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#Post#: 4523--------------------------------------------------
Re: The Fabulous Plant Kingdom
By: AGelbert Date: February 17, 2016, 6:05 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
[center][img
width=640]
HTML http://www.bativert.ma/images/image3.jpg[/img][/center]
[center]Richard Evans Schultes (1915-2001) [/center]
Posted on February 17, 2016 by wordpress
[center]
HTML https://youtu.be/V2mUapYBWy8[/center]
]
Richard Evans Schultes (1915-2001) was probably the greatest
explorer of the Amazon, and regarded among anthropologists and
seekers alike as the “father of ethnobotany.”
Taking what was meant to be a short leave from Harvard in 1941,
he surveyed the Amazon basin almost continuously for twelve
years, during which time he lived among two dozen different
Indian tribes, mapped rivers, secretly sought sources of rubber
for the US government during WWII, and collected and classified
30,000 botanical specimens, including 2,000 new medicinal
plants.
During this interview conducted on December 15, 1990, he looked
back on his expeditions to the Amazon.
[center]
HTML https://youtu.be/1lxtn7zbQfw[/center]
This entry was posted in Ethnobotany, Interviews, Medicine,
Mind, Resources, Videos. Bookmark the permalink.
HTML http://plantwisdom.org/richard-evans-schultes-1915-2001/
#Post#: 7103--------------------------------------------------
Re: The Fabulous Plant Kingdom
By: AGelbert Date: May 10, 2017, 8:15 pm
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[center]
HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-210614221509.gif[/center]
[center]What Plants Talk About (Full Documentary) [/center]
[center]
HTML https://youtu.be/CrrSAc-vjG4[/center]
Published on Feb 28, 2014
When we think about plants, we don't often associate a term like
"behavior" with them, but experimental plant ecologist JC Cahill
wants to change that. The University of Alberta professor
maintains that plants do behave and lead anything but solitary
and sedentary lives. What Plants Talk About teaches us all that
plants are smarter and much more interactive than we thought!
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/128fs318181.gif
[img
width=100]
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/earthhug.gif[/img]
#Post#: 7501--------------------------------------------------
Re: The Fabulous Plant Kingdom
By: AGelbert Date: July 16, 2017, 5:12 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
[center][img
width=500]
HTML https://i2.wp.com/www.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/300px-Dionaea_muscipula_closing_trap_animation.gif[/img][/center]
[center]This looks like a plant you don’t want to mess with —
especially if you’re an insect. Image credits: Monika [/center]
Agelbert NOTE: The Venus Flytrap is one of those irreducibly
complex life forms that only survives when ALL of its subsystems
are working perfectly AND the life forms it eats are available.
This is a plant that eats mostly bugs, but isn't particular as
to what it attempts to digest inside its exposed stomachs. ;D
The evolutionist true believers never seem to be concerned with
the alleged "fact" that the prey of this plant apparently
"evolved" millions, if not billions, of years AFTER the plant
did.
If these worshipers of Darwin's atheist fantasies had an ounce
of integrity, they would, either question evolution as a viable
scientific theory, or question the even more thorny issue for
them of the possibility that the "millions and millions of
years" thing doesn't fit with the evidence.
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/290.gif
But, they are not prone to questioning their pet theories. no
matter how irrational.
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/237.gif
[img width=30]
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/245.gif[/img]
Enjoy he article, but always take the "evolution" word, that
seems to be mandatory in most science articles (included to
avoid being attacked for "heresy" against Holy Darwin ;)), with
a hefty grain of salt.
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/128fs318181.gif
[center][img
width=640]
HTML https://i1.wp.com/www.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/venus-flytrap-1531345_960_720.jpg[/img][/center]
[center]Plant Files: The Venus Flytrap[/center]
LAST UPDATED ON JULY 5TH, 2017 AT 8:37 PM BY MIHAI ANDREI
The carnivorous Venus flytrap is one of the most interesting and
bizarre plants in the world. It evolved
HTML http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TzWpwHzCvCI/T_sBEnhCCpI/AAAAAAAAME8/IsLpuU8HYxc/s1600/nooo-way-smiley.gif<br
/>specifically to trap and digest insects, and we only recently
learned just how it does that. Let’s have a look.
Contents
1 What is the Venus flytrap
2 The trap
3 Buy and grow a Venus flytrap
4 Venus flytrap facts
What is the Venus flytrap
The Venus flytrap, or Dionaea muscipula, is a plant native to
the subtropical wetlands on the East Coast of the United States.
Like other carnivorous plants, it developed this way because it
grows in nutrient-poor soil and can’t support itself through
photosynthesis alone. It needed to complement its diet, so it
turned predatory.
HTML http://www.coh2.org/images/Smileys/huhsign.gif
The plant has one leaf which basically turned into a trap, with
two jaws that can shut quickly and strongly, rendering any
insect unfortunate enough to wander into the trap unable to
exit. The insects are then slowly digested and absorbed by the
plant, which
incredibly
HTML http://www.desismileys.com/smileys/desismileys_2932.gif<br
/>, manages to do all this without a nervous system, muscles, or
a
stomach! More on that a bit later.
The plant itself is quite small, so there’s no risk of damage to
larger creatures, though it looks quite intimidating in its own
right. The flytrap can exhibit several variations in shape and
size, but all of them look quite similarly relative to each
other. If you kneel next to one or have a close look, you’ll see
a circular arrangement of four to seven flat green stalks. These
stalks do perform photosynthesis, but that’s not enough to get
the plant going. Even with the extra digested insects, the plant
grows very slowly.
[center]The trap[/center]
[center][img
width=400]
HTML https://i1.wp.com/www.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Venus_Flytrap_showing_trigger_hairs.jpg[/img][/center]
[center]The trap! Notice the small, dark hairs on the inside?
That’s where all the magic happens. Image credits: Noah Elhardt.
[/center]
Without a doubt, the most interesting part about the Venus
flytrap is the trap itself. The trap is a modified leaf: a
hinged midrib, secreting sap to attract insects. Glands on the
leaf also secret enzymes which help digest and absorb nutrients
from the insects. The rims of each lobe flair out in a curved
row of spikes to prevent the prey from escaping. Interestingly,
the spikes are designed in such a way that they permit the
escape of smaller prey. This is likely because there’s not
enough incentive to eat very small insects — there’s just not
enough “meat” to them. In fact, it’s been often documented that
the plant actually releases smaller insects. Since trapping and
digesting are quite taxing processes, it probably doesn’t want
to invest all that effort if the reward is not big enough.
When the plant senses an insect, it shuts down in less than 0.1
seconds — but how does it shut down so fast, and how does it
sense insects in the first place?
The two questions are actually interconnected. The inside of the
trap is lined with a few sensitive hairs, with a bit of distance
between them. If you only touch one of them, like a raindrop
would do, for instance, nothing happens. Even if you touch
several of them but only once (and that’s once every 20
seconds), nothing happens. You need to touch several of them
more than once in 20 seconds (as a scurrying insect would) to
shut the trap.
Agelbert NOTE: Read the full interesting article at the link
below. I apologize for intruding upon your reading at this
point, but, as you noticed ;D, I increased the font size on
that "20 second" plant reaction time frame mentioned above so
you could ponder, at your leisure, the LACK of discussion in the
article as to how such a precise bit of selective GROUP timing
(several hairs have to be stimulated simultaneously for the
thing to work) could "evolve" in one generation of a previously
non-functional predatory mechanism (to avoid the entire species
going extinct from natural selection), never mind a few million
years.
This plant WILL NOT SURVIVE without PRECISE timing DESIGNED to
capture insects BASED on the anatomy, physiology AND BEHAVIOR
under stress, of said insects. The evolutionary true believers
[img width=30]
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/bc3.gif[/img]
just
never want to GO where the science ACTUALLY leads
them.
HTML http://www.desismileys.com/smileys/desismileys_6961.gifhttp://www.pic4ever.com/images/nocomment.gif
[move]THIS IS WHY, NO MATTER HOW MUCH PROOF YOU PRESENT TO THEM,
THEY WILL NOT ACCEPT THAT THEY ARE WRONG:[/move]
[center] [img
width=640]
HTML http://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-160717180543.png[/img][/center]
But at least they are honest about describing what they actually
know about the biochemistry of this plant's predatory behavior.
We must be thankful for small favors. 8)
[quote]So, after an insect touches the trap twice in less than
20 seconds, sensitive hairs on the inside send an electric
signal changing cellular water pressure in the lobes, shutting
down the trap. The plant is then digested, and the trap only
opens to reveal a digested exoskeleton.[/quote]
[img width=75
height=50]
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/reading.gif[/img]
HTML http://www.zmescience.com/science/venus-flytrap/
[quote][center]“This plant, commonly called Venus’ fly-trap, is
one of the most wonderful in the world.” Darwin in
Insectivorous Plants(1875) [/center][/quote]
Darwin loved predators and their "freedom" (in his atheistic
morality free world view) to DO what they DO, which despite much
modern Darwin apologist yammering to the contrary, was what his
"survival of the fittest" meme was REALLY all about
HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-311013201314.png.<br
/>
Darwin had it backwards. Apex predators have since been
recognized to be the LEAST adaptable of species because they
depend on prey species populations that need to be several times
as numerous (and adaptable) as the predators. The apex predators
are the FIRST to die off (as evidenced by the most impacted
species in this Sixth Mass Extinction) when resources are
lacking, making an appropriate and well deserved mockery of
Darwin's theory. [img
width=30]
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/245.gif[/img]
It is ironic that he admired a plant that is a testament to
finely tuned, DESIGNED complexity that only works when prey,
TOTALLY unrelated to the plant's biology, is available. The
amazing BALONEY about a PLANT, "deciding" to turn bug predator
because, uh, the "soil was poor", is an excellent example of
fairy tales pushed as "science" by the Darwinian true believers.
[img
width=60]
HTML http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_9HT4xZyDmh4/TOHhxzA0wLI/AAAAAAAAEUk/oeHDS2cfxWQ/s200/Smiley_Angel_Wings_Halo.jpg[/img]<br
/> [img width=70]
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/gen152.gif[/img]
#Post#: 7504--------------------------------------------------
Re: The Fabulous Plant Kingdom
By: AGelbert Date: July 17, 2017, 12:32 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
[center][img
width=500]
HTML https://i2.wp.com/www.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/300px-Dionaea_muscipula_closing_trap_animation.gif[/img][/center]
[center]This looks like a plant you don’t want to mess with —
especially if you’re an insect. Image credits: Monika [/center]
Agelbert NOTE: The Venus Flytrap is one of those irreducibly
complex life forms that only survives when ALL of its subsystems
are working perfectly AND the life forms it eats are available.
This is a plant that eats mostly bugs, but isn't particular as
to what it attempts to digest inside its exposed stomachs. ;D
The evolutionist true believers never seem to be concerned with
the alleged "fact" that the prey of this plant apparently
"evolved" millions, if not billions, of years AFTER the plant
did.
If these worshipers of Darwin's atheist fantasies had an ounce
of integrity, they would, either question evolution as a viable
scientific theory, or question the even more thorny issue for
them of the possibility that the "millions and millions of
years" thing doesn't fit with the evidence.
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/290.gif
But, they are not prone to questioning their pet theories. no
matter how irrational.
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/237.gif
[img width=30]
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/245.gif[/img]
Enjoy he article, but always take the "evolution" word, that
seems to be mandatory in most science articles (included to
avoid being attacked for "heresy" against Holy Darwin ;)), with
a hefty grain of salt.
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/128fs318181.gif
[center][img
width=640]
HTML https://i1.wp.com/www.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/venus-flytrap-1531345_960_720.jpg[/img][/center]
[center]Plant Files: The Venus Flytrap[/center]
LAST UPDATED ON JULY 5TH, 2017 AT 8:37 PM BY MIHAI ANDREI
The carnivorous Venus flytrap is one of the most interesting and
bizarre plants in the world. It evolved
HTML http://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TzWpwHzCvCI/T_sBEnhCCpI/AAAAAAAAME8/IsLpuU8HYxc/s1600/nooo-way-smiley.gif<br
/>specifically to trap and digest insects, and we only recently
learned just how it does that. Let’s have a look.
Contents
1 What is the Venus flytrap
2 The trap
3 Buy and grow a Venus flytrap
4 Venus flytrap facts
What is the Venus flytrap
The Venus flytrap, or Dionaea muscipula, is a plant native to
the subtropical wetlands on the East Coast of the United States.
Like other carnivorous plants, it developed this way because it
grows in nutrient-poor soil and can’t support itself through
photosynthesis alone. It needed to complement its diet, so it
turned predatory.
HTML http://www.coh2.org/images/Smileys/huhsign.gif
The plant has one leaf which basically turned into a trap, with
two jaws that can shut quickly and strongly, rendering any
insect unfortunate enough to wander into the trap unable to
exit. The insects are then slowly digested and absorbed by the
plant, which
incredibly
HTML http://www.desismileys.com/smileys/desismileys_2932.gif<br
/>, manages to do all this without a nervous system, muscles, or
a
stomach! More on that a bit later.
The plant itself is quite small, so there’s no risk of damage to
larger creatures, though it looks quite intimidating in its own
right. The flytrap can exhibit several variations in shape and
size, but all of them look quite similarly relative to each
other. If you kneel next to one or have a close look, you’ll see
a circular arrangement of four to seven flat green stalks. These
stalks do perform photosynthesis, but that’s not enough to get
the plant going. Even with the extra digested insects, the plant
grows very slowly.
[center]The trap[/center]
[center][img
width=400]
HTML https://i1.wp.com/www.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Venus_Flytrap_showing_trigger_hairs.jpg[/img][/center]
[center]The trap! Notice the small, dark hairs on the inside?
That’s where all the magic happens. Image credits: Noah Elhardt.
[/center]
Without a doubt, the most interesting part about the Venus
flytrap is the trap itself. The trap is a modified leaf: a
hinged midrib, secreting sap to attract insects. Glands on the
leaf also secret enzymes which help digest and absorb nutrients
from the insects. The rims of each lobe flair out in a curved
row of spikes to prevent the prey from escaping. Interestingly,
the spikes are designed in such a way that they permit the
escape of smaller prey. This is likely because there’s not
enough incentive to eat very small insects — there’s just not
enough “meat” to them. In fact, it’s been often documented that
the plant actually releases smaller insects. Since trapping and
digesting are quite taxing processes, it probably doesn’t want
to invest all that effort if the reward is not big enough.
When the plant senses an insect, it shuts down in less than 0.1
seconds — but how does it shut down so fast, and how does it
sense insects in the first place?
The two questions are actually interconnected. The inside of the
trap is lined with a few sensitive hairs, with a bit of distance
between them. If you only touch one of them, like a raindrop
would do, for instance, nothing happens. Even if you touch
several of them but only once (and that’s once every 20
seconds), nothing happens. You need to touch several of them
more than once in 20 seconds (as a scurrying insect would) to
shut the trap.
Agelbert NOTE: Read the full interesting article at the link
below. I apologize for intruding upon your reading at this
point, but, as you noticed ;D, I increased the font size on
that "20 second" plant reaction time frame mentioned above so
you could ponder, at your leisure, the LACK of discussion in the
article as to how such a precise bit of selective GROUP timing
(several hairs have to be stimulated simultaneously for the
thing to work) could "evolve" in one generation of a previously
non-functional predatory mechanism (to avoid the entire species
going extinct from natural selection), never mind a few million
years.
This plant WILL NOT SURVIVE without PRECISE timing DESIGNED to
capture insects BASED on the anatomy, physiology AND BEHAVIOR
under stress, of said insects. The evolutionary true believers
[img width=30]
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/bc3.gif[/img]
just
never want to GO where the science ACTUALLY leads
them.
HTML http://www.desismileys.com/smileys/desismileys_6961.gifhttp://www.pic4ever.com/images/nocomment.gif
[move]THIS IS WHY, NO MATTER HOW MUCH PROOF YOU PRESENT TO THEM,
THEY WILL NOT ACCEPT THAT THEY ARE WRONG:[/move]
[center] [img
width=640]
HTML http://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-160717180543.png[/img][/center]
But at least they are honest about describing what they actually
know about the biochemistry of this plant's predatory behavior.
We must be thankful for small favors. 8)
[img width=75
height=50]
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/reading.gif[/img]
HTML http://www.zmescience.com/science/venus-flytrap/
HTML http://www.zmescience.com/science/venus-flytrap/
Darwin loved predators and their "freedom" (in his atheistic
morality free world view) to DO what they DO, which despite much
modern Darwin apologist yammering to the contrary, was what his
"survival of the fittest" meme was REALLY all about
HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-311013201314.png.<br
/>
Darwin had it backwards. Apex predators have since been
recognized to be the LEAST adaptable of species because they
depend on prey species populations that need to be several times
as numerous (and adaptable) as the predators. The apex predators
are the FIRST to die off (as evidenced by the most impacted
species in this Sixth Mass Extinction) when resources are
lacking, making an appropriate and well deserved mockery of
Darwin's theory. [img
width=30]
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/245.gif[/img]
It is ironic that he admired a plant that is a testament to
finely tuned, DESIGNED complexity that only works when prey,
TOTALLY unrelated to the plant's biology, is available. The
amazing BALONEY about a PLANT, "deciding" to turn bug predator
because, uh, the "soil was poor", is an excellent example of
fairy tales pushed as "science" by the Darwinian true believers.
[img
width=60]
HTML http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_9HT4xZyDmh4/TOHhxzA0wLI/AAAAAAAAEUk/oeHDS2cfxWQ/s200/Smiley_Angel_Wings_Halo.jpg[/img]<br
/> [img width=70]
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/gen152.gif[/img]
[quote author=Palloy2 link=topic=9975.msg134976#msg134976
date=1500266213]
This is another try by AG to prove God exists, rfering to the
Venus flytrap;
[quote]AG: This plant WILL NOT SURVIVE without PRECISE timing
DESIGNED to capture insects BASED on the anatomy, physiology AND
BEHAVIOR under stress, of said insects. [/quote]
Evidence ?
[size=10pt]The whole point is Darwinian Evolution proceeds thru
a series of small variations [img
width=30]
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/ugly004.gif[/img]
, each
one being selected by the survival filter in a war of
competition with the insects. So Botanists know how the
trigering mechanism works - by hydraulic pressure. Look it up.
The digestive juices part is very simple - any strong enough
acid will digest an insect. Eating of insects by plants has
evolved many times in different lineages. [img
width=70]
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/ugly004.gif[/img]
This is a photo of Drosera spathulata, growing on the edge of my
driveway:[/size]
[center]
HTML https://doomsteaddiner.net/palloy/images/drosera.spathulata.2.jpg
[/center]
It doesn't cage the insect at all but merely catches it in a
sticky secretion. The leaves then very slowly fold over it,
again by hydraulic pressure. The plants don't have to "think'
about evolving, they just do what their DNA says to do, and then
allow selection to decide.
As for the insects not having evolved yet for millions of years,
what is your evidence for that? It is just an unsubstantiated
(and wrong) statement.
[quote]
HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(biology)
HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(biology)
The main Divisions of land plants, in the order in which they
probably evolved, are the Marchantiophyta (liverworts),
Anthocerotophyta (hornworts), Bryophyta (mosses), Filicophyta
(ferns), Sphenophyta (horsetails), Cycadophyta (cycads),
Ginkgophyta (ginkgo)s, Pinophyta (conifers), Gnetophyta
(gnetophytes), and the Magnoliophyta (Angiosperms, flowering
plants). The flowering plants now dominate terrestrial
ecosystems, comprising 80% of vascular plant species.[/quote]
The Ginko is the only living species in the division
Ginkgophyta, all others being extinct.
[/quote]
How interesting that you mention the Ginko. I'll get to that in
a minute. [img
width=30]
HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-280515145049.png[/img]<br
/>[img
width=30]
HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-051113192052.png[/img]<br
/>
Evidence of extinct life forms is not now, or ever was, proof of
anything except that said life forms are extinct, period. The
ones that survived are still here. End of story.
Here's one, that you just happened to mention in passing ;),
that the plant eating dinosaurs, while they were being bitten by
mosquitoes (identical to the ones that sting us today) and
buzzed by over sized dragonflies (but otherwise IDENTICAL to
modern dragonflies) must have enjoyed. They are using the
fossils to determine Carbon Dioxide content in ancient
atmospheres when the earth had no ice caps. ;D
How did they do it? ??? They found "200 million year old"
fossils of a plant called a Ginko, that did NOT "evolve" AT ALL
;D, all the way to the present (leaf structure is identical to
modern Ginko leaves).
[center][img
width=320]
HTML https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Ginkgo_biloba_MacAbee_BC.jpg[/img][img<br
/>width=320]
HTML https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/x/ginkgo-leaf-5470640.jpg[/img][/center]
[center]Permian Ginko leaf fossil on left - Modern Ginko Leaf
on right Scientists are counting pores to determine atmospheric
CO[sub]2[/sub] content[/center]
I took Botany and Zoology in college, so please skip the
lectures. Angiosperms are supposed to have "evolved" after
gymnosperms (translated as naked seeds).8) There is now abundant
evidence this is NOT so. Your use of the word "probably" is
appropriately placed because you are dealing with speculation,
not empirical evidence. So, until you provide me evidence that
the Venus Flytrap did NOT exist at the same time the gymnosperms
did, your argument cannot go beyond the "probably" stage.
But that is just part of the problem you have. Your main
difficulty is that, according to your "no creator" Procrustean
Bed ideology, EVERYTHING that lives must have reached whatever
position it happens to have in the biosphere by mere chance.
THAT is why you require millions and millions of years to lift a
predatory finger to eat an ant.
HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714191258.bmp
The idea of design in nature gives you hives. ;D I understand,
gaspadine. You don't DO God so you need a plausible replacement.
Your hero Darwin would be embarrassed to see how his loyal
ideologues in modern times turn verbal pretzel cartwheels to
avoid admitting irreducible complexity exists AND/OR that
irreducible complexity equals design.
There is ZERO evidence that insects "evolved" (the yaba-daba-do
about "primitive wasps, mosquitoes, ants and so on is ENTIRELY
speculative because the "transition" fossils for insects ARE NOT
THERE, though a straw grasping example of fossils they CLAIM are
"transition" bugs, though few and far between, are trotted out
as "proof"
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/ugly004.gif),
but
ample evidence that plants were here long before they were. Look
it up. Even the evolutionist true believers agree on that basic
bit of scientific knowledge of paleo flora and fauna, which you
apparently lack.
As for your assertion about plants not needing to think, that's
irrelevant. Of course they DO what their DNA tells them to. BUT
your "they got there gradually" (over millions and millions of
year, according to you)
assertion, which interestingly avoids discussion of the 20
second group effect to trigger a less than one second rapid
closure, it is mere speculation without a shred of evidence.
Spare the "convergent evolution" hypothesis. There is ZERO
evidence for that too. It's just a verbal fig leaf to explain
too nonrandom unrelated species cooperation.
But if you want to tack about "evolutionary advantages", which
require you to believe the fantasy that they come about randomly
and, of course :evil4:, gradually (see: millions of years
needed to statistically fit the "random success" meme ;))
through "successful" mutations, then you really aught to study
the woodpecker. Yes, I'm sure the woodpecker cranium and bone
tissue will bore you to tears, but it, like the Venus Flytrap
system, requires everything to work, or nothing does.
You see, gaspadine, the woodpecker COULD NOT SURVIVE a single
generation if it could not sense the location of a particular
insect under the bark of a certain type of tree. That ability
is, also, totally unrelated to it's beak and head anatomy and
physiology, yet functions, in conjunction with the woodpecker
neck muscles, eye design (UNIQUELY formed so they don't pop out
from the G forces, as they would in any other animal but a
woodpecker), and cranial bone strength as an irreducibly complex
system for the purpose of successful predation. The bug that the
woodpecker craves just happens to live under some rather hard
bark. To hole that bark in search of that bug requires a a beak
attached to a head that can impact said bark at several g-forces
(that no other living creature but the woodpecker can survive
;D).
But I understand your reluctance to take absolutely anything I
say seriously (see below). No matter the mount of reasonable and
logical arguments I make and no matter how much empirical
evidence I present to you that makes a mockery of the theory of
evolution, you will claim my argument is flawed. And that's when
you are in a good mood. Normally you just go out of your way to
deride, ridicule, disdain and generally ad hominem the messenger
instead of admitting you are the one that is NOT providing a
shred of evidence for your Darwinian atheist IDEOLOGY.
[center] [img
width=640]
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#Post#: 7506--------------------------------------------------
Re: The Fabulous Plant Kingdom
By: AGelbert Date: July 17, 2017, 4:24 pm
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width=400]
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[center]The Venus Flytrap: A Major Enigma for Evolution
;D[/center]
December 2, 2014
[quote]Among the wonders of the natural world are plants that
eat animals, and the best known example is the Venus flytrap
Dionaea muscipula. In Charles Darwin’s book on insectivorous
plants, he described the plant and its ingenious design in great
detail, but did not offer even a clue about its possible
evolution (Darwin, 1896, pp. 286-320). He even called the plant
“one of the most wonderful plants in the world” (p. 286).
This carnivorous plant is found growing in peaty sandy soil
mainly in one small place, the extreme far east coast of North
Carolina (Schnell, 2003, p. 85). It catches its prey, mostly
ants, beetles, spiders and other crawling arachnids, with a
complex, well designed, mitt-shaped trapping mechanism located
at the terminal portion of the plant’s leaf (Ellison, 2006;
Ellison and Gotelli, 2009).
The trap is triggered by tiny hairs on the mitt’s surface. When
an insect or spider brushes against one of its six hairs, the
trap closes, but normally only if a different hair is contacted
within twenty to forty seconds of the first one (Schnell, 2003,
p. 90). The redundant triggering requirement serves as a
safeguard against wasting energy due to closing from stimuli
such as rain, dust or wind. Truly, this is a finely tuned
system.
The Trapping Mechanism
The Venus flytrap is one of a small group of plants capable of
rapid response to stimuli, including the legume Mimosa
(sensitive plant) which folds its compound leaves inward in
response to touch , the legume Desmodium motorium (telegraph
plant) which moves small lateral leaflets in order to sample the
sun’s intensity so that an associated large leaf can orient
itself in the best light, Drosera (sundews) which catch insects
with sticky fluid and then bends projecting tentacles around the
prey to hold it fast and digest it, and Utricularia
(bladderworts) which develop tiny bladders under water. When
attached trigger hairs are brushed by a tiny aquatic animal, a
trap door swings up and the victim is sucked in by the vacuum in
the interior cavity. The trap door snaps shut and the victim is
digested.
The trap closing mechanism in Venus flytrap involves a complex
interaction between elasticity, turgor, and growth. To help
attract prey, the plant’s flytrap secretes sugars and other
attractants. In the open, un-tripped state, the trap lobes are
convex (bent outwards) but concave (bent inwards) in the closed
state, forming a small cavity (Williams, 2002). The complex
mechanism and biochemistry used to trigger the rapid
closing—about a tenth of a second—is still poorly understood
(Sarfati, 2007).
It is known that when the trigger hairs are stimulated, an
action potential, mostly involving calcium ions, is generated.
A threshold of ion buildup is required for the Venus flytrap to
react (Ueda, 2010). To cause rapid closure of their trap walls
hydrogen ions are moved into the individual cells, lowering the
pH. This causes them to swell rapidly by allowing water to flow
into the cells, which changes the trap lobe’s shape, resulting
in the trap’s closure.
One extensive Harvard University study of the trapping mechanism
concluded the question that motivated Darwin’s life work, namely
how did the mechanism evolve, is still unresolved. The study
documented that these plants are nature’s ultimate hydraulic
engineers (Forterre, et. al, 2005, p. 421).
Proposed Evolutionary History
The carnivorous diet, a very specialized form of feeding, is
used by only a very few plant kinds living in soil poor in
nutrients. Evolutionists theorize that their carnivorous traps
evolved to allow these organisms to survive in harsh
environments. The “snap trap” mechanism characteristic of Venus
flytrap is shared with only one other carnivorous plant genus,
the aquatic and unusual Aldrovanda, a relationship thought by
evolutionists to be due to convergent evolution. Another
proposal is that both Venus flytrap and Aldrovanda snap traps
evolved from a flypaper trap similar to the living Drosera
regia.
The model proposes that plant snap-traps evolved from the
flypaper traps driven by natural selection for larger prey size,
thereby providing the plant with more nutrients. The problem is
that large insects can more easily escape the sticky mucilage of
flypaper traps. Evolution of the snap-trap mechanism would
prevent both escape and kleptoparasitism, theft of captured prey
from the plant before it can derive benefits from it. It would
also permit a more complete digestion (Gibson and Waller, 2009).
Faster closing allows less reliance on the flypaper model, thus
larger insects, instead of flying to the trap, usually walk over
to the traps, and are more likely to break free from sticky
glands. Therefore, a plant with wider leaves, like Drosera
falconeri, is theorized to have evolved a trap design that
maximizes its chance of capturing and retaining such prey. Once
adequately “wrapped,” escape is far more difficult.
Ultimately, the plant relied more in closing around the insect
rather than using stickiness. Thus something like sundew might
eventually lose its original function altogether, and in so
doing develop the trap “teeth” and trigger hairs, which
evolutionists claim are examples of natural selection hijacking
pre-existing structures for new functions. At some point in its
evolutionary history, the plant would have to develop the
complex digestive gland system inside the trap, rather than
using dew on the stalks for this purpose, further
differentiating it from the Drosera genus.
The theory that Venus flytrap evolved from an ancestral
carnivorous plant that used a sticky trap instead of a snap trap
seems logical, but is not based on evidence. The theory is the
sticky leaf traps consume many smaller, aerial insects, and the
Venus flytrap consumes a few larger terrestrial bugs, which then
allow it to extract more nutrients from these larger bugs. The
claim is this gives Dionaea an advantage over their ancestral
sticky trap form (Gibson and Waller, 2009). The problem with
this theory is that both plants survive quite well, and both
obtain close to the same total amount of needed nutrients.
Another problem is the plant would have to, not only evolve the
trapping mechanism, but also would have to completely redesign
the flypaper system, including loss of the complex adhesive used
to trap the insects.
Some molecular evidence indicates a close relationship between
snap traps and fly-paper traps (Cameron, et al., 2002, p. 1503).
However, evaluation of a few genes, as used in this study, tells
us very little about evolutionary relationships. Scores of genes
are normally regulated as a set to produce a trait, requiring
both comparisons of hundreds of genes as well as comparisons of
many plants. This entire account is a just-so story which is not
based on fossil or other evidence. The split second nature of
the trapping method is too precise to have developed
spontaneously.
The major difficulty for evolution is the trap system would not
allow for obtaining food until all of the essential parts were
functional and in place. It would seem that, given the Venus
flytrap’s very short root system, natural selection would select
for a much larger and deeper root system rather than evolve an
enormously complex trapping system that is still not fully
understood today in spite of decades of scientific research.
The total lack of fossil evidence concerning the many steps that
would link Venus flytrap and their common ancestor such as
Drosera, is explained away by rationalizing that carnivorous
plants are generally herbs that do not readily form fossilizable
structures, such as thick bark or wood. Therefore, evolutionists
must extrapolate an evolutionary history from studies of extant
genera (Gibson and Waller, 2009). The problem with this
speculation is the soft parts of plants, such as leaves, are
very abundant in the fossil record (Zhou, 2003).
A major dilemma for evolution is that the Venus flytrap plant
can thrive quite well in its natural habitat of moist peat moss
without ever consuming insects. Botanist George Howe regulated
their diet by using large glass jars to prevent the plant’s
accidental consumption of insects (Howe, 1978, p. 40). Since
the plant is able to obtain all of the nutrients it requires
from the soil and atmosphere, Charles Darwin’s idea for the
natural selection mechanism essential to his concept of
evolution is, in this case, based on a totally erroneous
foundation. Obviously the Venus flytrap did not evolve, but was
beautifully designed for its role in the ecosystem.
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References
Cameron, Kenneth M. et al. 2002. American Journal of Botany,
89(9): 1503–1509.
Darwin, Charles. 1896. Insectivorous Plants. New York: Appleton.
Ellison, Aaron M. 2006. Biology, 8:740–747.
Ellison, Aaron M. and N.J. Gotelli. 2009. Experimental Botany,
60(1):19-42.
Forterre, Yoël et al. 2005. Nature, 433(7024):421-425, January
27.
Gibson, T. C. and D. M. Waller. 2009. New Phytologist, 183(3):
575–587.
Howe, George. 1978. Creation Research Society Quarterly,
15(1):39-40, June.
Sarfati, Jonathan. 2007. Creation, 29(4):36-37,
September-November.
Schnell, Donald. 2003. Carnivorous Plants of the United States
and Canada. Portland, OR. Timber Press. Second Edition.
Ueda, Minoru. 2010. ChemBioChem. Wiley.
Williams, S. E. 2002. Proceedings of the 4th International
Carnivorous Plant Society Conference. Tokyo pp. 77-81.
Zhou, Zhonghe, et al. 2003. Nature. 421: 807-814. February,
20.[/quote]
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#Post#: 7507--------------------------------------------------
Re: The Fabulous Plant Kingdom
By: AGelbert Date: July 17, 2017, 5:05 pm
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[center][img
width=300]
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[quote]3. Paley, Natural Theology, p. 367, published at
Darwin-Online.UK.
If you stand for fairness and historical accuracy, snatch that
well-designed plant out of Charlie’s gnarly hands and let’s set
the record straight. This plant is more irreducibly complex
than Behe’s man-made mousetrap. (The scientific name, by the
way, means “Dione’s daughter’s mousetrap” ;D). It’s even more
exquisite than Ellis, Linnaeus or Paley could have imagined.
Darwin would have croaked if he had been told what these
scientists found. Since the Venus flytrap clearly bears the
hallmarks of intelligent design, let’s call it “the Paley plant,
known since the time of the famous Biblical creationist,
Linnaeus.”[/quote]
September 12, 2011 | David F. Coppedge
[center]Venus Flytrap De-Darwinized
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[img width=75
height=50]
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o/2011/09/110912-venus_flytrap_de_darwinized/
#Post#: 7512--------------------------------------------------
Re: The Fabulous Plant Kingdom
By: AGelbert Date: July 18, 2017, 12:18 pm
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Agelbert NOTE: Here is another example of a successful scam by
the Big Oil.
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HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/2z6in9g.gif
They marketed this
polluting and poisonous product as something "useful", but it
actually MAKES THINGS
WORSE.
HTML http://www.coh2.org/images/Smileys/huhsign.gif
You probably still think that petroleum based tree wound
dressings are a good idea. That is because the propaganda LIES
by the fossil fuel industry continue to dominate the media of
the petro-state called the USA.
HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714183337.bmp<br
/>They are quite skilled at hiding the truth about the fossil fu
el
industry biosphere harming 'business model'. [img
width=40]
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[center][img
width=340]
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[center]Tree wound[/center]
[center]What Is Tree Wound Dressing? Is It Ok To Put Wound
Dressing On Trees?
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/>
By Jackie Carroll
When trees are wounded, either intentionally through pruning or
accidentally, it sets off a natural process of protection within
the tree. Externally, the tree grows new wood and bark around
the wounded area to form a callus. Internally, the tree
initiates processes to prevent decay. Some gardeners try to help
along the natural processes by applying a tree wound dressing.
But are there any real benefits of wound dressing on trees?
What is Wound Dressing? Wound dressings are petroleum-based
products used to cover freshly cut or damaged wood. The intent
is to prevent disease and decay organisms and insects from
infesting the wound. Studies (as far back as the 1970s) show
that the disadvantages far outweigh the benefits of wound
dressing. Wound dressings prevent the tree from forming
calluses, which are its natural method of dealing with injury.
In addition, moisture often gets beneath the dressing, and
sealed in moisture leads to decay.
As a result, using dressing on tree wounds often does more harm
than good.
Is it OK to Put Wound Dressing on Trees? In most cases, the
answer is no. Wound dressings such as tar, asphalt, paint or any
other petroleum solvents should not be used on
trees.
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If you want to
apply a wound dressing for aesthetic purposes, spray on a very
thin coating of an aerosol wound dressing. Keep in mind that
this is only for appearances.
Good pruning practices are a much better plan to help trees
heal. Make clean cuts flush with the trunk of the tree when
removing large branches. Straight cuts leave smaller wounds than
angled cuts, and smaller wounds are more likely to callus over
promptly. Cut broken limbs with ragged ends below the point of
injury. Tree trunks often sustain damage during lawn
maintenance. Direct the discharge from lawn mowers away from
tree trunks and keep a little distance between string trimmers
and trees.One circumstance where a wound dressing may help is in
regions where oak wilt is a serious problem. Avoid pruning
during spring and summer. If you must cut during this time,
apply a wound dressing that contains fungicide and insecticide.
HTML https://www.gardeningknowhow.com/ornamental/trees/tgen/wound-dressing-on-trees.htm
#Post#: 8823--------------------------------------------------
Re: The Fabulous Plant Kingdom
By: AGelbert Date: January 14, 2018, 3:06 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
[center]In the biosphere that we all depend on, the most useful
molecule in the hydrocarbon pantheon is this one:[/center]
HTML http://postharvest.tfrec.wsu.edu/pages/PC2000F
Ethylene causes fruit to ripen and plants to die on schedule so
they can be recycled into the biosphere. In short it is key to
the life cycle of all earthlings. Now THAT is REALLY useful! So,
as you can see, there is ONE hydrocarbon that we really need AS
LONG AS WE DON'T BURN IT![img width=30
height=40]
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/>
[center][img
width=320]
HTML https://gcps.desire2learn.com/d2l/lor/viewer/viewFile.d2lfile/15524/8485/642px-Ethylene-2D.png[/img][/center]
[center] C[sub]2[/sub]H[sub]4[/sub] (Ethylene)[/center]
[center][img width=320
height=200]
HTML http://media.materialsviews.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/05/bowl-of-fruit.jpg[/img][/center]
[center]Some products produced by ethylene that fossil fuelers
and other LIVING BEINGS NEED [img width=30
height=40]
HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-141113185047.png[/img]<br
/>[/center]
[center]My favorite HYDROCARBON! [img width=30
height=30]
HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-141113185701.png[/img]<br
/>[/center]
What!? You mean to tell me Agelbert, the quixotic crusader
against fossil fuel folly in all its poisonous and biosphere
trashing forms has some hydrocarbon love?
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YEP! [img width=30
height=40]
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/>
Back when I was trying to get through pre-med in the daytime
while I worked as a computer analyst in the FAA at night (I was
promoted from air traffic control to Automation) I took Botany,
one of many biology courses the curriculum required.
Botany was a lot of fun. I learned how they keep grapes from
having seeds in them (Gibberrelins) and all sorts of interesting
facts about plant biochemistry. But the story of the orange
grove fruit warehouses in Florida in the early 20th century was
one I liked especially because it is a great example of the
scientific method in action. Read on. 8)
The vast orange groves in Florida around 1910 had giant
warehouses where picked fruit would be stored while they reached
the proper stage of ripeness before shipping them to markets.
The oranges are picked nearly full size and still green. They
are tough at that stage and not easily bruised by the picking
process.
[center][img width=640
height=420]
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The crop is stored in heated warehouses to finish the ripening
process. The oranges, as they ripen, obtain their pretty orange
color. The fruit expands somewhat and becomes more fragile but,
since they already have them packed in bags or crates ready for
shipping, they get to markets pretty well unscathed.
[center][img width=640
height=420]
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Well, around 1910, the orange growers were sold on
electrification of their orange ripening warehouses. They had
hitherto used kerosene heaters which sometimes caused a
warehouse to burn down and they liked the idea of controlling
the temperature within a few degrees to fine tune the ripening
process. Boy, were they in for an unpleasant surprise! :o
They spent small fortunes in electrifying the warehouses with
lights and elecric space heaters. The picking season came and
they happily picked the crop and stored it in the new and
improved hot shot electric heater warehouses. They waited for
the oranges to ripen, fill out and turn orange in color. And
waited. And waited. Those silly, stubborn oranges refused to
ripen! They stayed hard and green.
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???
A bright bulb among the growers, all of whom had ALWAYS believed
(wrongly) that HEAT is what makes fruit ripen, stated that there
must have been something besides heat in those old kerosene
heaters that made the fruit ripen.
They got a team of scientists to do some experiments with green
oranges with and without kerosene heaters at various
temperatures and the oranges exposed to the kerosene heaters DID
ripen as they always had before irrespective of temperature.
Next they identified all the products of combustion of the long
chained hydrocarbon called kerosene.
We all know when you burn (oxidize) a hydrocarbon, you get
CO[sub]2[/sub] + H[sub]2[/sub]O. But that is ONLY if you have
COMPLETE combustion. A kerosene heater, as many family tragedies
can attest to, puts out lots of INCOMPLETE combustion products
like CO (carbon monoxide) that will kill you quickly and
quietly.
But there is another product of incomplete combustion that
burning kerosene puts out. It's called Ethylene.
This tiny molecule is a miracle of plant biochemistry. The
scientists determined that ethylene was making the oranges
ripen! So the growers had to put the kerosene heaters back in.
Well, they got electric lights out of the deal and plant science
took a giant step forward so everything worked out for the best.
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The obvious follow up question is, where does the ethylene, now
defined as a plant ripening hormone, come from when the oranges
ripen on the tree? ??? From the orange as long as it is
connected to the tree when it turns color. Henceforth, whether
on the tree or off it, the orange itself keeps putting out
ethylene until it rots in preparation for the orange seeds to
grow. Pretty neat, huh? ;D
This was a revolutionary development in botany in general and
fruit growing in particular. The study of plant hormones grew
explosively from that point and many mysteries were (and still
are being) solved about how these miraculous photosynthetic life
forms function.
What is so amazing to me is that such a simple molecule can do
so much. Have you ever put bananas on top of a bowl of fruit
containing apples in the bottom? Sure, everyone has. Have you
noticed how fast those bananas get overripe when they are on top
of apples? YEP, ripe apples are one of the highest ethylene
producers out there! :o Those bananas produce much less but when
the added apple ethylene whacks them, here come the brown spots!
:P
[center][img width=640
height=420]
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[move]Unless you are going to eat the above bananas TODAY, this
is a No No! The bananas will ripen too fast! ??? Set them a
few feet away and they will keep longer. ;)[/move]
So now you know that, if you have a well ventilated area and
happen to have brought some green bananas from the store that
you are worried about "going bad" before ripening or just
refusing to turn yellow as sometimes happens, get a small
hurricane kerosene lamp and put it in the vicinity of the
bananas and I guarantee you they will ripen. You can impress
your spouse with your botany smarts. ;D
[center][img width=640
height=480]
HTML http://www.iknowvegetables.com/images/vegetables/original/green-bananas.jpg[/img][/center]
[center][img width=640
height=480]
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[center][img width=640
height=380]
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[move]Behold, the humble ethylene molecule, my favorite
hydrocaron.[/move]
[center][img width=640
height=380]
HTML http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/Ethylene-CRC-MW-3D-balls.png[/img]
[/center]
[center][img width=640
height=380]
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o/plants_human/fruitripe.gif[/img][/center]
Ethylene (IUPAC name: ethene) is a hydrocarbon with the formula
C2H4 or H2C=CH2. It is a colorless flammable gas with a faint
"sweet and musky" odor when pure.[3] It is the simplest alkene
(a hydrocarbon with carbon-carbon double bonds), and the
simplest unsaturated hydrocarbon after acetylene (C2H2).
Ethylene is widely used in chemical industry, and its worldwide
production (over 109 million tonnes in 2006) exceeds that of any
other organic compound.[4][5] Ethylene is also an important
natural plant hormone, used in agriculture to force the ripening
of fruits.[6]
HTML http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene]http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethylene
#Post#: 9582--------------------------------------------------
Re: The Fabulous Plant Kingdom
By: AGelbert Date: April 30, 2018, 9:52 pm
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[center][img
width=800]
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[center][font=times new roman]Tiny Edens: What you can find in a
medieval monastery’s garden[/font][/center]
[center]💐 🌸 💮 🏵 🌹
🥀 🌺 🌻 🌼 🌷
🌱[/center]
SNIPPET 1:
1. Fountains 💧
There were lots of places where monks could get water for
themselves and their plants, including ponds, lakes, streams,
rain barrels, and wells, but fountains were something special.
As Sylvia Landsberg notes in The Medieval Garden, fountains
meant more than just water: “The three states of water, namely
the bubbling, sparkling source or spout, the shallow, moving
sheet, and the still, silent pool” represented the Holy Trinity
(they were also significant to Persian thought). A fountain
would have been a visible and audible symbol of the monks’ and
nuns’ purpose as they traveled back and forth to services
several times a day. Landsberg mentions that fountains were most
often placed next to the church, making them a perfect spot to
wash on the way in, or to sit in quiet contemplation of the
trinity after services.
[center][img
width=800]
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SNIPPET 2:
3. Medicinal Herbs
Monastic communities needed to be able to care for themselves
medically, especially if the community was large. People in the
greater community also relied upon monks for medical advice and
treatment – after all, the monks had all the books. If you read
(or watch) any of the Brother Cadfael mysteries by Ellis Peters,
you get a sense of the many needs and various plants that could
be found on monastic grounds, including some all-purpose ones,
like sage, and some nefarious ones, like belladonna (deadly
nightshade). Excess medicines could be sold outside the
monastery for the good of the lay people, and to raise necessary
funds for the monastic community, as long as they didn’t charge
too much.
[font=times new roman]Full article with video:[/font]
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width=275]
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[/center]
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#Post#: 9596--------------------------------------------------
Re: The Fabulous Plant Kingdom
By: AGelbert Date: May 3, 2018, 1:39 pm
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[img
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[center]Plants use underground networks to see when their
neighbors are stressed ✨[/center]
LAST UPDATED ON MAY 2ND, 2018 AT 11:09 PM BY MIHAI ANDREI
Plants have developed surprisingly complex communication
networks which allow them to communicate with each other about
what’s happening on the surface.
Despite their immobile lifestyle, plants are actually more
active than you’d think. Aside from all the biochemical
reactions that enable them to go about their day-to-day lives,
plants can also communicate complex messages underground.
Essentially, these messages take the form of chemicals secreted
by roots into the soil which are then detected through the roots
of nearby plants.
These chemical “messages in a bottle” can tell plants whether
their neighbors are relatives or strangers and help them direct
their growth accordingly.
Touch is one of the most common stimuli in higher plants and is
well known to induce strong changes over time. Recent studies
have demonstrated that brief touching among neighboring plants
can be used to detect potential competitors. As plants grow in
close proximity to other plants, they constantly monitor any
cues that happen above ground — but they do the same below
ground as well.
To better understand how this happens, as well as to learn more
about the ways above ground factors influence what happens below
the surface, a team of scientists from the Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences “stressed” corn seedlings and then looked
for growth changes in nearby plants. Essentially, they brushed
the corn leaves to simulate the touch of a nearby plant leaf and
then monitored what chemicals the plant root secreted. The team
then took those chemicals and transferred them to other plants
to see how they react. They found that plants exposed to the
chemicals responded by directing their resources into growing
more leaves and fewer roots than control plants.
Researchers write:
“Our study clearly shows that roots of very young maize
seedlings pose an extraordinary capacity to quickly detect
changes in cues vectored by growth solution directing roots away
from neighbours exposed to brief mechano stimuli. In this way,
roots may detect the changed physiological status of neighbours
through the perception of cues they release, even if chemical
analyzes did not show significant changes in metabolite
composition.”
Basically, the team showed that what happens above ground
influences what happens beneath the ground surface of a plant —
and the way through which they communicate this is more complex
than we thought. This makes a lot of sense since the ability of
plants to rapidly detect and respond to changes in their
surrounding environment is essential for determining their
survival.
Lead author Velemir Ninkovic concludes:
[quote]“Our study demonstrated that changes induced by above
ground mechanical contact between plants can affect below ground
interactions, acting as cues in prediction of the future
competitors.”[/quote]
Journal Reference: Elhakeem A, Markovic D, Broberg A, Anten NPR,
Ninkovic V (2018) Aboveground mechanical stimuli affect
belowground plant-plant communication. PLoS ONE 13(5): e0195646.
HTML https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195646
View graphic of above ground interactions between neighboring
plants by light touch and their effect on below-ground
communication at article link:
HTML https://www.zmescience.com/science/biology/plants-communication-stress-02052018/
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