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       #Post#: 3200--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
   DIR By: AGelbert
       Date: May 23, 2015, 4:41 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
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       Equipped with an array of multi-junction photovoltaic chips,
       each of the IBM "sunflowers" can supply the energy needs of
       several homes (Image: Airlight Energy/dsolar)
       By Colin Jeffrey
       October 8, 2014
       IBM "sunflowers" to supply off-grid energy, water, and cooling
       The video below shows the prototype system in action.
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  HTML https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JVB9_3IKIAE&feature=player_embedded
       Looking rather like a 10-meter (33 ft) tall sunflower, IBM's
       High Concentration PhotoVoltaic Thermal (HCPVT) system
       concentrates the sun’s radiation over 2,000 times on a single
       point and then transforms 80 percent of that into usable energy.
       Using a number of liquid-cooled microchannel receivers, each
       equipped with an array of multi-junction photovoltaic chips,
       each HCPVT can produce enough power, water, and cooling to
       supply several homes.
       (All pictures are at link)
       The receiver with its triple-junction PV cells (Photo: IBM)
       IBM scientist Dr. Bruno Michel holds the receiver design package
       (Photo: IBM)
       HCPVT being tested at Airlight (Photo: Airlight Energy/dsolar)
       Swiss-based supplier of solar power technology, Airlight Energy,
       has partnered with IBM Research to utilize IBM's direct
       wam-water cooling design (adapted from use in IBM’s SuperMUC
       supercomputer), water adsorption technologies, and leverage
       IBM’s past work with multi-chip solar receivers developed in a
       collaboration between IBM and the Egypt Nanotechnology Research
       Center, to develop and produce the system.
       Using a 40-sq-m (430.5-sq-ft) parabolic dish coated with 36
       plastic foil elliptic mirrors just 0.2 mm thick, the HCPVT
       system prototype concentrates the sun’s radiation onto a number
       of liquid-cooled receivers, each of which contains an array of
       1-cm2 (0.39 in2) chips that each generate "up to 57 watts of
       electrical power when operating during a typical sunny day,"
       combining to produce 12 kW of electrical power and 20 kW of
       heat.
       Micro-structured conduits pump treated water around these
       receivers to carry away excess heat at a rate that is claimed to
       be 10 times more effective than passive air cooling. Although
       the water is still subsequently heated to around 85-90° C
       (183-194° F), the removal of heat from the chips keeps them at a
       relatively cool safe operating temperature of around 105° C
       (221° F). Without this cooling, the concentrated energy of the
       sun would see the chips reach temperatures of over 1,500° C
       (2,732° F).
       "The direct cooling technology with very small pumping power
       used to cool the photovoltaic chips with water is inspired by
       the hierarchical branched blood supply system of the human
       body," said Dr. Bruno Michel, manager, advanced thermal
       packaging at IBM Research.
       The HCPVT system can also be adapted to use the cooling system
       to provide drinkable water and air conditioning from the hot
       water output produced. Salt water is passed through the heating
       conduits before being run through a permeable membrane
       distillation system, where it is then evaporated and
       desalinated. To produce cool air for the home, the waste heat
       can be run through an adsorption chiller, which is an
       evaporator/condenser heat exchanger that uses water, rather than
       other chemicals, as the refrigerant medium.
       The creators claim that this system adaptation could provide up
       to 40 liters (10 gallons) of drinkable water per square meter of
       receiver area per day, with a large, multi-dish installation
       theoretically able to provide enough water for an entire small
       town.
       All of these factors, – waste energy used for distillation and
       air-conditioning combined with a 25 percent yield on solar power
       – along with the setup's sun tracking system that continuously
       positions the dish at the best angle throughout the day, combine
       to produce the claimed 80 percent energy efficiency.
  HTML http://cliparts.co/cliparts/Big/Egq/BigEgqBMT.png
       
       Other sunflower-type heliostats exist, such as those that
       redirect sunlight in a residential situation or – at the other
       end of the scale – in industrial applications that produce many
       megawatts of power. The HCPVT system, however, could be
       considered more of a super-efficient, multi-house power plant
       where the claimed efficacy of the sunflower design shows its
       worth as a medium-scale solution to off-grid sustainable power
       needs.
       Estimations on the operating lifetime for the HCPVT system are
       around 60 years with adequate maintenance, including replacing
       the shielding foil and the elliptic mirrors every 10 to 15 years
       (contingent on environmental conditions) and the PV cells, which
       will require replacement at the end of their operational life of
       approximately 25 years.
       Preliminary versions of the HCPVT system will be offered with
       "non-optimized predecessor" (i.e. "basic") distillation and
       adsorption cooling systems, with optimized desalination and
       adsorption cooling requiring an extra two to three years to
       develop and bring to market.
       As a gesture to bring such technology to markets unable to
       afford to buy their own system, Airlight and IBM will also
       donate a HCPVT system to two communities via competitive
       application. Each of the successful communities will be awarded
       a prototype HCPVT system from Airlight Energy and be eligible
       for no-cost set up and adaptation support from IBM Corporate
       Service Corps.
       Applications from communities will be open sometime in 2015 and
       the winners will be announced in December 2015, with
       installations beginning in 2016. A fully commercial HCPVT system
       is expected to be launched to market sometime in 2017.
       Sources: IBM, Airlight Energy
  HTML http://www.gizmag.com/ibm-sunflower-hcpvt-pv-thermal-solar-concentrator/33989/
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       [move]Look ma, no fossil fuels!
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       [/move]
       #Post#: 3575--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
   DIR By: AGelbert
       Date: August 7, 2015, 8:51 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       1 GW Solar Sunlight-to-Steam Breakthrough for CSP
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       August 6, 2015  By Susan Kraemer, Correspondent
       
       In the South Oman oilfields, a glass-encased Concentrated Solar
       Power (CSP) project the size of an average nuclear plant has
       broken a new record for solar.
       After proving its technology in a 7 MW demo, which beat its
       promised energy output every month for a couple of years;
       Glasspoint has landed a deal to build Miraah, a gigantic 1 GW
       solar Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) project for Petroleum
       Development Oman (PDO) at Amal West oil field.
       At an astonishing 1,021 megawatts, Miraah is almost three times
       the capacity of Ivanpah, which at 377 MW is currently the
       world's largest CSP project delivering electricity.  :o   ;D
       Yet not only will Miraar (mirror in Arabic) produce steam at
       gigantic scale, but it does so at much lower cost than CSP and
       about half the cost of gas. The 1 GW project will cost a mere
       $600 million.
       Read all the details about this exciting breakthrough at the
       link below:
       
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  HTML http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/08/1-gw-solar-sunlight-to-steam-breakthrough-for-csp.html
       #Post#: 4887--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
   DIR By: AGelbert
       Date: April 15, 2016, 2:35 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       [center]
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       [center]
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       [center]Solar Thermal Plant Basics[/center]
       [center]
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       [center]
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       [center][img
       width=640]
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       #Post#: 5074--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
   DIR By: AGelbert
       Date: May 10, 2016, 9:27 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       [center]Stalled in the U.S., Solar Thermal Power Finds a New
       Market in China[/center]
       [move][size=12pt]SolarReserve says it will work with the world’s
       largest coal supplier to help reduce China’s dependence on
       fossil fuels, but details are still murky.[/size][/move]
       by Richard Martin
       May 9, 2016
       Seeing its prospects falter in the United States, solar thermal
       project developer SolarReserve is teaming up with the world’s
       largest coal provider to find better prospects for the
       technology in China.
       The company’s deal with Shenhua Group, which calls for 1,000
       megawatts of solar capacity to be developed and built in the
       coming years, could be an important step forward in China’s
       effort to reduce its dependence on coal-fired power plants for
       electricity.
       Also known as concentrated solar power, solar thermal plants use
       thousands of mirrors to focus the sun’s rays on a central tower,
       heating a liquid to make steam to produce electricity. The
       motorized mirrors, known as heliostats, track the sun’s path
       over the course of the day. Once touted as the next generation
       of solar power, the technology has largely stalled in the U.S.,
       where environmentalists’ concerns over bird deaths (estimates of
       which have been shown in recent studies to be overstated) and
       the high cost of the electricity produced have effectively
       halted new projects (see “Ivanpah’s Problems Could Signal the
       End of Concentrated Solar in the U.S.”).
       --- Quote ---
       > In energy-hungry countries like China that lack access to
       abundant low-cost natural gas, however, solar thermal evidently
       still has a future
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-260116191529.png.
       --- End Quote ---
       The Chinese government has said it plans to develop 10,000
       megawatts of solar thermal capacity by 2020 (there are 16 solar
       thermal plants planned or under construction in China today,
       according to CSP World, a website that focuses on solar thermal
       power; only a handful of pilot plants, each one megawatt or less
       in size, are operating). The SolarReserve system is especially
       attractive to Chinese operators because it uses molten salt,
       heated to over 1,000 °F by the concentrated rays of the sun, as
       an energy storage medium. That allows solar thermal plants to
       continue supplying power when intermittent forms of renewable
       power, such as conventional solar and wind, cannot. The molten
       salt can also absorb and store excess energy from the power grid
       for later release.
       China’s renewable energy market has been “dominated by solar PV
       and wind,” says SolarReserve CEO Kevin Smith. “But they’ve
       realized those are only part of the solution.”
       Demand for renewable energy in China is certainly growing; under
       the Paris climate accord the country aims to get 20 percent of
       its electricity from renewable sources by 2030. But coal still
       supplies more than 60 percent of the country’s electricity, and
       the future of a sophisticated, relatively high-priced form of
       power generation such as solar thermal in a country where
       millions of homes were until recently still heated with coal
       braziers is far from certain.
       The Shenhua agreement is, for the moment, unspecific: the number
       and size of the individual projects that will make up the
       1,000-megawatt total have not been determined, and SolarReserve
       declines to comment on the price of the megawatt-hours those
       projects will provide. The installations will be located in
       China’s arid interior, which means that large transmission lines
       will be required to send the electricity to the big cities of
       the coast. But “the robust solar resource and high altitudes” of
       the country’s hinterlands, says SolarReserve’s senior vice
       president of development Tom Georgis, “are ideal” for its molten
       salt tower technology.
       --- Quote ---
       > More ideal, it seems, than the United States. Other
       international projects are under way in Chile, South Africa, and
       Israel, from both SolarReserve and solar thermal rival
       BrightSource Energy. A promising technology that has stumbled in
       the U.S. may yet find a new way forward overseas.
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       --- End Quote ---
  HTML https://www.technologyreview.com/s/601391/stalled-in-the-us-solar-thermal-power-finds-a-new-market-in-china/
       #Post#: 5139--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
   DIR By: AGelbert
       Date: May 23, 2016, 6:14 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       Agelbert NOTE: This one year old article already showed the way
       to heliostat environmentally sound solutions AND explained how
       the fossil fuelers try to condemn heliostats:
       --- Quote ---
       > Power tower solar has been under a cloud — in the U.S., anyway
       — after 321 birds or bats were killed in the first 6 months of
       operation by flying through solar flux above the Ivanpah
       Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) plant, the Google-funded colossus
       in California’s Mojave desert.
       >
       > Opponents
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-311013200859.png<br
       />then greatly exaggerated the numbers, making it a challenge
       for
       California regulators to maintain a level-headed approach to
       permitting future power tower projects.
       >
       > [center]Standby is the high risk position for birds. [/center]
       >
       [center]
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       --- End Quote ---
  HTML http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/news/article/2015/04/solar-flux-solution-brightens-future-of-concentrated-solar-power?cmpid=SolarNL-Saturday-April18-2015
       SOME FACTS the fossil fuelers IGNORE: Fossil-fueled facilities
       are 17-34 times more dangerous to birds on a per GWh basis than
       wind power. Heliostats, LESS dangerous than wind power to birds,
       have caused the deaths of hundreds of birds and wind turbines
       may have killed about 7000 birds, but fossil-fueled stations
       killed 14.5 million and nuclear 327,000.
  HTML http://www.nukefree.org/news/avianmortalityfromwindpower,fossil-fuel,andnuclearelectricity<br
       />
  HTML http://cleantechnica.com/2013/11/26/wind-farm-bird-deaths-fossil-fuel-nuclear-bird-deaths/
       --- Quote ---
       > fossils 34 times wind.
       >
       > Buildings, power lines and cats are estimated to comprise
       approximately 82 percent of the mortality, vehicles 8 percent,
       pesticides 7 percent, communication towers 0.5 percent, and wind
       turbines 0.003 percent.
       --- End Quote ---
       
  HTML http://www.dialight.com/Assets%5CApplication_Notes%5CSignaling%5CObstruction%20Lighting%20Bird%20Strike%20Study.pdf<br
       />
       Here is an objective scientific study of Heliostat technology.
       They would not have been built in the first place if they
       weren't MORE cost effective than polluting fossil fuel power
       plants and dirty energy drilling operations. Anyone claiming
       otherwise is ignorant or energy math challenged.
       [center]State of the Art in Heliostats and Definition of
       Specifications[/center]
       STAGE-STE Project
       SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL ALLIANCE FOR GUARANTEEING THE
       EUROPEAN EXCELLENCE IN CONCENTRATING SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY
       Grant agreement number: 609837
       Start date of project: 01/02/2014
       Duration of project:48 months
       WP12 – Task 1.1
       Deliverable 12.1
       Due date:07/2014
       Submitted 12/2014
       File name: STAGESTE_Deliverable_12_1_Draft
       Partner responsible CIEMAT, IK4-TKN, CENER
       Person responsible F. Téllez, C. Villasante, M. Burisch
       Author(s) /Contributions:F. Téllez (CIEMAT); M. Burisch (CENER);
       Villasente (IK4-TKN); M. Sánchez (CENER); C. Sansom, P. Kirby,
       P. Turner (CRANFIELD); C. Caliot, A. Ferriere (CNRS); C A.
       Bonanos, C. Papanicolas, A Montenon (CYI); R.Monterreal
       (CIEMAT); J.Fernández (CIEMAT)
       Reviewed by:  M. Collares
       Dissemination Level PU
       List of content
       Executive Summary ... 3
       1 Introduction ... 5
       2 Heliostat Optional Designs ... 7
       2.1. Heliostat Components ... 11
       2.2. Reflecting Module ... 14
       2.3. Foundation ... 16
       2.4. Structure ... 17
       2.5. Drive Mechanism ... 19
       2.6. Heliostat Control ... 23
       2.7. Canting ... 24
       3 Heliostat Deployment
       Worldwide...................................................................................................
       27
       4 Heliostat’s Cost ... 39
       4.1. Cost Reduction Potential ... 41
       5 Heliostat Functional Specifications
       ................................................................................................
       48
       5.1. Heliostat Typical Specifications
       .................................................................................................
       48
       5.2. Minimal Functional Specifications for Small Heliostat
       ...............................................................
       53
       6 References / Bibliography ... 57
       SNIPPET 1:
       --- Quote ---
       > The optimum heliostat size — if in fact one exists — will be
       better understood as the power tower industry continues to
       deploy and operate more systems. Power tower industry is forced
       at least by market and commercial constrains to design and
       produce optimum (cost-effective) heliostats, in the near, medium
       term to significantly reduce capital cost of CSP becoming more
       and more competitive in the energy market, CR technologies have
       the potential of leading Solar Power through effective cost
       reduction to competitiveness.
       >
       > Starting with initial heliostat efforts in the early 1970s up
       to today, there has been a general tendency to increase the
       heliostat size from about 12 m2 to approximately 150-200 m2,
       with several counter-examples of much smaller heliostats,
       primarily in the past several years. So that, currently, there
       is no consensus among CR-CSP developers regarding the optimum
       size of a heliostat.
       >
       > The tendency to favor larger heliostats during this period has
       apparently been based more in local experiences while building
       and testing the first prototypes than in a holistic analysis of
       the problem, leaving aside the benefits of mass production, lean
       manufacturing processes in terms of quality control and cost
       reduction both demanded by CR technologies in part on the
       assumed advantages of “economies of scale”.
       >
       > An expected benefit with larger heliostats was that the fixed
       cost of some components that are needed per each unit of
       heliostat could be spread over a larger area, thus reducing the
       specific cost per unit area.
       >
       > Other factors may have played a role in this general trend,
       such as availability of commercial drive units potentially
       offering high performance and low cost, or relaxing design
       criteria to achieve lower costs by increasing the reflector area
       to the maximum allowable for a given drive unit. In efforts to
       reduce the cost of the drive, a number of customized drive
       products have been developed by companies such as Sener
       [Lata2010], Flender Siemens [Siemens2008, Teufel2008,
       Kunert2009], Winsmith [Kolb2007, Winsmith2003] and Cone Drive
       [ConeDrive2013].
       >
       > For smaller heliostats, the cost of the control and
       communication system also becomes an important cost driver
       favoring larger heliostats.
       --- End Quote ---
       SNIPPET 2:
       --- Quote ---
       > [color=navy]
       > Table 3: Advantages and drawbacks appearing when heliostat
       size is varying.
       >
       > Heliostat Increasing size
       >
       > PROs
       >
       > Increasing Benefit from the economics of enlargement
       >
       > Reducing the number of heliostat leads to reducing the cost
       by:
       >
       > taking as much advantage as possible from expensive high-tech
       components mainly high precision tracking systems,
       >
       > Lowering the specific operation and maintenance costs
       >
       >
       > CONs
       >
       > Increase of torques from wind loads, resulting in higher
       specific weight and higher specific drive power. Thus the level
       of demand in the technical specifications of the heliostat’s
       tracking system increases with the size.
       >
       > On-site heliostat assembly is difficult (facilities not
       well-equipped, not easily automated and time consuming processes
       are involved such as canting);
       >
       > Canting accuracy becomes critical for a large heliostat. (For
       large heliostat fields where last row of heliostats could be
       placed at several kilometers from the solar tower, to be able to
       concentrate, large area heliostat need to keep their theoretical
       curvature).
       >
       > Land use might be worse with large heliostats and the long
       distance heliostats provide worse optical efficiency.
       >
       > Strong limitations when applying mass productions and lean
       manufacturing processes
       --- End Quote ---
       SNIPPET 3:
       --- Quote ---
       > There are now 226,852 heliostats in operation (Table 5) with a
       total mirror surface of about 3.3 millions of square meters. The
       figures for the heliostats to be implemented in the plants
       (and/or facilities) under construction are very similar: about
       238,000 heliostats with a total surface of about 2 million
       square meters.
       >
       > The total number of heliostats by adding the plants under
       development and planned to the operational and under
       construction plants, amounts to 835,838 heliostat units with a
       total mirror surface of about 17 million square meters.
       --- End Quote ---
  HTML https://www.stage-ste.eu/deliverables/STAGE_STE_Deliverable_12_1.pdf
       I REPEAT, Heliostats would not have been built in the first
       place if they weren't MORE cost effective than polluting fossil
       fuel power plants and dirty energy drilling operations.
       The FACT that they are building so many MORE of them is evidence
       that they DO produce cheaper Electricity than polluting energy
       sources. Anyone claiming otherwise is ignorant or energy math
       challenged.
       [center]
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       [center]
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       [center][img
       width=640]
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       [center]Renewable energy=
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       />
  HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/acigar.gif=Fossil
       Fuelers
       [/center]
       #Post#: 5224--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
   DIR By: AGelbert
       Date: June 6, 2016, 7:10 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       [center]Dubai to Build World’s Largest Concentrated Solar Power
       Plant
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       Lorraine Chow | June 6, 2016 11:11 am
       Dubai will soon be home to the world’s largest concentrated
       solar power plant.
       The Dubai Water and Electricity Authority (DEWA) has announced
       the second phase of a massive solar project located in the
       Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park. According to a press
       release, the park is the largest single-site project to generate
       electricity from solar energy in the world, based on an
       independent power producer model.
       The 13-megawatt first phase of the project has been operational
       since October 2013 and the 200-megawatt second phase will be
       operational by April 2017. The facility will ultimately produce
       1,000 megawatts by 2020 and 5,000 megawatts by 2030, which will
       provide power for 800,000 homes. The solar park will help reduce
       6.5 million tonnes of carbon emissions annually, the release
       said.
       The project easily trounces the capacity of the world’s current
       record-holder, the Noor-Ouarzazate plant in Morocco which will
       have a 580-megawatt capacity by 2018.
       [center][img
       width=640]
  HTML https://specimennews.files.wordpress.com/2016/02/world_largest_concentrated_solar_plant_morocco_1.jpg?w=547[/img][/center]
       [center]Noor-Ouarzazate plant in Morocco
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       /> [/center]
       DEWA has already received five bids from international companies
       for the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Solar Park’s 800-megawatt
       third phase, with the lowest bid at USD 2.99 cents per kilowatt,
       a record-low price for solar power.
       The ambitious project is part of the Dubai Clean Energy Strategy
       2050, which aims to provide 7 percent of the emirate’s total
       power output from clean energy sources by 2020, 25 percent by
       2030 and 75 percent by 2050, Saeed Mohammed Al Tayer, DEWA CEO
       and managing director, said in a statement.
       In this June 2 post from DEWA’s Twitter account, Al Tayer
       announced the project:
       The project is called a “concentrated solar plant” because it
       consists of a large number of movable mirrors, or heliostats,
       that can follow the sun’s path and harness sunlight to melt
       salt. The molten salt stores energy and can be used to power a
       steam turbine, allowing for energy production even when the sun
       isn’t shining.
       “An important advantage of [concentrated solar power] is that
       thermal heat, which is used to produce electricity, can be
       stored easily, which makes it possible to produce electricity
       after sunset,” Al Tayer said. “The plant will have several
       thousand heliostats located around a tower that receives the
       radiation reflected by the heliostats which follow the sun’s
       movement. The heat-transfer fluid is then used to power the
       steam turbine to generate electricity.
       “The project will use thermal storage for 8-12 hours daily,
       taking into account technical and economic factors. This will
       contribute to improving the effectiveness and efficiency of
       production and meet the requirements of the electricity grid.
       This in turn, will provide sustainable world-class energy supply
       for everyone in terms of availability and reliability, and
       support the sustainable development of the emirate. It will
       contribute to making Dubai the city with the lowest carbon
       footprint in the world by 2050.”
       In addition to generating power, the facility features a
       solar-powered water pumping and desalination station that has a
       production capacity of 50 cubic meters of potable water a day,
       the press release stated.
       Al Tayer said that DEWA is working to diversify Dubai’s energy
       mix to include 61 percent from natural gas, 25 percent from
       solar energy, 7 percent from coal and 7 percent from nuclear
       power by 2030. The reliance on clean energy sources will be
       increased incrementally to touch 75 percent by 2050, he added.
       “Our wise leadership is pursuing the transformation towards
       clean and renewable energy to achieve a vision that recognizes
       their significance in achieving a balance between development
       and sustainability. This will help protect the rights of future
       generations to live in a clean, healthy and safe environment,”
       Al Tayer said.
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-280416145345.jpeg<br
       />
  HTML http://www.bativert.ma/images/image3.jpg
  HTML https://ecowatch.com/2016/06/06/dubai-concentrated-solar-plant/
  HTML https://ecowatch.com/2016/06/06/dubai-concentrated-solar-plant/
       Agelbert NOTE: Heliostats have a tremendous future in the high
       sunlight, dry areas of the planet. The Government of Dubai
       understands this.
       
       --- Quote ---
       > There are now 226,852 heliostats in operation (Table 5) with a
       total mirror surface of about 3.3 millions of square meters. The
       figures for the heliostats to be implemented in the plants
       (and/or facilities) under construction are very similar: about
       238,000 heliostats with a total surface of about 2 million
       square meters.
       >
       > The total number of heliostats by adding the plants under
       development and planned to the operational and under
       construction plants, amounts to 835,838 heliostat units with a
       total mirror surface of about 17 million square meters.
       --- End Quote ---
  HTML https://www.stage-ste.eu/deliverables/STAGE_STE_Deliverable_12_1.pdf
  HTML https://www.stage-ste.eu/deliverables/STAGE_STE_Deliverable_12_1.pdf
       Heliostats would not have been built in the first place if they
       weren't more cost effective than polluting fossil fuel power
       plants and dirty energy drilling operations. Heliostats are a
       welcome contribution to our renewable energy mix.
       The fact that they are building so many more of them is evidence
       that they do produce cheaper Electricity than polluting energy
       sources. Anyone claiming otherwise is in error.
       Fossil-fueled facilities are 17-34 times more dangerous to birds
       on a per GWh basis than wind power. Heliostats, LESS dangerous
       than wind power to birds, have caused the deaths of hundreds of
       birds and wind turbines may have killed about 7000 birds, but
       fossil-fueled stations killed 14.5 million and nuclear 327,000.
       #Post#: 5673--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
   DIR By: AGelbert
       Date: September 14, 2016, 12:27 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       [center]China will start up 20 solar thermal power plants by
       2018: NEA[/center]
       
       China will start up its first batch of 20 solar thermal power
       projects online by 2018, said the National Energy
       Administration(NEA) on Wednesday.
       The projects with a total capacity of 1.35 gigawatt are
       concentrated in the five provinces that receive the most
       sunlight in the nation, Qinghai, Gansu, Hebei, Inner Mongolia
       and Xinjiang, said the NEA.
       --- Quote ---
       >
       > Solar thermal power plant use solar arrays to heat water that
       produces steam that runs turbines to produce electricity.
       --- End Quote ---
       Power plants operators such as China General Nuclear Power
       Group, China Huaneng Group [HUANP.UL], China Guodian Corp
       [CNGUO.UL] and Zhejiang Supcon Solar Technology Co are involved,
       said the NEA.
       
       These projects will collect a higher price from grid operators
       than traditional solar projects using photovoltaic cells at 1.15
       yuan ($0.17) per kilowatt hour.
       
       But that price level will be reduced in 2019 in accordance with
       the industry's development, said the National Development and
       Reform Commission (NDRC) in a statement released earlier this
       month.
       (Reporting By Kathy Chen and David Stanway; Editing by Christian
       Schmollinger)
  HTML http://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-power-solar-idUSKCN11K11O
       #Post#: 7204--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
   DIR By: AGelbert
       Date: May 25, 2017, 6:04 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       [center]Abu Dhabi's government-owned power utility has closed a
       3.2 billion dirham ($872 million) financing package for what
       will be the world's largest solar power plant
  HTML http://us.123rf.com/400wm/400/400/yayayoy/yayayoy1106/yayayoy110600019/9735563-smiling-sun-showing-thumb-up.jpg<br
       />, the utility's top official said on Wednesday.[/center]
       Abu Dhabi Water & Electricity Authority (ADWEA) raised $650
       million in debt with the remaining $222 million raised in
       equity, Director General Saif Saleh al-Sayari told reporters.
       A consortium of Japan's Marubeni Corp and China's JinkoSolar
       Holding were selected this year to build and operate the 1,177
       megawatt plant.
       “The financing which is completed is a $650 million project
       finance from local and international commercial banks,”
       al-Sayari said, adding that the 25-year loan is structured in a
       way that will allow refinancing after five years.
       Bank of Tokyo Mitsubishi was the leading arranger of the loan
       along with three other Japanese banks – Sumitomo Mitsui Banking
       Corporation, Mitsubishi UFJ Trust and Norinchukin Bank.
       French Banks – BNP Paribas Credit Agricole, Natixis - and First
       Abu Dhabi Bank were also part of the deal.
       The equity portion will be contributed by ADWEA and the project
       developers Marubeni and JinkoSolar.
       Construction of the independent solar plant with a capacity of
       1,177 megawatts will begin immediately with completion scheduled
       for the second quarter of 2019.
       The project is ADWEA'S first foray into renewable energy. Abu
       Dhabi aims to generate 7 percent of its energy from renewables
       by 2020; the government's green energy firm Masdar has launched
       renewable energy projects including solar plants.
       The winning bidders offered to provide electricity for 2.42
       cents per kilowatt hour, one of the most competitive prices seen
       in the solar industry.
       A special purpose company, Sweihan PV Power Company, has been
       formed to operate the project, located east of the city of Abu
       Dhabi, capital of the United Arab Emirates. ADWEA holds 60
       percent of the company while Marubeni and JinkoSolar each hold
       20 percent.
  HTML http://www.reuters.com/article/us-abu-dhabi-solar-financing-idUSKBN18K1LG
  HTML http://www.reuters.com/article/us-abu-dhabi-solar-financing-idUSKBN18K1LG
       #Post#: 14509--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
   DIR By: AGelbert
       Date: November 21, 2019, 11:59 am
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       [center]Heliogen achieves solar 'breakthrough' that could
       replace &#129429;&#129430; fossil fuels in some industries
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-141113185047.png<br
       /> [/center]
       [center]Using advanced computer vision to reflect sunlight
  HTML http://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/1/3-250718210628.gif<br
       />onto a target[/center]
       By Shawn Knight on November 20, 2019, 12:30 PM
       [center]
  HTML https://static.techspot.com/images2/news/bigimage/2019/11/2019-11-20-image-12.jpg[/center]<br
       />
       Something to look forward to: Clean energy company Heliogen has
       developed a technique for creating concentrated solar energy
       that could be used to replace fossil fuels in key industrial
       processes. Its secret? Advanced computer vision that helps to
       hyper-accurately align mirrors.
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-080515182559.png
       Up to this point, commercial concentrating solar thermal systems
       have only been able to reach temperatures of up to 565 degrees
       Celsius. While handy, it’s not nearly hot enough for use in many
       industrial processes.
       By using advanced computer vision software to accurately align a
       large array of mirrors to reflect sunlight onto a single target,
       Heliogen was able to hit temperatures exceeding 1,000 degrees
       Celsius. That’s warm enough to effectively replace the use of
       fossil fuels in the creation of things like steel, cement and
       petrochemicals and could drastically reduce global greenhouse
       gas emissions.
       [center]
  HTML https://static.techspot.com/images2/news/bigimage/2019/11/2019-11-20-image-13.jpg<br
       />[/center]
       Heliogen founder and CEO Bill Gross said we’ve made great
       strides in deploying clean energy for electrical systems but
       notes that electricity only accounts for less than a quarter of
       global energy demand. “Heliogen represents a technological leap
       forward in addressing the other 75 percent of energy demand: the
       use of fossil fuels for industrial processes and
       transportation,” he added.
       The startup has attracted the support of philanthropist Bill
       Gates.
       “I’m pleased to have been an early backer of Bill Gross’s novel
       solar concentration technology,” Gates said. “Its capacity to
       achieve the high temperatures required for these processes is a
       promising development in the quest to one day replace fossil
       fuel.”
       Heliogen’s roadmap outlines future processes that could bring
       the temperature up to 1,500 degrees Celsius which is hot enough
       to perform CO2 splitting and water splitting in the production
       of 100 percent fossil-free fuels like hydrogen and syngas.
  HTML https://www.techspot.com/news/82857-heliogen-achieves-solar-breakthrough-could-replace-fossil-fuels.html
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