DIR Return Create A Forum - Home
---------------------------------------------------------
Renewable Revolution
HTML https://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com
---------------------------------------------------------
*****************************************************
DIR Return to: Advances in Health Care
*****************************************************
#Post#: 12794--------------------------------------------------
Dental Health
By: AGelbert Date: July 5, 2019, 4:47 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
[center]WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PLAQUE AND
CALCULUS?[/center]
Plaque is the sticky, colorless film that constantly forms on
your teeth. Bacteria live in plaque and secrete acids that cause
tooth decay and irritate gum tissue. This irritation causes an
inflammatory reaction by your body that can eventually lead to
gingivitis and periodontal disease. If plaque is not removed
regularly by tooth brushing and flossing, it hardens to create
calculus (also known as tartar). Calculus cannot be removed with
a toothbrush; only a dental professional can remove it during an
oral cleaning.
HTML https://www.perio.org/consumer/difference-between-plaque-and-calculus
Eur J Oral Sci. 1997 Oct;105(5 Pt 2):508-22.
[center]Dental calculus: recent insights into occurrence,
formation, prevention, removal and oral health effects of
supragingival and subgingival deposits.[/center]
SNIPPET:
[quote]Subgingival calculus formation in these populations
occurs coincident with periodontal disease (although the
calculus itself appears to have little impact on attachment
loss), the latter being correlated with dental plaque.
Despite extensive research, a complete understanding of the
etiologic significance of subgingival calculus to periodontal
disease remains elusive, due to inability to clearly
differentiate effects of calculus versus "plaque on calculus".
As a result, we are not entirely sure whether subgingival
calculus is the cause or result of periodontal inflammation.
Research suggests that subgingival calculus, at a minimum, may
expand the radius of plaque induced periodontal injury. Removal
of subgingival plaque and calculus remains the cornerstone of
periodontal therapy.
Full Abstract.
HTML https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9395117[/quote]
Agelbert NOTE: The literal bottom line in regard to bacteria
causing dental problems is the word, "SUBgingival". The reason
for that is that the types of bacteria that live between the gum
line and your teeth have anaerobic metabolism. That is, they
function where there is not enough oxygen for the aerobic
(oxygen using metabolism) types of bacteria, like those that
live in the supragingival area (above the gum line).
IOW, the pathogenic bacteria are out of sight, where they do
their damage free from benign aerobic bacteria competition
interference. Although the bad bacteria has been identified as
"gram-negative", the key to the problem these critters cause in
the periodontium is their metabolism. The "obligate" anaerobes
must live where oxygen is not present because they die when it
is present. The "facultative" anaerobes can use or not use
oxygen, depending on the environment. The only two obligate
anaerobe species associated with periodontal disease are in
proportionately small percentages compared with the facultative
anaerobes.
[quote]Most of the periodontal pathogens are anaerobes but the
biofilm can also harbour facultative aerobes, capnophiles and
microaerophiles whose number depends on the environment in the
developed biofilm and periodontal pocket. Most periodontal
pathogens represent the true periodontal infection.
Some bacterial species in the periodontal environment that are
part of the commensal flora (Actinomyces, certain
Streptococcusand Staphylococcus spp.) can provoke opportunistic
infections in case of ecosystem disturbance.
There is evidence that detection of certain enterobacteria,
viruses and Saccharomyces spp. in the periodontal pockets could
indicate superinfection associated with a periodontal
destructive process.
It has recently been generally recognized that periodontal
diseases are mixed infections.
HTML https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.5504/BBEQ.2013.0027[/quote]
The point is that the bad action happens below (subgingival
peridontium adjacent to the tooth). The pH, temperature and
humidity above and below the gum line are almost identical at
all times. It is below the gum line that the anaerobes can then
create more acidic/corrosive conditions that enable other
opportunistic bacteria to attack the area. It stands to reason
that the lower your population of anaerobes, both of the
obligate and the more abundant facutative species of bacteria,
the better your mouth health. There is no way you can get rid of
all of them due to the fact that you will always have some
subgingival gum areas where only anaerobic metabolism bacteria
can survive, so there is no danger of losing those types of
bacteria altogether. Though they are gram-negative and are
technically considered "pathogens", I'm sure the correct
percentage of them, as is found in a healthy mouth (Normal
Microbial Flora of Oral Cavity
HTML https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8830/bfd2e396fc543131a02f94a922fde36b80ff.pdf),<br
/>is good for us.
I am guilty of adding the bacteria graphics below. The
scientists that participated in this study and wrote this
excellent abstract are innocent of such frivolous levity.
😀
J N Z Soc Periodontol. 2004;(87):7-21.
[center]Dental plaque revisited: bacteria associated with
periodontal disease.[/center]
Lovegrove JM.
Abstract
Between 3-12 weeks after the beginning of supragingival plaque
formation, a distinctive subgingival microflora predominantly
made up of gram-negative, anaerobic bacteria and including some
motile species, becomes established. In order to establish in a
periodontal site, a species must be able to attach to one of
several surfaces including the tooth (or host derived substances
adhering to the tooth), the sulcular or pocket epithelium, or
other bacterial species that are attached to these surfaces
(Socransky and Haffajee 1991).
Bacterial adhesion has demonstrated specificity in the
mechanisms involved and studies have shown that there is a
diversity of receptors on tooth surfaces, epithelial or other
host cells and other bacteria. Recent studies have described
bacterial complexes that are present in subgingival plaque and
these studies are likely to help in current understanding of the
complex ecology observed in dental plaque biofilm (Socransky,
Haffajee et al. 1998). Bacterial interactions play important
roles in species survival. Some interspecies relationships are
favourable, in that one species produces growth factors for, or
facilitates attachment of, another species. Other relationships
are antagonistic due to competition for nutrients and binding
sites, or to the production of substances that limit or prevent
the growth of another species (Socransky and Haffajee 1991).
A number of different bacterial interactions within plaque
biofilm have been discussed. In the last 30-40 years, a vast
amount of evidence has been published to suggest that bacteria
are the primary aetiological agents of periodontal diseases.
In the 1950s and early 1960s, periodontal treatment was based on
the non-specific plaque hypothesis. However, the non-specific
plaque hypothesis gave way after studies suggested that not all
organisms in plaque are equally capable of causing destructive
periodontal disease.
Thus the concept of specificity re-emerged. Criteria for
defining periodontal pathogens have been developed and include
association, elimination, host response, virulence factors,
animal studies and risk assessment (Haffajee and Socransky
1994).
Until recently there were few consensus periodontal pathogens
and trying to discriminate pathogenic from non-pathogenic
species has been a difficult task for dental researchers for a
variety of reasons.
A discussion of the specific microbiota associated with
gingivitis, chronic and aggressive periodontitis, NUG,
HIV-associated periodontitis and implantitis has been presented.
The[img
width=100]
HTML https://thumbs.dreamstime.com/z/cartoon-virus-germ-bacteria-3234482.jpg[/img]<br
/>bacteria associated with periodontal diseases are predominantl
y
gram-negative anaerobic bacteria and may include:
[img
width=400]
HTML https://render.fineartamerica.com/images/rendered/default/print/8.000/8.000/break/images-medium-5/cartoon-bacteria-collection-set-tigatelu.jpg[/img]
A. actinomycetemcomitans,
Porphyromonas (P.) gingivalis, (obligate anaerobe)
P. intermedia, (obligate anaerobe)
[s]B. forsythus[/s] NEW NAME = Tannerella forsythia, (obligate
anaerobe)
C. rectus,
E. nodatum,
P. micros,
S. intermedius and
Treponema sp.
The bacterial numbers associated with disease are up to 10(5)
times larger than [img
width=60]
HTML http://www.clker.com/cliparts/2/4/c/b/15167389891021593515clipart-bacteria-cartoon.hi.png[/img]<br
/>those associated with health. 👀
PMID: 15143484
[Indexed for MEDLINE]
HTML https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15143484
*****************************************************