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       #Post#: 2632--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Lost Cities and Civilizations
       By: AGelbert Date: February 1, 2015, 8:21 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       [quote]Calcite, aragonite and vaterite are pure calcium
       carbonate minerals. Industrially important source rocks which
       are predominantly calcium carbonate include limestone, chalk,
       marble and travertine.[/quote]
       Limestone and Marble
  HTML http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate
  HTML http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcium_carbonate
       Results
       [quote]
       These minerals make up more than 80% of the rock. Other common
       minerals include mica (muscovite and biotite) and hornblende
       (see amphibole). The chemical composition of granite is
       typically 70-77% silica, 11-13% alumina, 3-5% potassium oxide,
       3-5% soda, 1% lime, 2-3% total iron, and less than 1% magnesia
       and titania.[/quote]
       Granite
  HTML https://www.google.com/search?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1T4ADRA_enUS485US486&q=granite+chemical+composition
  HTML https://www.google.com/search?sourceid=navclient&ie=UTF-8&rlz=1T4ADRA_enUS485US486&q=granite+chemical+composition
       Around the turn of the century (not this last one but the one
       before that!), I imagine there was a bit of a commotion among
       British archeologists. You see, British archaeologist Sir
       Flinder Petrie published his [font=times new roman]study of
       "Pyramids and Temples of Gizeh".[/font]
       [center][img width=320
       height=180]
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-280115194757.png[/img][/center]
       British archaeologist Sir Flinder Petrie worked in Egypt from
       1880 for around 40 years. He credited the ancient Egyptians with
       methods that "we are only now coming to understand” (i.e. around
       1900 by presenting evidence  in his study of "Pyramids and
       Temples of Gizeh" proving that the ancient Egyptians used tools
       such as straight saws, circular saws, and even lathes.). :o
       [center][img width=320
       height=180]
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-270115141559.png[/img][/center]
       Possible British Royal Society Erudite, Measured, Prudent and
       Scientific Comments on the study: Do you mean to say that those
       Egyptian primitive savages could work stone like we can in
       England!!? Bollocks! Balderdash! Preposterous! The very idea is
       repugnant. SNIFF!
       Look here Flinder, what would Darwin say? Evolution goes
       forward, my good man, not backwards! Where's my snuff box?
       James, bring me a glass of Port!
       I must say Flinder, this is most irregular! I don't care what
       the Germans say, lathes were invented in England!
  HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/301.gif
       Ancient Egyptians, you
       say?  ::) I hear people that spend too much time down there go
       balmy.   ;)  ;D
       [quote]Machining technology was in its infancy in the early
       1900’s, and it is only in recent decades that modern-looking
       machine tool marks in Egyptian workpieces have been fully
       recognized.[/quote]
  HTML http://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-africa-opinion-guest-authors/forgotten-stones-aswan-quarry-egypt-001984
  HTML http://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-africa-opinion-guest-authors/forgotten-stones-aswan-quarry-egypt-001984
       Here's small vase in the Petrie identified collection.
       [img width=640
       height=460]
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-010215163536.jpeg[/img]
       Beautiful Granite Vase dated to be from 2,800 BC or earlier
       This one piece is so flawlessly turned that the entire bowl
       (about 9" in diameter, fully hollowed out including an undercut
       of the 3" opening in the top) balances perfectly (the top rests
       horizontally when the bowl is placed on a glass shelf) on a
       round tipped bottom no bigger than the size and shape of the tip
       of a hen's egg.
       It's made of Granite. The attempted "debunking" of ancient
       Egyptian machine technology  (see Experiments in Egyptian
       Archaeology: Stoneworking Technology in Ancient Egypt by Denys
       A. Stocks) through the making of a few vases using hand tools
       was conveniently done on Limestone, NOT Granite. Yes, Limestone
       and Marble are made out of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). Granite
       has SOME CACO3 but has mostly other, much harder minerals.
       Limestone is relatively soft and easily HAND WORKABLE, whereas
       Granite and marble are much, much harder. PLEASE don't make me
       provide you with a hardness value, how hardness is determined by
       modern science and industry and how they measure it. Google it
       if you don't believe me and don't pull the hairsplitting stuff
       on me. I know of what I speak.
       Also, PLEASE don't bring up potter's wheels.; they are USELESS
       for stoneworking.
       Granite and Marble cannot be worked by hand to get the results
       Petrie observed and documented.  And even Limestone worked by
       hand cannot get the symmetrical tolerances observed in Egyptian
       workpieces. Denys A. Stocks produced some crude specimens (see
       pictures of his "craftsmanship" on the internet. LOL!). Stocks,
       of course  ;D, explained that, if he had years and years of
       training back in ancient Egypt, he would have certainly attained
       the quality and precision of the Petrie collection.
       [img width=320
       height=240]
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-010215144153.png[/img]
       [b]Please observe the following "minor" detail about the
       pictured Granite vase:[/b]
       [img width=640
       height=560]
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-010215164542.jpeg[/img]
       Bottom of Granite Vase dated to be from 2,800 BC or earlier
       perfectly balanced on a flat surface.
       This requires that the entire bowl have a symmetrical wall
       thickness without any substantial error! (With a base area so
       tiny - less than .15 " sq - any asymmetry in a material as dense
       as granite would produce a lean in the balance of the finished
       piece.)
       NO, the bottom isn't SUPER THICK to produce balancing in spite
       of the "hand made asymmetry". Others have tried that
       hairsplitting, but logical, argument already. You can always go
       back to "those ancient craftsmen sure could make some great hand
       made stuff" speculation, of course. But don't call THAT science!
  HTML http://www.desismileys.com/smileys/desismileys_6869.gif
       WE
       cannot DO THAT by hand NOW. That much, at least, is the accepted
       scientific consensus. The speculation by some Egyptologist
       archeologists that they COULD do that by hand in ancient Egypt
       is just that. But that's their story and they are sticking to
       it!
       My response to this evidence free speculation cloaked as
       science:
       [img width=640
       height=580]
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-010215144837.png[/img]
  HTML http://pinetreeweb.com/petrie.jpg
       I am certain Sir William Flinders Petrie, grandfather of
       archaeology, who introduced science and methodology into the
       subject, would have scoffed at that speculation.
       [img width=640
       height=380]
  HTML http://amerikaihirujsag.com/wp-content/themes/nextmagazine/inc/scripts/timthumb.php?src=http://amerikaihirujsag.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/Sir-Flinders-Petrie-qpr.jpg&w=590&h=315&zc=1[/img]
       In 1892 Sir Flinder Petrie was appointed as Edwards professor at
       University College London, the first person to hold a chair in
       Egyptology in Britain.
       Here's a google image search on Petrie collection vases:
  HTML https://www.google.com/search?q=petrie+collection+granite+vases&newwindow=1&rlz=1T4ADRA_enUS485US486&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=N6fOVP6lNcKfggSmxIHgCw&ved=0CFgQsAQ&biw=973&bih=394
  HTML https://www.google.com/search?q=petrie+collection+granite+vases&newwindow=1&rlz=1T4ADRA_enUS485US486&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=N6fOVP6lNcKfggSmxIHgCw&ved=0CFgQsAQ&biw=973&bih=394
       Now let's move on to some large workpieces.
       Ancient Egyptian Workpieces Evidence Advanced Technology
       The language of science and technology doesn’t have the same
       freedom as speech. So even though the tools and machines have
       not survived the thousands of years since their use, we have to
       assume, by objective analysis of the evidence, that they did
       exist.
       The precision in these artifacts is irrefutable. Even if we
       ignore the question of how they were produced, we are still
       faced with the question of why such precision was needed.
       Revelation of new data invariably raises new questions. In this
       case it’s understandable to hear, "Where are the machines?"
       Machines are tools. The question should be applied universally
       and can be asked of anyone who believes other methods may have
       been used. The truth is that no tools have been found to explain
       any theory on how the pyramids were built or granite boxes were
       cut! More than eighty pyramids have been discovered in Egypt,
       and the tools that built them have never been found.
       Even if we accepted the notion that copper tools are capable of
       producing these incredible artifacts, the few copper implements
       that have been uncovered do not represent the number of such
       tools that would have been used if every stonemason who worked
       on the pyramids at just the Giza site owned one or two. In the
       Great Pyramid alone, there are an estimated 2,300,000 blocks of
       stone, both limestone and granite, weighing between 2½ tons and
       70 tons each. That is a mountain of evidence, and there are no
       tools surviving to explain its creation.
       The principle of "Occam's Razor," where the simplest means of
       manufacturing holds force until proven inadequate, has guided my
       attempt to understand the pyramid builders' methods. With
       Egyptologists, there is one component of this principle that has
       been lacking. The simplest methods do not satisfy the evidence,
       and they have been reluctant to consider other less simple
       methods.
       There is little doubt that the capabilities of the ancient
       pyramid builders have been seriously underestimated. The most
       distinct evidence that I can relate is the precision and mastery
       of machining technologies that have only been recognized in
       recent years.
       Copper Chisels to work Granite?   ???
       One can gather by reading Petrie’s work that he involved himself
       in some extensive research regarding the tools that were
       employed in cutting hard stone. Even so, there is a persisting
       belief among some Egyptologists that the granite used in the
       Great Pyramid was cut using copper chisels. I.E.S. Edwards,
       British Egyptologist and the world's foremost expert on
       pyramids, makes the following statement.
       “Quarrymen of the Pyramid age would have accused Greek historian
       Strabo of understatement as they hacked at the stubborn granite
       of Aswan. Their axes and chisels were made of copper hardened by
       hammering.” (Edwards, I.E.S. Ancient Egypt, Page 89. (1978 -
       National Geographic Society, Washington, DC.)
       Hopefully, besides mainstream Egyptologists, such as Mark Lehner
       and IES Edwards, (RIP) other Egyptologists do not suggest that
       the copper chisels, that can now be found in the Cairo Museum,
       were representative of the tools used to build the pyramids. If
       they were I would strongly suggest that they make an effort to
       learn about the materials and processes that they are proposing
       by actually creating one of these artifacts.
       To identify copper as the metal used for cutting granite is like
       saying that aluminum could be cut using a chisel fashioned out
       of butter.
  HTML http://www.gizapower.com/Advanced/Advanced%20Machining.html
  HTML http://www.gizapower.com/Advanced/Advanced%20Machining.html
       Physical Cause and Effect Workpiece Machining in Ancient Egypt
       What follows is a more feasible and logical method, and it
       provides an answer to the question of techniques used by the
       ancient Egyptians in drilling into granite.
       The fact that the feedrate spiral is symmetrical is quite
       remarkable considering the proposed method of cutting. The taper
       indicates an increase in the cutting surface area of the drill
       as it cut deeper, hence an increase in the resistance.
       [img width=640
       height=380]
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-010215004844.png[/img]
       A uniform feed under these conditions, using manpower, would be
       impossible. Petrie theorized that a ton or two of pressure was
       applied to a tubular drill consisting of bronze inset with
       jewels. However, this doesn’t take into consideration that under
       several thousand pounds pressure the jewels would undoubtedly
       work their way into the softer substance, leaving the granite
       relatively unscathed after the attack. Nor does this method
       explain the groove being deeper through the quartz.
       High Tech Tubular Drilling
       Egyptian artifacts representing tubular drilling are clearly the
       most astounding and conclusive evidence yet presented to
       indicate the extent to which knowledge and technology was
       practiced in pre-history. The ancient pyramid builders used a
       technique for drilling holes that is commonly known as
       "trepanning."
       This technique leaves a central core and is an efficient means
       of hole making. For holes that didn’t go all the way through the
       material, they reached a desired depth and then broke the core
       out of the hole. It was not only evident in the holes that
       Petrie was studying, but on the cores cast aside by the masons
       who had done the trepanning.
       Regarding tool marks that left a spiral groove on a core taken
       out of a hole drilled into a piece of granite, he (Petrie)
       wrote,
       [quote]"the spiral of the cut sinks .100 inch in the
       circumference of 6 inches, or 1 in 60, a rate of ploughing out
       of the quartz and feldspar which is astonishing." [/quote]
       After reading this, I had to agree with Petrie. This was an
       incredible feedrate (distance traveled per revolution of the
       drill) for drilling into any material, let alone granite. I was
       completely confounded as to how a drill could achieve this
       feedrate.
       Petrie was so astounded by these artifacts that he attempted to
       explain them at three different points in one chapter. To an
       engineer in the 1880’s, what Petrie was looking at was an
       anomaly. The characteristics of the holes, the cores that came
       out of them, and the tool marks indicated an impossibility.
       Three distinct characteristics of the hole and core, as
       illustrated, make the artifacts extremely remarkable.
       They are:
       A taper on both the hole and the core.
       A symmetrical helical groove following these tapers showing that
       the drill advanced into the granite at a feed rate of .100 inch
       per revolution of the drill.
       The confounding fact that the spiral groove cut deeper through
       the quartz than through the softer feldspar.
       In conventional machining the reverse would be the case. In
       1983, Mr. Donald Rahn of Rahn Granite Surface Plate Co., Dayton,
       Ohio, told me that in drilling granite, diamond drills, rotating
       at 900 revolutions per minute, penetrate at the rate of 1 inch
       in 5 minutes.
       In 1996, Eric Leither of Trustone Corp, told me that these
       parameters haven't changed since then. The feedrate of modern
       drills, therefore, calculates to be .0002 inch per revolution,
       indicating that the ancient Egyptians were able to cut their
       granite with a feed rate that was 500 times greater or deeper
       per revolution of the drill than modern drills.  ;D
       The other characteristics also create a problem for modern
       drills. They cut a tapered hole with a spiral groove that was
       cut deeper through the harder constituent of the granite. If
       conventional machining methods cannot answer just one of these
       questions, how do we answer all three?
       The application of ultrasonic machining is the only method that
       completely satisfies logic, from a technical viewpoint, and
       explains all noted phenomena.
       Ultrasonic machining is the oscillatory motion of a tool that
       chips away material, like a jackhammer chipping away at a piece
       of concrete pavement, except much faster and not as measurable
       in its reciprocation. The ultrasonic tool-bit, vibrating at
       19,000 to 25,000 cycles per second (Hertz) has found unique
       application in the precision machining of odd-shaped holes in
       hard, brittle material such as hardened steels, carbides,
       ceramics and semiconductors. An abrasive slurry or paste is used
       to accelerate the cutting action.
       Modern Stone cutters are Queried
       I have contacted four precision granite manufacturers in the US
       and haven’t been able to find one who can do this kind of work.
       With Eric Leither of Tru-Stone Corp, I discussed in a letter the
       technical feasibility of creating several Egyptian artifacts,
       including the giant granite boxes found in the bedrock tunnels
       the temple of Serapeum at Saqqarra. He responded as follows:
       [quote]"Dear Christopher,
       First I would like to thank you for providing me with all the
       fascinating information. Most people never get the opportunity
       to take part in something like this. You mentioned to me that
       the box was derived from one solid block of granite. A piece of
       granite of that size is estimated to weigh 200,000 pounds if it
       was Sierra White granite which weighs approximately 175 lb. per
       cubic foot.
       If a piece of that size was available, the cost would be
       enormous. Just the raw piece of rock would cost somewhere in the
       area of $115,000.00.
       This price does not include cutting the block to size or any
       freight charges. The next obvious problem would be the
       transportation. There would be many special permits issued by
       the D.O.T. and would cost thousands of dollars.
       From the information that I gathered from your fax, the
       Egyptians moved this piece of granite nearly 500 miles. That is
       an incredible achievement for a society that existed hundreds of
       years ago."[/quote]
       Eric went on to say that his company did not have the equipment
       or capabilities to produce the boxes in this manner. He said
       that his company would create the boxes in 5 pieces, ship them
       to the customer and bolt them together on site.
       Agelbert NOTE: The above is a brief summary of a detailed
       article at the link below. There is much detailed information on
       stone cutting techniques.
       Each and every one of the 'primitive tools did it' Egyptologist
       claims are dispassionately deconstructed to show they are based
       on evidence free conjecture, not science.
       High Tech machine tools are the only explanation that fits. And
       that High Tech is right there with the best techniques we have
       for working these types of stones at present.
       
       So you can imagine that Petrie, the fellow that first wrote
       about these Egyptian workpieces in 1880, did some serious head
       scratching at the time. Only NOW can we get those kinds of
       results in granite.
       Enjoy.
  HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/reading.gif
  HTML http://www.gizapower.com/Advanced/Advanced%20Machining.html
  HTML http://www.gizapower.com/Advanced/Advanced%20Machining.html
       The book "Experiments in Egyptian Archaeology: Stoneworking
       Technology in Ancient Egypt" By Denys A. Stocks explaining how
       the Egyptians used primitive tools to do what they did,
       including experiments he performed with copper and sand, have
       been proven insufficient to explain the smoothness, feed rate,
       striations and tolerances on the Egyptian workpieces.
       The book, celebrated by Egyptologists, is full of "I suggest
       this" and "I imagine that" WITHOUT presenting how, at the drill
       rate and poor precision he was achieving with copper hand
       drilling, this massive work could have been accomplished.
       So it goes. But perhaps some Doomers will accept it because
       Stocks is "Credentialed". Just Google it and be prepared for
       lots of calm, prudent, erudite baloney about how he FINALLY
       realized how EASY it was to do all this with primitive tools and
       what poor deluded FOOLS people who see evidence of high tech
       machine tools are. This arrogant mocking puffery is par for the
       course in the 'don't confuse us with facts, our minds are made
       up' "scientific" Egyptologist archeologist community.
       I prefer evidence to consensus pseudo scientific cheerleading
       (more at link below).
  HTML http://www.grahamhancock.com/phorum/read.php?f=1&i=283526&t=282614&v=f
  HTML http://www.grahamhancock.com/phorum/read.php?f=1&i=283526&t=282614&v=f
       After studying the physical evidence from ancient Egypt and the
       facts about hand versus machine working of granite, marble or
       limestone workpieces, this is my response when someone claims
       the ancient Egyptians had no machines and achieved all their
       workmanship with copper hand tools and sand:
       [img width=640
       height=430]
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-010215143525.png[/img]
       #Post#: 2633--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Lost Cities and Civilizations
       By: AGelbert Date: February 1, 2015, 10:39 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       Dr. Greer's tiny humanoid
       I found a video by Dr. Greer that summarizes the findings. I
       stand corrected on the age at time of death; it was aged 6 to 8
       years old at time of death, not 12.
       Dr. Greer says there are possibly more specimens to be obtained.
       Dr. Nolan confirms that if more phenotypes identical to the
       humanoid are found, then it cannot be classified as an
       abnormality.
       The GENOPTYPE (human female mitochondrial DNA only) DOES NOT
       match the PHENOTYPE (skeletal structure and size of the
       humanoid). But yeah, there is no proof whatsoever that it is an
       ET.
  HTML https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQ0igIqTX7g&feature=player_embedded
  HTML https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NyhRaLNSEjI&feature=player_embedded
       #Post#: 2643--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Lost Cities and Civilizations
       By: AGelbert Date: February 5, 2015, 2:19 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       Surly,
       Excellent info!
       Surly said, [quote]... many of the pieces of evidence he cites
       can not be conveniently explained away. [/quote]
  HTML http://www.desismileys.com/smileys/desismileys_0293.gif
       [quote]Such as this, from his FB page... Enjoy.[/quote]
       [img
       width=750]
  HTML https://fbcdn-sphotos-f-a.akamaihd.net/hphotos-ak-xpa1/t31.0-8/10922852_10153082248237354_5623713398214808924_o.jpg[/img]
       Love that map! I'm saving it for some future debating fun.
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714191258.bmp<br
       /> [img width=60
       height=50]
  HTML http://us.cdn2.123rf.com/168nwm/lenm/lenm1201/lenm120100200/12107060-illustration-of-a-smiley-giving-a-thumbs-up.jpg[/img]
       #Post#: 2649--------------------------------------------------
       Rephaim is the Hebrew word for GIANTS
       By: AGelbert Date: February 5, 2015, 11:52 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       [img width=640
       height=380]
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-060215011125.png[/img]
  HTML https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6jx3vVSSfEs&feature=player_embedded
       Evidence of giants is not limited to the Bible. Yet
       Archeologists do not admit the fact of their existence outside
       of describing them as "anomalies" or an infrequent  normal human
       genetic variation. WHY?  ???
       Is being a smaller and weaker Homo SAP  an "evolutionary
       advantage" in nature?
  HTML http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TzWpwHzCvCI/T_sBEnhCCpI/AAAAAAAAME8/IsLpuU8HYxc/s1600/nooo-way-smiley.gif<br
       />Sure, you don't need as much food, but tell that to the animal
       predator that hunts you or the ruminant prey you hunt that
       outruns you!  :P If giants were common once, we little guys
       obviously whipped the big guys so you MIGHT say that little
       humans are more "fit" than the big ones. That makes sense ONLY
       if we outnumbered them massively because THEY were mostly wiped
       out by the catastrophic comet fragment strike about 12,000 years
       ago or some other unknown cause. The point is that if their
       numbers were similar to ours, we would not be here now. 8)
       A smaller, shorter Homo SAP could be the result of DEvolution,
       not Evolution. If we are a shorter, weaker  version of what we
       once were, wouldn't Darwinian Theory (SET) supporting
       archeologists have a vested interest in denying it and ensuring
       skeletal remains were kept OUT of the museums?    [img width=60
       height=60]
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-291014182422.png[/img]<br
       />  [img width=40
       height=40]
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-051113192052.png[/img]<br
       />
       [quote]Question: "Who were the Rephaim?"
       Answer:  There are several passages in the Old Testament that
       speak of the Rephaim (or Rephaites), and the context describes
       them as giants. The name of these people literally means
       “terrible ones.”
       The Hebrew word Rephaim has two distinct meanings: first, in
       poetic literature it refers to departed spirits whose dwelling
       place was Sheol. It is a figurative description of the dead,
       similar to our concept of a ghost. The second meaning of Rephaim
       is “a mighty people with tall stature who lived in Canaan.” The
       word doesn’t seem to be ethno-centric like “Jew” or “Egyptian”
       but is more of a descriptive term. This second meaning will be
       the focus of this article.
       The first reference to the Rephaim is Genesis 14:5, when the
       Rephaim, Zuzim and Emim people were defeated in a battle with
       Kedorlaomer and his allies. When the Israelites first approached
       the Promised Land after the Exodus from Egypt, they were afraid
       to enter the land because it was filled with “giants” (the word
       used in Numbers 13:33 is Nephilim), the sons of Anak. Giants
       were widely scattered through Canaan, but were known by
       different local names, including Rephaim, Zuzim, Emim, and
       Anakim. Deuteronomy 2:20–21 says the Rephaim were strong and
       tall, like the Anakites. Og, king of Bashan, was described as
       the last of the Rephaim in his land (Deuteronomy 3:11), and his
       bed was thirteen feet long and six feet wide.
       Is it possible that the Rephaim were literal giants? The
       Septuagint uses the Greek words gigas and titanes (the source of
       the English titan) to translate these and other verses, so the
       ancient Jews certainly considered them to be giants. They are
       described generally as being between 7 and 10 feet tall and are
       called “mighty men.” The Egyptians wrote about giants who lived
       in the land of Canaan, and the folklore of other nations is full
       of such references. The people of the ancient world accepted the
       presence of giants as a fact of history, and the Bible presents
       them as enemies who were destroyed either by the judgment of God
       or in battle with men.
       So where did these giants come from? One theory, based on
       Genesis 6:1–4, is that fallen angels (the sons of God) had
       sexual relations with women, resulting in the birth of giants.
       This is remarkably similar to Greek and Roman myths about
       demi-gods, but the theory has some theological and biological
       obstacles. Another theory, also based on Genesis 6, is that the
       fallen angels, having knowledge of human genetics, indwelt
       certain men and women who would have the right traits to produce
       a race of giants and induced them to cohabit with each other. A
       third theory is that the giants were simply the result of normal
       genetic variability within a society. Whatever the origin of the
       Rephaim, it is certain that a race of “giants”—strong, tall
       people—did exist at one time, and many cultures had dealings
       with them. Even today, there are people who grow to extreme
       sizes, whether through genetic disorders like gigantism or
       through normal heredity.
       [/quote]
       Read more:
  HTML http://www.gotquestions.org/Rephaim.html#ixzz3QwKEj5nH
       #Post#: 2652--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Lost Cities and Civilizations
       By: AGelbert Date: February 7, 2015, 10:49 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       Ashvin,
       Man, was THAT weak. ::) - AND LONG! And then you don't want to
       take even 5 or ten minutes, never mind and HOUR, to watch some
       video or a portion of it I post here?
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714191329.bmp<br
       /> You want me to wade through all this? I did. Talk about using
        a
       pack of claims (see the fallacious debating technique you
       accused me of using to "try to snow you  8)) to derail the
       central issue...
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714183312.bmp
       [quote author=Ashvin link=topic=4216.msg66757#msg66757
       date=1423306065]
       THE PARACAS SKULLS: ALIENS, AN UNKNOWN HOMINID SPECIES OR
       CRANIAL DEFORMATION?
       Sources of dubious (and not-so-dubious) news on the internet
       have been getting very excited for the past week or so about
       some skulls from Paracas in south-western Perú. According to
       these sites, the skulls have been shown to have DNA that proves
       them not to be modern Homo sapiens but something else. Depending
       on the slant of the site, they are the remains of either an
       unknown but earthly species or aliens. Some sites make
       comparisons with the Starchild Skull, which has been touted as a
       human/alien hybrid. So just how reliable is the news? * [/quote]
       * Agelbert NOTE: Leading question used to set up DOUBT in the
       mind of the reader. An intelligent person stops reading right
       there. But I'm not too bright so I went on to see what they
       claim to have DISPROVING THE CLAIMS - Yeah, it's CLEAR right
       HERE that the aim of the article is to do a HIT PIECE on the
       Paracas skulls.
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714191329.bmp
       Some significant admissions about the skulls by the article at
       the start to convince the reader that the writer is OBJECTIVE:
       [img width=80
       height=40]
  HTML http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_9HT4xZyDmh4/TOHhxzA0wLI/AAAAAAAAEUk/oeHDS2cfxWQ/s200/Smiley_Angel_Wings_Halo.jpg[/img]<br
       /> ;)
       Background
       [quote]
       ... best South American textiles ever found.
       ... quality of their grave gifts suggests that they were of high
       status
       Comparisons have also been made between the later Paracas
       textiles and those of the Nasca Culture, suggesting another
       relationship.
       It is generally accepted that the Nasca culture derives from the
       Paracas Necropolis Culture.
       ... cotton nets may be evidence for fishing.[/quote]
       [quote]So far, so good.
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714191329.bmp
       Many of the high status burials of the Paracas Necropolis
       Culture have deformed skulls, which are [size=10pt]usually
       believed [/size]to be deliberately induced using boards and
       weights. These result, in extreme cases, in skulls that are
       elongated into tall conical shapes. No two are alike and all are
       believed to have denoted high status in Paracas Necropolis
       Culture society.[/quote]
       Agelbert NOTE: The word "many" is a red herring to fool you into
       believing a little further down that ALL the cone heads are the
       result of cranial deformation.
  HTML http://www.desismileys.com/smileys/desismileys_2932.gif
       And "BELIEF" has nothing to do with it. Science has two
       designations for [i]Homo sapiens cone head skulls, cranial
       deformation and cranial malformation; the former is forced and
       the latter is genetic. BOTH have the same brain pan size. HERE
       is where this article gets into perfidy territory.
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714183312.bmp
       [b]SEE TYPICAL HIT PIECE RHETORIC:
       [quote]Brien Foerster (described as a “Canadian-Peruvian
       anthropologist” by Amazon, although it would be more accurate to
       describe him as a tour operator), Childress suggests that the
       phenomenon is not one of cranial deformation. [/quote]
       [quote].. the presence of a large wormian bone at the
       parietal/occipital interface is said to demonstrate
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714191329.bmp
       the primitive nature of this people
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714191329.bmp
       ...Because of the high incidence of such bones among the
       indigenous peoples of the Andes, they are sometimes known as
       Inca bones.[/quote]
       Get it? You don't?  You call the above "science"!!!?
       Inca=indigenous=primitive=cone heads= nothing to see here, move
       along.
  HTML http://www.u.arizona.edu/~patricia/cute-collection/smileys/lying-smiley.gif<br
       /> Hey, the Spaniards were doing the, "Injuns are stupid savages
       "
       thing LONG before Darwin wanted to make monkeys of the "lesser
       races", pal!
       Childress, Foerster and  Pye are all attacked with such
       "scientific" terms as "It appears that Childress and Foerster
       cannot adduce any recent ..." and "... ignorance of
       archeological dating techniques" and so on.
       I am not going to waste time with these unprovable bits of
       defamation and character assassination. It is an established
       fact that carbon dating is ONE thing and DNA is another, MUCH
       HARDER, thing (getting usable DNA from a 2000 year old molar is
       quite difficult - getting the C-14 ratio is much easier). And
       even if it's just a modern DNA test to determine paternity.
       electrophoresis of fresh DNA is EASY compared with ancient DNA.
       The author DELIBERATELY conflates the two in order to cast
       aspersions on Brien Foerster. Then he throws in lots of big
       words to show the readers that "knows what he is talking about".
       Well, he DOES know how to do a hit piece. However, science deals
       with FACTS, not "it appears", "it is generally accepted" and so
       on. He does NOT know what he is talking about, chiefly evidenced
       by the FACT that he NEVER mentions cranial MALFORMATION!
       It's clear he is out to "get" Childress et al. His "This is a
       non-story" says it ALL. A true scientist would objectively
       request a thorough DNA study of hundreds of skulls based on the
       immense importance of finding evidence of a separate homind
       species that was honored so much that our branch tried to
       imitate it by forcing baby skulls into that shape. A true
       scientist would want to put all the claims to rest with
       evidence, no innuendo. This article is TRASH.
       Some "interesting", but clever
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714191329.bmp,<br
       />phrase usages:
       [quote]
       ENTER Lloyd Pye.
       Brien Foerster managed to persuade...
       [color=navy][b]...Lloyd Pye (1946-2013), [b]a crank who believed
       in ancient astronauts, the extraterrestrial origins of humanity
       and, worst of all, the “Starchild Skull” as an alien/human
       hybrid[/b][/quote]
       OF COURSE! ANYONE who "believes" (otherwise know as formulating
       a hypothesis that ancient peoples were contacted by ETs and
       proceeding to test it) ET "stuff" HAS to be a CRANK!. How
       scientific of the writer to help the reader KNOW which way the
       wind is blowng in this article.
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714191329.bmp
       [quote]"This suggests that, ..." ,  [/quote]
       That phrase is as unscientific as you can get in wanting to
       disprove a claim. The fact is that it is posted, not to DISPROVE
       the claim (because it has NOT been disproved), but to discredit
       the claimant. But the reader is left with the, very deftly
       placed, impression that Foerster and Pyle are con artists,
       whackos or both.
       Yes, the author LOVES to SUGGEST. Such a scientific fellow...
       Here's an EXCELLENT example of world class hit piece pseudo
       scientific doubletalk:
       [quote]A Paracas skull: note the dimple toward the top of the
       head, which is a product of head-binding, depressing the suture
       between the parietal plates that Brien Foerster claims does not
       exist.[/quote]
       The above statement is TRUE! But the referenced skull is a head
       boarded or rope tied cranial DEFORMATION skull with what might
       be some trepanation! Whether Brien Foerster's claim applies to
       THIS skull (I seriously DOUBT IT!)  is not mentioned. How
       convenient.
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714191329.bmp<br
       />At the start of the article, the author said "many". Yup, that
       is one of the "many". BUT IT"S NOT ONE OF THE FEW 20% larger
       brain pans sized NOT deformed  OR MAL formed cone heads!
       [quote]It gets worse[/quote]
       IT SURE DOES. At this point he goes for the jugular to make sure
       the reader is left with a VERY bad taste in his mouth for the
       researchers. And it's all based on focusing almost exclusively
       on the Homo sapiens cone head deformation (with some "star
       child" fun thrown in to help the ridicule along
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714191329.bmp).
       [quote]I am surprised that a geneticist would make this
       statement[/quote]
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714191329.bmp
       MORE innuendo.  ::)
       [quote]Now, this statement troubles me.[/quote]
       [quote]Well, our anonymous geneticist goes on to classify Sample
       3A as “a new human-like creature”.[/quote]
       NOW the geneticist is taking the reader for a ride too? Never
       fear, our bold author will straighten it all out for you and
       then humbly claim he finds the conduct and announcements of the
       geneticist to be "curious"...
       WHO THE FUCK IS THIS GUY WRITING THIS CRAP?
       The OBVIOUS mocking, stuffed shirt tone in this next paragraph
       is something that, along with all those nice big words, Ashvin
       swallowed hook, line and sinker.
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714183312.bmp
       [quote]So it''s not actually unrelated to the rest of the animal
       kingdom. That''s a relief.
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714191329.bmp<br
       /> However, it’s “very distant from Homo sapiens, Neanderthals a
       nd
       Denisovans”, whatever that is supposed to mean. Neanderthals
       (Homo neanderthalensis) and Denisovans (exact species not yet
       determined, although members of the genus Homo) are extinct
       homini[s]n[/s]ds whose distribution was restricted to Europe and
       western Asia: one would not expect to find them in South
       America. If the mtDNA of Sample 3A really is “very distant from
       Homo sapiens”, the only homini[s]n[/s]d so far known from the
       New World, does this mean that the geneticist considers it to be
       another species within the genus Homo or a member of an entirely
       separate genus. This is something I would expect them to give an
       opinion on and I find it curious that they apparently
       :icon_scratch: have not.
       What is even more curious is the statement that “I am not sure
       it will even fit into the known evolutionary tree”. This is
       worryingly ambiguous and can be taken in two ways. It might mean
       that Sample 3A derives from a species whose position in the
       homini[s]n[/s]din lineage cannot yet be determined, but which
       might one day. I suspect that this is not the intended meaning
       though. Given the thrust of the rest of the statement, I suspect
       that it is meant to imply that the mtDNA belongs to a species
       entirely outside the homini[s]n[/s]d
  HTML http://www.desismileys.com/smileys/desismileys_6869.gif
       lineage.
       In other words, it's leaving open the possibility that we should
       regard the sample as deriving from an alien. There does not
       appear to be any consideration given to the likelihood that the
       odd features of the mtDNA recovered are not “mutations unknown
       in any human, primate or animal” but a result of contamination
       (after all, the skulls were excavated in the 1920s and we do not
       know the conditions under which they have been stored, how much
       they have been handled, whether any procedures have been used to
       stabilize them and so on) or errors in the laboratory[/quote]
       Get it? Question Darwin and you are whacko! The FACT that it is
       unrelated to a common sample of DNA MEANS more research is
       required, NOT that it is ALIEN, like the author tries to assume
       is the ONLY intent of the geneticist. And the old
       "contamination" TRICK is par for the course when a new finding
       contradicts the consensus (see Mary Shweitzer).  ;)
       The author does NOT ask for more testing but, in fact, continues
       to state, with his constant fecal flow of words like "curious,
       worrying, and so on" that science is being corrupted and this is
       all carnival Ripley's Believe it or Not baloney.
  HTML http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TzWpwHzCvCI/T_sBEnhCCpI/AAAAAAAAME8/IsLpuU8HYxc/s1600/nooo-way-smiley.gif
       At the end, and quite conveniently, he IGNORES the FACT that
       widely dispersed human ancient primitive cultures practiced head
       boarding to distinguish their LEADERS.
       He TOTALLY shit canned the "so far, so good" part of this
       article that DOVETAILS with the high status of cone heads in
       their societies, NOT just in Paracas. WHY? Because that was put
       there to adopt a guise of objectivity that the author lacks.
       [quote]... best South American textiles ever found.
       ... quality of their grave gifts suggests that they were of high
       status
       Comparisons have also been made between the later Paracas
       textiles and those of the Nasca Culture, suggesting another
       relationship.
       It is generally accepted that the Nasca culture derives from the
       Paracas Necropolis Culture.
       [/quote]
       The stuff about what is "known" and what is not "known" about
       the Paracas cultures is irrelevant filler thrown in to confuse
       the issue.
       The issue is the skulls.
       [quote]
       Altering the shape of the skull also alters its
       [color=red]volume  ;), despite Foerster’s claim that it does not
       [edited 19.2.2014 by KJF-M].
       Although small variations away from normal volume can be
       produced,[/color] they are not significant; however, while
       Foerster claims that the capacity of the skulls is too great for
       Homo sapiens, this is not the case: the Paracas skulls have an
       average capacity of 1600 cm3 and the human range is up to 1800
       cm3 and they therefore fall well within the normal distribution
       range.[/quote]
       The above is the MOTHER LODE of duplicity. WHY?
       Because MOST of the Paracas skulls are cranial deformations of
       Homo sapiens! (see any discussion of AVERAGE wealth in the
       USA!). "Well within capacity of 1600 cm[sup]3[/sup]" is true of
       them on the AVERAGE.
       But the ones that are NOT cranially deformed, and have what he
       claims is a "primitive" bone structure, have a  20% larger brain
       pan AND denser bone RIGHT NEXT to Homo sapiens cranially
       deformed cone heads that DO fit the normal brain pan range. This
       is typical doubletalk. He flat REFUSES to separate the
       "primitive" LOL! skulls from the others. He will NOT GO TO THE
       "it's another species" route, PERIOD!. How fucking convenient!
       He even threw BIGFOOT in at the end, LOL!
       The finishing touches of "Nobody believes this guy. He's hurting
       for cash" and so on are really low class.
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       [quote]In summary, this is a non-story.
  HTML http://www.desismileys.com/smileys/desismileys_6961.gif
       [img
       width=40
       height=40]
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-291014182422.png[/img]<br
       /> [img width=40
       height=40]
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-051113192052.png[/img]<br
       />
       There is nothing at all unusual  ::) about the population of the
       Paracas Necropolis Culture, apart from the extreme nature of the
       head-binding they practiced.
  HTML http://www.u.arizona.edu/~patricia/cute-collection/smileys/lying-smiley.gif<br
       />
       DNA or no DNA, they are fully human:
  HTML http://www.coh2.org/images/Smileys/huhsign.gif
       every aspect of
       their skulls can be explained in terms of genetics (such as the
       large wormian bone)
  HTML http://www.desismileys.com/smileys/desismileys_2932.gif
       and
       culture (such as the cranial deformation).
  HTML http://www.desismileys.com/smileys/desismileys_2932.gif
       Any
       statements to the contrary contain a mixture of deliberate
       deception, ignorance of anthropology, lack of archaeological
       knowledge and jumping to wild conclusions using “sketchy” data.
       They are not evidence for aliens
  HTML http://www.desismileys.com/smileys/desismileys_0293.gif
       or an
       otherwise unknown hominin species.
  HTML http://www.u.arizona.edu/~patricia/cute-collection/smileys/lying-smiley.gif<br
       />
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714191329.bmp<br
       />;)[/quote]
       Who taught this guy to spell hominid with an "N" at the end?
       :icon_mrgreen: I know, I'm being picky but, hey ,we ARE talking
       about human skulls and this guy claims to know is anthropology
       science, does he not?
       Ashvin,
       I already discussed the difference between cranial DEformation
       (rope or board cranial plate growth forcing)and cranial
       MALformation (genetic but still Homo sapiens) as well as the
       NON-rope or board cranial formation unrelated to MAL (genetic)
       formation. The artcle ignores the third, and most significant
       evidence.
       Often in the Deformed cone head skulls (but not always),
       trepanation (making a small hole in the skull) was done because
       of pain from the cranial plates forced to grow in this fashion.
       It has already been CLEARLY evidenced that MOST of the Paracas
       skulls are cranial DEformations with IDENTICAL sized brain pans
       to Homo Sapiens. MALformations are not evidenced there. Genetic
       MALformations of the cranium, according to dysmorphologist M.D.s
       that study cranial formation, always produce asymmetric skull
       plates (one side is shaped noticably different hat the other
       side). However, a small percentage (No Ashvin, not just ONE of
       them - there are several) have 20% GREATER brain pan size that
       Homo sapiens.
       DEformed or MALformed skulls DO NOT have any appreciable
       increase in brain pan size OR skull weight. Your article pulls
       the old "average" skull capacity BULLSHIT to bypass the unique,
       un-Deformed craniums.
       I do my homework. I consult medical science and mainstream
       archeology BEFORE I present the possible speciation evidenced by
       these other skulls. Whether they are or aren't ET is NOT the
       issue in regard to the skulls themselves. The ISSUE is whether
       they are a different hominid species.
       IF they are a different hominid species, then, and only then,
       can we ask further questions about the FACTS, as established by
       our credentialed historians and archeologists, that:
       1) Widely diverse "primitive" cultures (separated by oceans
       before transatlantic travel) practiced cranial deformation for
       tribal leaders. NO other practice like neck expanding, ear lobe
       enlarging, teeth sharpening, and so on, was practiced in widely
       diverse cultures. So please spare me the "primitives do weird
       things to distinguish their leaders" business. Yes, they do. BUT
       not on a worldwide basis UNLESS it was cranial deformation.
       2) Wherever they were, they were leaders in the community as
       evidenced by funeral garb.
       We CANNOT logically proceed to the next question until, or if,
       it is confirmed that the 20% greater brain pan sized (and higher
       bone density as well) cone heads (NOT DEformed and NOT
       genetically Malformed - they are symmetrical and show no signs
       of trepanation or cranial plate forcing distortions) is the
       product of hominid speciation.
       THIS IS THE NEXT QUESTION THAT IS MOOT until all the above is
       confirmed:
       Is their any evidence that they were ETs such as, but not
       limited to, written records, ancient schematics, knowledge of
       astronomy, a recovered flying saucer or part of one in a dig or
       high tech artifacts such as machines?
       These articles with "enter this guy and enter that guy (liar for
       money!  ;)) are not germain when we HAVE skulls to test. FUCK
       the claims, pal! Let's get the DNA evidence for or against
       speciation. The rest is "he said, she said" propaganda used for
       the purpose of increasing the credibility of mainstream
       archeologists poo pooing a claim that calls their methodology
       and scientific integrity in to question while simultaneously
       casting aspersions on a non-credential individual investigating
       the cone heads.
       YOU should NOT CARE, Ashvin, about what people SAY when you have
       skull evidence to analyze. The fact that the overwhelming
       majority of the skulls are BOTH deformed and show evidence of
       trepanation only means that MOST of those people where probably
       Homo Sapiens. Even that must be corroborated by DNA analysis.
       A long article on deforming a skull 101 does not do SHIT to
       address the 20% larger brain pan size. Citing "average size does
       even less! And when that article starts attacking some
       non-credentialed researcher that might or might not be making a
       pile of money on the admittedly wild eyed idea that some of the
       cone heads were ET's, it's CLEAR that the article is a hit piece
       lacking objectivity and should be given circular file treatment.
       I keep trying to get you to focus on the ANOMALOUS evidence. You
       keep trying to point at the portion that is run of the mill to
       establish the case that pecuniary motives of unscrupulous
       researchers "proves" the anomalous evidence is a fabrication. No
       it does not! Only DNA evidence does that. And the author of your
       article is allergic to DNA evidence.
       So, let's stick to, "Are the GENUINE cone heads evidence of
       speciation or not?". Pointing at the money grubbers is a really
       tired tactic. But you give it an amazing amount of importance in
       formulating your conclusions so I will continue to emphasize the
       vacuity of using that possibility as a premise spring board to
       disbelieve all claims.
       ARE THE CONE HEADS THAT ARE NEITHER Deformed or Malformed with
       20% greater brain pan size and higher bone density evidence of a
       NON-Homo sapienshominid?
       ONLY DNA analysis will answer THAT! The author of your article
       does not believe there is any evidence of hominid speciation.
       Genetics is how real scientists address the issue of hominid
       speciation:
       [quote]Gorillas are humans' closest living relatives after
       chimpanzees, and are of comparable importance for the study of
       human origins and evolution. Here we present the assembly and
       analysis of a genome sequence for the western lowland gorilla,
       and compare the whole genomes of all extant great ape genera. We
       propose a synthesis of genetic and fossil evidence consistent
       with placing the human-chimpanzee and human-chimpanzee-gorilla
       speciation events at approximately 6 and 10 million years ago.
       In 30% of the genome, gorilla is closer to human or chimpanzee
       than the latter are to each other; this is rarer around coding
       genes, indicating pervasive selection throughout great ape
       evolution, and has functional consequences in gene expression.
       We also compare the western and eastern gorilla species,
       estimating an average sequence divergence time 1.75 million
       years ago, but with evidence for more recent genetic exchange
       and a population bottleneck in the eastern species. [/quote]
  HTML http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22398555
  HTML http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22398555
       In other words, speciation evidence is found ONLY in the DNA.
       But the author of your article says, QUOTE  "DNA or no DNA, they
       are fully human:..." UNQUOTE
       And you believe him.
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714183312.bmp
       The video below is very nuts and bolts.   [img width=60
       height=50]
  HTML http://us.cdn2.123rf.com/168nwm/lenm/lenm1201/lenm120100200/12107060-illustration-of-a-smiley-giving-a-thumbs-up.jpg[/img]<br
       />It's only 21 minutes and covers all the bases NOT covered in t
       he
       article Ashvin posted.
       Outside of his hair style  :P (which is not conducive to the
       awarding of Nobel Prizes  :icon_mrgreen:), I feel the speaker is
       credible, honest and forthcoming about what he can prove and
       what he cannot prove. The interviewer asks the right questions.
       enjoy.
  HTML http://www.freesmileys.org/emoticons/tuzki-bunnys/tuzki-bunny-emoticon-032.gif
  HTML https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3jXqzp716A&feature=player_embedded
       #Post#: 2654--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Lost Cities and Civilizations
       By: AGelbert Date: February 9, 2015, 12:07 am
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       I have been pondering the following question:
       If I was an Egyptian 5,000 years ago and I wanted to make a
       stone surface really, really flat, how would I go about it?
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714191404.bmp
       Well, let's see now, what is the flattest surface I have ever
       seen in my life in the land of the Nile (no jokes, ya hear? This
       is serious business! I'm trying to do some high tech stuff with
       low tech hand jobs - Wipe that smile off your face!
  HTML http://www.desismileys.com/smileys/desismileys_6869.gif
       ;D).
       Flat tires? NOPE, they didn't have tires. Flat women? NOPE, the
       human anatomy can be subject to certain bits of low class humor
       but it is, according to Stephen Hawking, definitely not
       macroscopically flat, never mind near microscopically flat.
       Therefore being flat-assed broke is not applicable to this bit
       of scientific inquiry. And when I knocked my stone cutting
       supervisor flat, he still made a lumpy appearance laying on the
       ground.
       :
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714183312.bmp
       You see, we had a bit of a discussion about "flatness".
  HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/3ztzsjm.gif
       He said my work is
       not flat enough for Pharaoh standards. He said a lot more than
       that but this is PG discussion.  ;)
       The altercation aside, what my stupidvisor did was pour some
       water on the workpiece I am putting my heart, soul and most of
       the copper and sand in Egypt into! That water did NOT run off my
       workpiece.
  HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/8.gif
       I stared at
       the stupidvisor and told him, this is flat!
  HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/301.gif
       HE smirked and went over to three nondescript areas of my piece
       and said, NOPE! Those areas were slightly drier than the rest of
       the piece.  :(  :P He said the water must look the SAME over the
       entire piece without running off at minimum thickness or I may
       find myself in the salt mines soon where high caliber precision
       is not required...
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714191329.bmp
       I let him have it. POW, right in the kisser! It's a good thing
       he is my sister's half cousin or I would be Nile crock food
       right now.   8)
       After I apologized and promised to work on the slight
       imperfections, he took out his hair measuring gizmo and showed
       me some places in the stone where there were depressions in the
       water a few hairs DEEPER than the acceptable Pharaoh stone
       flatness standard.  :P
       That means I have to work the WHOLE PIECE down to those levels.
       
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       />
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       />That means another two months to get this 43 cubit rock up to
       snuff instead of a few days. And never mind the amount of copper
       I need for THAT!
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       My stupidvisor did not smirk again but he did say all my lunch
       breaks were cancelled until I got these 43 cubits by 14 cubits
       exactly RIGHT!
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       GROAN!
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       Egypt sucks! I'm going to the twenty first century and pretend
       this never happened!
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       />i]
       The point of the above thought exercise is to try to think like
       an ancient Egyptian. The flattest thing they ever saw in their
       entire lives was the surface of water in a pool with no wind.
       That IS pretty flat. Is it microscopically flat? I'll let you
       know when I do some research. Of course, they had ICE in those
       days too. BUT NOT IN EGYPT unless the climate was much different
       han it is now:
       [quote]
       Climate of Egypt
       From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
       Egypt essentially has a hot desert climate (Köppen climate
       classification BWh). The climate is generally extremely dry all
       over the country except on the northern Mediterranean coast
       which receives more rainfall in winter. In addition to rarity of
       rain, extreme heat during summer months is also a general
       climate feature of Egypt although daytime temperature are
       obviously more moderated along the northern coast.
       The prevailing winds from the Mediterranean Sea continuously
       blow over the northern coast without the interposition of an
       eventual mountain range and thus, greatly moderate temperatures
       throughout the year. Because of this effect, averages low
       temperature vary from 9.5 °C (49.1 °F) during wintertime to 23
       °C (73.4 °F) to summertime and averages high temperatures vary
       from 17 °C (62.6 °F) during wintertime to 32 °C (89.6 °F) in
       summertime.[/quote]
  HTML http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt
  HTML http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_Egypt
       So only some wild dudes that went in reed boat ships to colder
       places had ever seen ice. And when they DID see it, it was
       moving around a lot.  :emthdown:
       There are a few rocks, like flag stones, that naturally split
       into fairly flat surfaces. Perhaps the Egyptian craftsmen had
       seen flagstones. But flagstones are okay to walk on put they
       crap compared with Egyptian workpieces. Nevertheless, the
       ancients had a THING fro making their stone cut surfaces
       extremely flat. That certainly makes sense if you are going pile
       one on top of the other and wish to get a building or pyramid
       that doesn't resemble a drunken sailor.
       Assuming (now I'm getting in trouble here for sure.
       :icon_mrgreen:) that the REASON the ancient wanted their work to
       have a flat surface was because they wanted to put other pieces
       on top, then there would be no need to make the SIDES equally as
       flat, right? Wrong?
       Sure, aesthetically, a nice long rectangular solid is more
       pleasing than one with wavy walls but this is something that is
       important in analyzing what they did and why they did it.
       We know they OBVIOUSLY quarried the stones. We know where the
       quarry is (about 500 miles from the main monuments to this that
       and the other [s]ET[/s] ;D  giant gods that preferred sitting to
       standing - AHA! Scientific proof that the Egyptians were pretty
       laid back. Settle down Ashvin, I'm kidding!  ;)).
       Now if they used the handy dandy hair meter I invented ex nihilo
       in my quest to come up with a LOW TECH device they could have
       had back then to measure flatness, they needed to combine it
       with the molecular adhesive quality of water to create a thin
       film over a flat surface.[i] No, they didn't need to understand
       molecules to know water is rather flat and, if it doesn't run,
       the surface it is on is really flat.
       Water, because of its hydrogen bonds, WILL try to go "uphill"
       with the surface because it is attracted to itself. However, it
       will thin out somewhat (water is VERY elastic - I know this
       because I have studied tree transpiration - water in the
       tracheal capillaries of a tree can be stretched to 1/26th or so
       of it's normal density AS LONG as the vacuum holds inside the
       tree - That's how it climbs up to the leaves from the roots -
       Test on Monday.
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       />. A craftsman with a good eye will see the water thinned out i
       n
       some areas and, with a hair gage, could find depressions that
       the human eye could not detect. Yes, the "hair" gage would have
       to be treated with a hydrophobic substance (a bit of olive oil
       might do it!) to keep the water molecules from climbing up the
       gage and ruining the reading, so to speak.
       But once they got the TOP surface so flat that they needed to
       attack Cyprus (the copper mining mecca of that time period)
       because they were going through the copper stash like there was
       no tomorrow, they would HAVE to rotate the workpiece so all four
       sides, one at a time, became the TOP for flattening.
       Well Doomers, do you think this would work? Has anybody done the
       math on the amount of copper and sand they need to do what they
       did? Everyone knows sand is abrasive. It is abrasive BECAUSE it
       has some very hard rocks in it. Yes, it has soft rocks that wear
       away too but THOSE aren't the ones that make sand do what it
       does. If you don't believe me but talcum powder on your sand
       paper.
       Stocks' hypothesis is that there was enough copper, combined
       with the aid of sand abrasives, to do all this by hand. With the
       water technique I dreamed up, perhaps it is possible IF hey had
       enough copper and IF they had enough man power NOT tied up in
       growing food or whipping the slaves into shape. Egypt was NOT
       exactly a "life of leisure" for anybody but the Pharaoh (and the
       "priesthood" of course - those guys always have an angle
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       />
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       />).
       The biggest elephant in the Stocks hypothesis (he alleges they
       did it by hand by using copper tools to drill limestone,
       producing rather crude - by ancient Egyptian standards, work. He
       also has not demonstrated successfully that the copper and sand
       technique works on Marble or Granite) is TIME. The time it is
       estimated those monuments took to complete is way too low, in my
       opinion, for the massive amount of product, as evidenced by so
       much expertly cut stone laying around, of many, many flat
       surfaces and circular drilling.
       How long did it take to build these things? That is really
       important. They need skilled craftsmen working quickly for, say,
       a 25 year period with machine tools. They needed perhaps a
       century or more to do it by hand with quite a bit of labor
       dedicated exclusively to this effort. Yes, the monuments were
       apparently built at different times and on different schedules
       so it is a huge bag of worms to try to pin it down.
       I'll get back to you on how flat water adhesion on a flat
       surface can achieve as far as tolerances. If you van get .01 or
       better, that may be how they did it. But I don't have an answer
       to the extremely precise circular drilling and the feed rate
       consistency, the lathe quality work when they weren't supposed
       to have them and for the machine tool marks.
       Eddie, you do a lot of drilling. Help me out here. I made a
       hollow "drill bit" out of some copper tubing to drill some wood
       years ago for a project I was working on (needed a big bit). I
       hacksawed some teeth on it and went to town. It lasted about 3
       days. Harwood eats copper pretty quick.
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       />  I used a power drill. If it had been by hand with some sand,
       maybe I would get more out of it but I do not see how copper can
       work successfully on marble or granite, even if you have an
       unlimited supply from Crete or Cyprus (or whoever they plundered
       to get copper in those days - I'm sure it wasn't free!) to throw
       at it.
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       #Post#: 2659--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Lost Cities and Civilizations
       By: AGelbert Date: February 9, 2015, 2:51 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       [quote]I have no f***ing idea. LOL.
       I do question the efficacy of soft metal cutting instruments on
       hard stone (even with an added abrasive), although I'm no expert
       on quarrying or drilling rocks. It does sound iffy to me. They
       did cut them somehow, with some kind of tech. I'd posit we
       haven't yet considered all the possibilities.
       Even aliens would have had their work cut out for them.[/quote]
       Eddie said, [quote]Even aliens would have had their work cut out
       for them.[/quote]
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       [center]
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       [center][img width=640
       height=360]
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       #Post#: 2662--------------------------------------------------
       Is the surface of water ever &quot;perfectly&quot; flat?
       By: AGelbert Date: February 9, 2015, 6:15 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       Excellent discussion of precision flatness in water and molten
       tin too!
       Full thread is at this link: [img width=75
       height=50]
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  HTML http://forum.allaboutcircuits.com/threads/is-the-surface-of-water-ever-perfectly-flat.105777/
       Strantor
       Is the surface of water ever "perfectly" flat?
       Before anybody goes off on a bent about "perfectly," let me
       explain; No, I'm not an Indian graduate student. When I say
       "perfectly" I mean by a machinist's standards; does it pass the
       test of a surface plate's flatness spec (like accurate to
       .0001").
       I know there's either a concave or convex meniscus at the edge,
       and I know that the surface of the water will follow the
       curvature of the surface of the earth. But what I don't know, is
       if I were able to "freeze" (not as in freeze by cold temperature
       turning it into ice, which would change the size & shape, but
       "freeze" as in magically make it turn instantly solid without
       morphing) a bathtub full of water, would I have a "perfectly"
       flat surface in the middle, say 1" in from the edges? Or would
       it still have some radius (a tigher radius than the earth's
       radius) to it, like it's just the surface of one giant water
       droplet that just happens to be in a bathtub?
       Glenn Holland
       Except for surface tension at the edges and with no motion, the
       surface should be almost flat.
       Other liquids such as molten tin exhibit near flatness and the
       surface can be used as a reference and also a mold for casting
       other flat shapes. s an example, plate glass is made by applying
       molten glass over the surface of molten tin.
       BR-542
       In your bathtub example, in theory, the inside surface area
       would have a curvature to it. It would be slight. The curvature
       would have a radius R, to the center of gravity of the earth.
       You can get damn close with a machined surface to true
       flatness.
       Probably the closest we can get to flatness is.........a
       stretched sheet of graphene.
       MikeML
       Dont forget about the Moon's gravitational attraction.
       BR-542
       Absolutely. The first bathtub curve will be modulation by a
       second and inverse curve with radius r.....to the center of
       gravity of the moon.
       #12
       I once had a conversation with a structural engineer about using
       a water level vs a laser level on a large building. Something
       like 1000 feet and you're out of spec for, "flat" with the water
       level.
       He never answered me. Probably because his daddy was an
       engineer and "forced" him to get a 4 year degree. It worked.
       He's financially secure and can't figure out how structures were
       built before lasers were available.
       Anyway, I did the math to get the 1000 foot number, and you can
       too...if you care enough.
       X^2 Y^2 Radius = 4000 miles etc.
       Do the math and find out how flat bath tub water is!
       Strantor
       Alright I'll take a stab at it, but first, ...
       If you're looking for level, I say, a hose full of water is the
       only thing that's going to give you a true level.
       If you use a bubble level or laser, you're shooting two tangent
       lines out from your position on the face of the earth, into
       space. if you were run your level or laser in either direction
       along that line, as soon as you leave dead center (where you
       took the measurement), you're going to be off by more and more
       ****hairs the further you go out.
       So, having said that, I'll use the Distance to the Horizon
       formula in order to determine the difference between FLAT and
       LEVEL, at 1000ft.
       distance to horizon formula:
       d = 1.22h
       d = distance in miles
       h = height in ft
       Rearrange to solve for h:
       h=d/1.22
       h=0.1894mi/1.22 = 0.15525ft = 1.863"
       Now confirm with Pythagorean theorem:
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-090215193625.png
       A^2+B^2=C^2
       436,957,148,390,400ft2 + 1,000,000ft2 = c^2
       C=20,903,520.02391941642909571014096ft
       C-A = 0.02391941642909571014096ft = 0.287033"
       Big difference there. I suspect the Pythagorean theorem is the
       closer one to correct. What was your number?
       Anyway, same Pythagorean method substituting in my 4ft instead
       of your 1000ft, yields .00000459253" over 4ft. Good enough for
       me ;)
       Agelbert NOTE: Me too! Water is REALLY FLAT!  :o  8) The
       question is, HOW could the ancient Egyptians, who probably were
       quite good at math before Pythagoras (thanks to [s]ET[/s]  ;D
       previous knowledge from maybe the Sumerians), make use of this
       BETTER THAN .001" water flatness precision?
       Water WILL follow rock surface contours to a degree. So, on a
       planed marble surface, it will not be as flat as in a still pool
       of water. But there is a limit to high much it will climb before
       it starts stretching and thinning out.
       I'll get back to you.  [img width=75
       height=50]
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       [img width=600
       height=300]
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       />[img width=30
       height=30]
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       />
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       Man, those [s]ETs[/s] ancient Egyptians were smart "copper"
       using cookies, weren't they
       Ashvin?  ;D
       #Post#: 2663--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Lost Cities and Civilizations
       By: AGelbert Date: February 9, 2015, 10:53 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
  HTML http://extraterrestrialcontact.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/Egyptian-Skulls-Elongated-11175skulls.jpg
       The Egyptians wore funny hats to fool people into thinking they
       had weird, but SYMMETRICAL, upper crust status skulls.  Now
       where have we seen THAT before?
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       />
       But if the top brass really had skulls shaped like that, as the
       EVIDENCE supports (Google it!), and they were NOT  cranial
       deformations or malformations but the result of genetic
       modification, a little knowledge (to put mildly!
  HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/301.gif)
       of transfer DNA in LIFE
       processes might have helped get that result.   [img width=40
       height=40]
  HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-051113192052.png[/img]<br
       />
       The Ankh looks like the Transfer DNA molecule. What better way
       to communicate to posterity that you knew a thing or three about
       GMOing a human?  :icon_mrgreen:
       [img width=640
       height=580]
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       [img width=640
       height=680]
  HTML https://verumetinventa.files.wordpress.com/2014/04/d524a-ankh1.jpg[/img]
       The ankh (/&#712;æ&#331;k/ or /&#712;&#593;&#720;&#331;k/;
       Egyptian: IPA: [&#661;a&#720;nax]; U+2625 &#9765; or U+132F9
       &#78585;), also known as breath of life, the key of the Nile or
       crux ansata (Latin meaning "cross with a handle"), was the
       ancient Egyptian hieroglyphic character that read "life", a
       triliteral sign for the consonants &#42789;-n-&#7723;.
  HTML http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankh
  HTML http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankh
       SNIPPET from a 2005 article:
       U.S. Denies Patent for a Too-Human Hybrid
       by Rick Weiss, Washington Post
       February 13th, 2005
       The decision letter to Newman notes that many people have heart
       valves from pigs. A patent has even issued on the use of baboon
       cells in people to aid in organ transplantation. Those
       procedures, the letter says, "did not convert the human patient
       to a non-human."
       Similarly, mice that have up to 1 percent human brain cells in
       their skulls are clearly mice, said Stanford University
       biologist Irving Weissman, one of the scientists who helped make
       hybrid rodents.
       The tricky part, all agree, is what to do with the middle
       ground. Weissman and others, for example, have talked about
       their desire to make mice whose brains are made entirely of
       human brain cells.
       A preponderance of "H"'s Greely, a professor of law and director
       of Stanford's Center for Law and the Biosciences, said even
       those animals would not seem very human to him. "But a chimp
       brain with human neurons. . . ."
       That's exactly the kind of scenario that makes Rifkin, Newman
       and others want a total ban.
       "If the U.S. Congress and president are not willing to do this
       now, then there is no door that will remain closed to an era of
       commercial eugenics," Rifkin said. "We'll be on our way to that
       brave new world that Aldous Huxley warned us about."
       Leon Kass, chairman of the President's Council on Bioethics,
       agreed that Congress should at least get involved.
       "The patent office is not the place for society to make its
       moral decisions," Kass said.
       Weldon, the Florida representative, said he is interested in
       providing such guidance -- and believes the public would favor
       restrictions.
       "There's instant public revulsion when you start talking with
       the average person about this stuff." For starters, Weldon said,
       "I'd like to ban the creation of human embryos with animal genes
       in them."
       But many scientists fear that Congress is likely to overreact.
       "There are chimeras out there that serve very valuable purposes
       in medical research, such as mice that make human antibodies,"
       said Michael Werner, chief of policy for the Biotechnology
       Industry Organization. "This is sufficiently technical
       scientifically that it should be left to scientific bodies like
       the National Academy of Sciences to decide."  [img width=30
       height=30]
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       />
  HTML http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=1581
  HTML http://www.geneticsandsociety.org/article.php?id=1581
       #Post#: 2665--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Lost Cities and Civilizations
       By: AGelbert Date: February 10, 2015, 2:32 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       [img width=640
       height=480]
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       *****************************************************
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