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#Post#: 9815--------------------------------------------------
Salt - Over 14 THOUSAND uses + a potential Renewable Energy
Source
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: June 7, 2018, 9:02 pm
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[center]Salt - Over 14 THOUSAND uses + a potential Renewable
Energy Source
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/>[/center]
Discovery How Stuff Works : Salt
1,125,794 views
[center]
HTML https://youtu.be/gI5qV-kvLeg[/center]
Manu John
Published on Apr 16, 2013
This prehistoric, life-saving material has more than 14,000
known uses, from food seasoning to road cleaning. The program
considers how the molecular structure of sodium chloride allows
it to be combined, broken apart, and mixed with other substances
to create essential products. The presentation also profiles
different methods of removing salt from the ground and the
oceans, including solution mining, desalination, and dry salt
mining.
How Stuff Works is about the stuff that powers our modern world.
Follow the incredible journey of common goods from the ground to
your table, car, closet, medicine cabinet, and places you may
have never imagined.
#Post#: 9819--------------------------------------------------
Re: Salt - Over 14 THOUSAND uses + a potential Renewable Energy
Source
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: June 8, 2018, 12:35 pm
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--- Quote from: Palloy2 link ---
>
> Sodium chloride is a very stable chemical, so will only take
part in reactions that require energy to be input. So it will
never be an energy source, but an energy storage is possible,
just like water.
>
--- End Quote ---
Once again you failed to watch the video and embarrassed
yourself by exposing your ignorance on the matter evidenced in
the video. I subsequently researched the method shown in the
video and confirmed that it is a possible future source of
energy.
HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-080515182559.png
I will give you an opportunity to apologize and retract your
statement.
Yes, ionic bonds in molecules are generally difficult to break
(require a large amount of energy) because they are so strong.
Most rocks have ionic bonds. But, the ionic stability of NaCl is
not an impediment to energy production here, Einstein.
Also, anyone with half a brain knows salt can store thermal
energy. That also is not part of this discussion, Mr. Pedant.
What IS part of the discussion is the fact that, by applying a
certain RF energy beam to sea water, hydrogen is dissociated and
can then be burned.
While it is true that the energy to generate the RF makes this
process inefficient, and therefore instantly rejected by people
like you, the fact is that a solar panel array, which lasts
about 30 years, can make the ERoEI of this process positive
WITHOUT any pollution costs. The reason for that is that is
simple, though you have a consistent inability to grasp it.
We do not have to generate the photon energy that comes to us
from the sun. Therefore, that input, that isn't going away any
time soon, is the FREE portion of the Energy Invested (EI).
While it is true that, once they have the giant solar arrays in
place in the oceans, they may just go the electrolysis route
(which is presently a tad more efficient), rather than the RF
route to get the hydrogen from sea water, the fact is that RF
energy CAN make use of NaCl in sea water as an energy source.
DON'T try to split hairs and claim the energy source is actually
hydrogen from the water in the sea water. Yes, the hydrogen is
the end product, but an integral part of the process is sea
water. It is all discussed in the last ten minutes of the video.
Please WATCH IT (go to the 39 minute mark) before you insert
your pseudo-erudite foot in your mouth again.
[center]
HTML https://youtu.be/gI5qV-kvLeg[/center]
If you do not apologize for your erroneous statement (Palloy:
NaCL will never be an energy source), I will delete your post.
[center][b]Could Giant “Solar Rigs” Floating On the Ocean
Convert Seawater To Hydrogen Fuel? [/b]
HTML http://cliparts.co/cliparts/Big/Egq/BigEgqBMT.png[/center]
[move][i]Scientists at Columbia University have designed a
device that could make the process economically
viable[/i][/move]
By Randy Rieland
smithsonian.com
January 11, 2018
SNIPPET:
Usually, when we think about energy production at sea, we
imagine giant oil rigs, or perhaps rows of towering wind
turbines. Recently, though, floating solar panels have been
added to the mix, including a solar farm the size of 160
football fields that went into operation in China last year.
Now, a team of researchers at Columbia University wants to go a
step farther. They say it’s possible to use solar panels on the
ocean surface to power devices that can produce hydrogen fuel
from seawater.
Hydrogen is a clean form of energy, but it’s most commonly
produced from natural gas in a process that also releases carbon
dioxide, a key driver of climate change. The Columbia scientists
say their device, called a floating photovoltaic electrolyzer,
eliminates that consequence by instead utilizing electrolysis to
separate oxygen and hydrogen in water molecules, and then
storing the latter for use as fuel.
Team leader Daniel Esposito, an assistant professor of chemical
engineering, points out that using existing commercial
electrolyzers to generate hydrogen is pretty costly. “If you
take off-the-shelf solar panels and commercially available
electrolyzers, and you use sunlight to split water into hydrogen
and oxygen, it’s going to be three to six times more expensive
than if you were to produce hydrogen from natural gas,” he says.
He also notes that those electrolyzers require membranes to keep
the oxygen and hydrogen molecules separated once they’re split
apart. That not only adds to the cost, but those parts would
tend to degrade quickly when exposed to the contaminants and
microbes in saltwater.
“Being able to safely demonstrate a device that can perform
electrolysis without a membrane brings us another step closer to
making seawater electrolysis possible,” Jack Davis, a researcher
and lead author of the proof-of-concept study, said in a
statement. “These solar fuel generators are essentially
artificial photosynthesis systems, doing the same thing that
plants do with photosynthesis, so our device may open up all
kinds of opportunities to generate clean, renewable energy.”
image:
HTML https://public-media.smithsonianmag.com/filer/92/bb/92bbd7e7-eb6b-4b21-a633-1c9297468e6e/schematic_side_view.jpg
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Two mesh electrodes are held at a narrow separation distance
(L), and generate H2 and O2 gases concurrently. The key
innovation is the asymmetric placement of the catalyst on the
outward facing surfaces of the mesh, such that the generation of
bubbles is constrained to this region. When the gas bubbles
detach, their buoyancy causes them to float upward into separate
collection chambers. (Daniel Esposito/Columbia Engineering)
Bubbling up
So, what makes their electrolyzer distinctive?
The device is built around electrodes of titanium mesh suspended
in water and separated by a small distance. When an electrical
current is applied, the oxygen and hydrogen molecules split
apart, with the former developing gas bubbles on the electrode
that’s positively charged, and the latter doing the same on the
one with a negative charge.
It’s critical to keep these different gas bubbles separated, and
the Columbia electrolyzer does this through the application of a
catalyst to only one side of each mesh component—the surface
farthest away from the other electrode. When the bubbles get
larger and detach from the mesh, they float up along the outside
edges of each electrode instead of mixing together in the space
between them.
[center]
HTML https://youtu.be/Us40HQJ_HoA
HTML https://youtu.be/Us40HQJ_HoA[/center]
Read more:
HTML https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/could-giant-solar-rigs-floating-on-ocean-convert-seawater-to-hydrogen-fuel-180967750/#kzIlsDZWEKSsBLmC.99
HTML https://www.smithsonianmag.com/innovation/could-giant-solar-rigs-floating-on-ocean-convert-seawater-to-hydrogen-fuel-180967750/#kzIlsDZWEKSsBLmC.99
Give the gift of Smithsonian magazine for only $12!
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#Post#: 9820--------------------------------------------------
Re: Salt - Over 14 THOUSAND uses + a potential Renewable Energy
Source
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: June 8, 2018, 1:03 pm
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[center]United States (12) Patent Application Publication (10)
Pub. No.: US 2009/0294300 A1
US 200902943 00A1 Kanzius (43) Pub. Date: Dec. 3, 2009
(54) RF SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PROCESSING SALT WATER[/center]
(75) Inventor: John Kanzius, Erie, PA (US); Mary Ann Kanzius,
legal representative, Erie, PA (US)
[center](57) ABSTRACT [/center]
Systems and methods for processing salt water and/or solutions
containing salt water with RF energy. Exemplary systems and
methods may use RF energy to combust salt water, ...
HTML https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/5a/24/85/636f65a00d04fd/US20090294300A1.pdf
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#Post#: 9821--------------------------------------------------
Re: Salt - Over 14 THOUSAND uses + a potential Renewable Energy
Source
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: June 8, 2018, 1:28 pm
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[center]Az asks: TECHNOLOGY LIKE THIS EXISTS BUT WE’RE STILL
USING OIL, GAS & COAL?[/center]
Besides the possibility of extremely low cost energy (no matter
how "freely available" the energy is, somebody will have to be
paid to mind the machines that process it 8)), the fact is that
the problem has never been about ENERGY itself, as the Palloys
HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-311013201314.png<br
/>of this world loudly claim in a half truth medley of sophistic
discourse.
As I just posted on my channel, which prompted Palloy to stick
his pseudo-erudite "high energy density" foot in his mouth, RF
energy gleaned from photvoltaics can easily provide unlimited
hydrogen from sea water.
We are, for all practical purposes, NEVER going to run out of
salt, water or solar photons. And then there is geothermal,
another, for all practical purposes, endlesss free energy
source.
But, there is an answer to your your topic title that does not
require some exercise in ERoEI (pollution costs excluding, of
course
HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-311013201314.png)<br
/>math the Palloys of this world revel in (see below).
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[/center]
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[center]
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[center]
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As you can see, obtaining the most cost effective and reliable,
non-polluting, human standard of living improving, endlessly
available ENERGY DOES NOT HAVE JACK S H I T to do with how we
get our energy in this corrupt society.
#Post#: 9832--------------------------------------------------
Re: Salt - Over 14 THOUSAND uses + a potential Renewable Energy
Source
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: June 8, 2018, 8:14 pm
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Agelbert NOTE: Recently I posted on how a Radio Frquency (RF)
beam on sea water causes it to burn by dissociating the hydrogen
in the water. The device will not work unless NaCl is present in
approximately the same concentration level as NaCl in sea water,
making it a promising form of obtaining energy. I even posted
the patent abstract.
HTML http://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/renewables/salt-over-14-thousand-uses-a-potential-renewable-energy-source/msg9820/#msg9820<br
/>
Here is another promising use of seawater to generate energy
HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-141113185701.png,<br
/> despite what pseudo-erudite people like Palloy may claim to
the
contrary.
Phys.org
May 20, 2016
[center]Electricity ⚡ from seawater: New method
efficiently produces hydrogen peroxide for fuel cells
HTML http://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-280917164227.png[/center]
May 20, 2016 by Lisa Zyga, Phys.org feature
[center]
HTML https://3c1703fe8d.site.internapcdn.net/newman/gfx/news/hires/2016/seawater.jpg[/center]
Credit: Mr. William Folsom, NOAA, NMFS
(Phys.org)—Scientists have used sunlight to turn seawater (H2O)
into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which can then be used in fuel
cells to generate electricity. It is the first photocatalytic
method of H2O2 production that achieves a high enough efficiency
so that the H2O2 can be used in a fuel cell.
The researchers, led by Shunichi Fukuzumi at Osaka University,
have published a paper on the new method of the photocatalytic
production of hydrogen peroxide in a recent issue of Nature
Communications.
--- Quote ---
> "The most earth-abundant resource, seawater, is utilized to
produce a solar fuel that is H2O2," Fukuzumi told Phys.org.
--- End Quote ---
The biggest advantage of using liquid H2O2 instead of gaseous
hydrogen (H2), as most fuel cells today use, is that the liquid
form is much easier to store at high densities. Typically, H2
gas must be either highly compressed, or in certain cases,
cooled to its liquid state at cryogenic temperatures. In
contrast, liquid H2O2 can be stored and transported at high
densities much more easily and safely.
The problem is that that, until now, there has been no efficient
photocatalytic method of producing liquid H2O2. (There are ways
to produce H2O2 that don't use sunlight, but they require so
much energy that they are not practical for use in a method
whose goal is to produce energy.)
In the new study, the researchers developed a new
photoelectrochemical cell, which is basically a solar cell that
produces H2O2. When sunlight illuminates the photocatalyst, the
photocatalyst absorbs photons and uses the energy to initiate
chemical reactions (seawater oxidation and the reduction of O2)
in a way that ultimately produces H2O2.
After illuminating the cell for 24 hours, the concentration of
H2O2 in the seawater reached about 48 mM, which greatly exceeds
previous reported values of about 2 mM in pure water.
Investigating the reason for this big difference, the
researchers found that the negatively charged chlorine in
seawater is mainly responsible for enhancing the photocatalytic
activity and yielding the higher concentration.
Overall, the system has a total solar-to-electricity efficiency
of 0.28%. (The photocatalytic production of H2O2 from seawater
has an efficiency of 0.55%, and the fuel cell has an efficiency
of 50%.)
Although the total efficiency compares favorably to that of some
other solar-to-electricity sources, such as switchgrass (0.2%),
it is still much lower than the efficiency of conventional solar
cells. The researchers expect that the efficiency can be
improved in the future by using better materials in the
photoelectrochemical cell, and they also plan to find methods to
reduce the cost of production.
"In the future, we plan to work on developing a method for the
low-cost, large-scale production of H2O2 from seawater,"
Fukuzumi said. "This may replace the current high-cost
production of H2O2 from H2 (from mainly natural gas) and O2."
More information: Kentaro Mase et al. "Seawater usable for
production and consumption of hydrogen peroxide as a solar
fuel." Nature Communications. DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11470
HTML https://phys.org/news/2016-05-electricity-seawater-method-efficiently-hydrogen.html#jCp
HTML https://phys.org/news/2016-05-electricity-seawater-method-efficiently-hydrogen.html#jCp
#Post#: 10255--------------------------------------------------
Re: Salt - Over 14 THOUSAND uses + a potential Renewable Energy
Source
DIR By: AGelbert
Date: July 8, 2018, 3:31 pm
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[center]
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Read more
HTML http://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-130418200416.png<br
/>: US DOE Funds Projects Aimed At Cutting Costs Of Solar
Thermal
Desalination
HTML https://cleantechnica.com/2018/07/08/us-doe-funds-projects-aimed-at-cutting-costs-of-solar-thermal-desalination/
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