboo theater
artisans in town.
If you liked this video, we have more stories about Chinese
artisans, including:
Carving Mahjong By Hand in Hong Kong
• Carving Mahjong By Hand in Hong Kong
The 6-Foot-Tall Pottery Brotherhood
• Making Enormous Ceramics in Jingdezhe...
Follow us on Instagram for behind-the-scenes moments: /
goldthread2
Stay updated on Twitter: / goldthread2
Join the conversation on Facebook: / goldthread2
Have story ideas? Send them to us at hello@goldthread2.com
#hongkong #bamboo #artisans
Producer: Clarissa Wei
Fixer: Cardin Chan
Editor and Videographer: Nicholas Ko
Camera B: Mario Chui
Animator: Annie Hall
Mastering: Victor Peña
Music: Audio Network
[center][glow=green,2,300]Bamboo splitting and
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/>making strips for
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/>weaving[/glow][/center]
[center]
HTML https://youtu.be/z0IcPxCvIcA[/center]
[glow=green,2,300]JUNKAN WORKS[/glow] 16.5K subscribers
1,812,543 views May 9, 2016
[glow=green,2,300]Bamboo artist, Jiro Yonezawa[/glow]
HTML https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-110422180553-636818.gif,<br
/>shows how to prepare bamboo for weaving. Follow him
step-by-step
from harvesting the bamboo to making finished strips.
WARNING: The knives used are very sharp. Please take precautions
to avoid serious injury. Wear gloves and work carefully.
Practice, practice, practice…..
HTML https://soberthinking.createaforum.com/gallery/soberthinking/1-050422145549-5701455.gif
0:22 Bamboo grove to drying canes
2:14 Oil extraction with caustic soda
3:16 Oil extraction with 🔥 heat
4:00 Surface preparation
5:30 Splitting poles
6:07 Split short poles with bamboo knife
7:17 Use kikuwari bamboo spitting tool
7:53 Quarter splitting long poles Yotsuwari
10:20 Make rough strips
12:05 Tips and detailed instruction
15:32 Making strips: Separate outer layer from inner layer
18:04 Habatori: Make strips uniform width
20:14 Senbiki: Make strips uniform thickness
21:17 Mentori: Make 🧐 beveled edges
22:40 Basic hexagonal weave 👍
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