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#Post#: 6912--------------------------------------------------
Re: Science
By: AGelbert Date: April 20, 2017, 12:51 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
[center][img
width=640]
HTML https://www.scienceabc.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/fish-meme5.jpg[/img][/center]
[center]Do sea fish and sea mammals drink sea water and if they
do how do they eliminate Sodium? ???[/center]
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/34y5mvr.gif
Fresh water fish do
not drink water, they absorbed it through their skin, like
osmosis. Sea water fish do drink water, and excrete the salt
through their gills.
The salmon, which lives in both environments, gets its water
like a fresh water fish when in fresh water and like a sea water
fish when in the sea.
HTML http://www.answers.com/Q/Do_sea_fish_and_sea_mammals_drink_sea_water_and_if_they_do_how_do_they_eliminate_Sodium
[center][img
width=640]
HTML http://www.todayifoundout.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/fish.jpg[/img][/center]
[center]How Fish Gills Work[/center]
These fantastic little organs allow the fish to absorb oxygen
from the water and use it for energy. Functionally, gills are
not that dissimilar to the lungs in humans and other mammals.
The main difference is how they are able to absorb much smaller
concentrations of available oxygen, while allowing the fish to
maintain an appropriate level of Sodium Chloride (salt) in their
bloodstream.
Gills work on the same principle as lungs. In the lungs, there
are small sacs called alveoli that are approximately 70%
capillaries. These capillaries carry deoxygenated blood from the
body. As oxygen and carbon dioxide pass across the alveoli’s
membrane, the capillaries take the newly oxygenated blood back
to the body. Similarly, gills have small rows and columns of
specialized cells grouped together called the epithelium.
Deoxygenated blood in the fish is supplied directly from the
heart to the epithelium via arteries, and even yet smaller
arterioles. As seawater is forced across the epithelium
membranes, dissolved oxygen in the seawater is taken up by tiny
blood vessels and veins, while the carbon dioxide is exchanged.
Gills themselves have a car radiator-like appearance. Most fish
have 4 gills on each side, consisting of a main bar-like
structure that has numerous branches as that of a tree, and
those branches consisting of even smaller branch-like
structures. This arrangement of cells allows for a very large
surface area when the gills are immersed in water.
[center][img
width=640]
HTML http://www.todayifoundout.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/fish-gill.jpg[/img][/center]
Functionally, the mechanism for pumping water over the
radiator-like gills seems to vary depending on the species of
fish. In general, this is achieved by the fish lowering the
floor of the mouth and widening the outer skin flap that
protects the gills, called the operculum. This increase in
volume lowers the pressure within the mouth causing the water to
rush in. As the fish raises the floor of their mouth, an inward
fold of skin forms a valve of sorts which doesn’t allow water to
rush out. The pressure is then increased compared to the outside
of the mouth and the water is forced through the operculum
opening and across the gills.
Gills themselves need a very large surface area to provide the
fish with the necessary oxygen demands. Air is approximately 21%
oxygen or about 210,000 parts per million. Water, on the other
hand, only has about 4-8 parts per million of dissolved oxygen
that the gills can extract. Because of this, if the fish did not
have a large gill surface area to absorb as much oxygen as it
can for it’s size, it would quickly suffocate. Cold blooded
animals also tend to have a lower metabolism than their warm
blooded counterparts. This aids them in their ability to handle
environments of low available oxygen. Should the same size fish
be warm blooded, the metabolism of the little swimmer would be
increased to the point that the available oxygen would not be
sufficient and little Nemo would perish.
While the large gill surface area allows for sufficient exchange
of carbon dioxide and oxygen, it at the same time exposes the
same large blood volume to the hypertonic (that is, saltier than
thou) sea water, creating a situation in which fish must have a
backup mechanism for expelling excess sodium that has been
incidentally absorbed. Conversely, freshwater fish need to have
an opposite mechanism allowing them to excrete excess water to
keep their sodium levels appropriately high. Never mind about
those anadromous gypsies who trounce back and forth, able to
thrive in both fresh and salt water environments. We will just
call them show offs and leave it at that.
To deal with this sodium problem, inside the gill resides nifty
little cells called chloride cells. These cells allow for the
extrusion of any unwanted sodium. Freshwater fish tend to have
less of these cells than do their seafaring counterparts. This,
combined with the ability to have extremely diluted urine,
allows fresh water fish to keep their sodium level appropriately
high.
[center]Chloride Cells (cc) of Nile tilapia seen as dark dots
with examples encircled.[/center]
[center][img
width=640]
HTML https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jonathan_Roques/publication/45639555/figure/fig4/AS:306083668217858@1449987441075/Fig-4-Chloride-cells-cc-of-Nile-tilapia-seen-as-dark-dots-with-examples-encircled.png[/img][/center]
[center]Fig. 4. Chloride cells (cc) of Nile tilapia, seen as
dark dots with examples encircled, are situated in the
filamental epithelium at the base of the lamellae (gl). Control
fish A. In the 6 h and 24 h post treatment groups, chloride
cells had migrated towards the apices of the lamella (arrow) B.
This phenomenon was observed in both the clipped and handled
fish. cc: chloride cell, gf: gill filament, gl: gill lamellae.
[/center]
If you liked this article, you might also enjoy subscribing to
our new Daily Knowledge YouTube channel, as well as:
◾Whales Don’t Spray Water Out of Their Blowholes Nor are
Their Throats and Blowhole Connected
◾Clownfish are All Born Male, a Dominant Male Will Turn
Female When the Current Female of the Group Dies
◾The Candirú Fish Can’t Swim Up a Stream of Your Urine ;D
◾Sushi is Not Raw Fish
◾Goldfish Do Not Have a Three Second Memory
Bonus Facts: ;D
◾Given that the size of the gills helps with the uptake of
oxygen, as you might expect, the more active a fish is, the
bigger the gills compared to their body size.
◾Because the marine environment is hyperosmotic, boney
fish tend to lose water through osmosis. Because of this. they
tend to compensate by taking in water through the gut, thereby
exacerbating the problem of sodium uptake.
◾The distance between the blood and water in the
epithelial cells of fish is approximately 1 micro meter, or
about 1 millionth of a meter.
◾At approximately 32,000 species, fish exhibit greater
species diversity then any other class of vertebrates.
◾It is estimated that there are approximately 15,000
unidentified fish species. :o
◾Fossil evidence has suggested that fish have been on the
earth for approximately 400 million years.
◾Fish that have the ability to live in both salt water and
fresh water are called Anadromous fish.
◾Most boney fish maintain the sodium content of their body
fluids at approximately 40% that of sea water.
◾Anadromous fish must have physiological processes to deal
with the changing salt content in their environment. One
mechanism used is that, while in fresh water, they tend to have
the ability to excrete very dilute urine, thus removing more
fresh water and keeping their sodium levels normal. While in
salt water, they use a specialized group of salt excreting cells
in the gills and mouth lining. They also have kidneys that can
excrete very concentrated urine.
◾Sharks
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/shrk.gif
and
Hagfish have a much greater salt content than bony fish and it
is naturally in balance with ocean water, thus not having the
bony fishes problem of salt regulation.
HTML http://www.todayifoundout.com/index.php/2011/09/how-fish-gills-work/
[center][img
width=640]
HTML https://www.wired.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/hagfish-getty-01a.jpg[/img][/center]
[center]Now you know why they call the above a hagfish.
:D[/center]
Test on Monday. ;D
#Post#: 7046--------------------------------------------------
Re: Science
By: AGelbert Date: May 4, 2017, 8:23 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
[center]The Landing on Titan :o[/center]
[center]
HTML https://youtu.be/9L471ct7YDo[/center]
#Post#: 7134--------------------------------------------------
Re: Science
By: AGelbert Date: May 14, 2017, 1:03 pm
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[img
width=140]
HTML http://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200317134631.png[/img]
[center]Watch amazing footage of Cassini diving towards Saturn
[/center]
Last updated on May 4th, 2017 at 5:25 pm by Tibi Puiu
[center]
HTML https://youtu.be/9LBLCgCYy0I[/center]
Last week, NASA’s Cassini probe performed the first dive around
Saturn’s rings as part of its Grand Finale — a series of hula
hoop jumps through the gaps of Saturn’s rings before the
spacecraft is scheduled to crash in the planet’s atmosphere. We
learned quite a lot from this episode, such as that the gap
between the gas giant’s rings is more or less empty. Apparently,
not only did Cassini acoustically record what happened as
charged particles whizzed past the spacecraft, it also filmed
Saturn’s atmosphere as it traveled above it. Hit play for a
glimpse of this one-of-a-kind spectacle.
What you’re seeing here compressed in less than a minute was
actually filmed over an hour and then sped up. Cassini captured
shots of the planet’s whirling atmosphere as it traveled
southward from 45,000 miles above the surface at the start of
the video to 4,200 miles by the end of the show. This is why the
quality of the video seems to abruptly change since “the
smallest resolvable features in the atmosphere changed from 5.4
miles (8.7 kilometers) per pixel to 0.5 miles (810 meters) per
pixel,” NASA explained in the press release.
[center] [img
width=640]
HTML http://cdn.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Cassini-7.jpg[/img][/center]
[center]This amazing photo was shot by Cassini on April 12 at a
distance of 1,400 million km from Earth. Image Credit:
NASA/JPL[/center]
One of the highlights is the flyby above Saturn’s famous
hexagon-shaped cloud patterns. These can be twice as wide as
Earth’s diameter and are formed by jet streams.
[center]“I was surprised to see so many sharp edges along the
hexagon’s outer boundary and the eye-wall of the polar vortex,”
said Kunio Sayanagi, an associate of the Cassini imaging team
based at Hampton University in Virginia, in a statement.
“Something must be keeping different latitudes from mixing to
maintain those edges,” he added.[/center]
If you thought this video was impressive, the next passes should
render even sharper and captivating interesting images after the
Cassini team change the spacecraft’s “conservative” camera
settings.
[center] [img
width=640]
HTML http://cdn.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Cassini-6.jpg[/img][/center]
[center]Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech/Space Science
Institute[/center]
Cassini will make about 20 more passes around Saturn and its
rings before finally making its final jump into the planet’s
atmosphere sometime in September 2017.
“The spacecraft is now on a ballistic path, so that even if we
were to forgo future small course adjustments using thrusters,
we would still enter Saturn’s atmosphere on Sept. 15 no matter
what,” said Earl Maize, Cassini project manager at JPL.
[center] [img
width=640]
HTML http://cdn.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Cassini-4.jpg[/img][/center]
[center]Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech[/center]
HTML http://www.zmescience.com/space/cassini-dive-dive-saturn-432/
#Post#: 7159--------------------------------------------------
Re: Science
By: AGelbert Date: May 18, 2017, 3:00 pm
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[img
width=140]
HTML http://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200317134631.png[/img]
[center]The main types of mountains — Earth’s ups and
downs[/center]
Last updated on May 15th, 2017 at 5:19 pm by Mihai Andrei
Mountains have played a central role in human culture since
times immemorial. Yet it’s only recently that we’ve started to
understand how mountains form and develop; to this day, these
magnificent landforms still hold many secrets. There are several
ways to analyze and classify mountains depending on what field
of science you come from, but here, we’ll have a look at the
most common classification and then go into a bit more detail.
[center] [img
width=640]
HTML http://cdn.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Mount_Everest_as_seen_from_Drukair2_PLW_edit.jpg[/img][/center][center]Aerial<br
/>view of Mount Everest from the south. The Himalayas are fold
mountains. Image credits: airline company Drukair in Bhutan.
[/center]
The types of mountains
Generally, mountains are split into: fold mountains, block
mountains, dome mountains, and volcanic mountains. Plateau
mountains, uplifted passive margins, and hotspot mountains are
also sometimes considered.
⦁
or more tectonic plates collide.
⦁
geological processes which push some rocks up and others down.
⦁ Dome mountains — formed as a result of hot magma
pushing beneath the crust.
⦁ Volcanic mountains — also known by a simpler name:
volcanoes.
⦁ Other types of mountains sometimes brought into
classifications are plateau mountains, uplifted passive margins,
and hotspot mountains.
Fold mountains
[center] [img
width=640]
HTML http://cdn.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Rocky_Mountain_National_Park_PA162784.jpg[/img][/center]
[center][I]The Rocky Mountains are a great example of fold
mountains. Image credits: National Park Service Digital Image
Archives.[/i][/center]
These are the not only the most common, but also the biggest
types of mountains (on Earth, at least). Fold mountain chains
can spread over thousands of kilometers — we’re talking about
the Himalayas, the Alps, the Rockies, the Andes, all the big
boys. They’re also relatively young mountains (which is another
reason they’re so tall, as they haven’t been thoroughly eroded),
but that’s “young” in geological terms — still a few good tens
of millions of years.
In order to understand how fold mountains form and develop, we
have to dip our fingers into some tectonics. The Earth’s
litosphere is split into rigid plates which move independently
to each other. There are seven major plates, and several smaller
ones across the world. When two plates collide, all sorts of
things can start happening. For instance, if one is denser than
the other (oceanic plates are typically denser due to the rocks
they are made of), a process a subduction will start — the
heavier one will slowly glide beneath the other one. But if they
have relatively similar densities, then they will start to
crumple up and drive movement upwards. Basically, the tectonic
plates are pushed, but since neither can slide beneath each
other, they just build up geological folds. To get a better idea
of how this looks like, try to push two pieces of papers towards
each other. Some parts will go up, and those are the mountains.
[center] [img
width=640]
HTML http://cdn.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Lewis_overthrust_fault_nh10f.jpg[/img][/center]
[center]Sometimes, the folding happens inside the continent and
is associated with faulting. This is a representation of that
process, in northern Montana, USA and Southern Alberta, Canada.
Image credits: Greg Beaumont, National Park Service.[/center]
This process is called orogeny (giving birth to mountains) and
it generally takes millions of years for it to complete. Many of
today’s fold mountains are still developing as the tectonic
process unfolds. The process doesn’t only happen on tectonic
edges, sometimes the mountain-generating fold process can take
place well inside a tectonic plate.
Block mountains (or fault-block)
Whereas the previous category was all about folds, this one is
all about faults; geological faults, that is.
[center] [img
width=640]
HTML http://cdn.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/1280px-Fault-Horst-Graben.svg.png[/img][/center]
[center]Depiction of the block-faulting process. Image credits:
U.S. Geological Survey.[/center]
Let’s go back to the previous idea for a moment. Let’s say that
under pressure, some parts of a tectonic plate is starting to
fold. As the pressure grows and grows, at one point the rock can
simply break. Faults are those breaks, they’re the planar
fractures or discontinuities in volumes of rock. They can vary
tremendously in size from a few centimeters to mountain-sized.
Basically, when big blocks of rock are broken through faulting,
some of them can be pushed up or down, and thus block mountains
can result. Higher blocks are called horsts and troughs are
called grabens. Their size can also be impressive, though
they’re generally not as big as the fold mountains because the
process which generates them takes place on a smaller scale and
involves less pressure. Still, the Sierra Nevada mountains,
which are a good example of block mountains, feature a block 650
km long and 80 km wide. Another good example is the Rhine Valley
and the Vosges mountain in Europe. Rift valleys can also
generate block mountains, as is the case in the Eastern African
Rift, for example.
[center] [img
width=640]
HTML http://cdn.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Mount_Alice_and_Temple_Crag_in_the_Sierra_Nevada_28U.S.29.jpg[/img][/center]
[center]Mount Alice and Temple Crag in the Sierra Nevada. Image
credits: Miguel.v[/center]
It can be quite difficult to identify a block mountain without
knowing its underlying geology but generally, they tend to have
a steep side and a slowly sloping side.
Volcanic mountains
[center] [img
width=640]
HTML http://cdn.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/ISS-38_Kliuchevskoi_Volcano_on_Kamchatka.jpg[/img][/center]
[center]Annotated view includes Ushkovsky, Tolbachik,
Bezymianny, Zimina, and Udina stratovolcanoes of Kamchatka,
Russia. Image taken aboard the ISS in 2013.[/center]
Everyone knows something about volcanoes, though we rarely think
about them as mountains (and truth be told, they aren’t always
mountains).
Volcanic mountains are created when magma from deep under the
surface starts to rise up. At one point, it erupts in the form
of lava, and then cools down, solidifies, and starts to pile on,
building a mountain. Mount Fuji in Japan and Mount Rainier are
typical examples of volcanic mountains — with Mount Rainier
being one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world. However,
it’s not necessary for the volcano to be active.
[center] [img
width=640]
HTML http://cdn.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/mountain-2262264_960_720.jpg[/img][/center]
[center]The summit of Mauna Kea. Image credits:
Pixabay.[/center]
Several types of volcanoes can generate mountains, with
Stratovolcanoes typically being the biggest ones. Despite Mount
Everest being the tallest mountain above sea level, Mauna Kea is
actually much taller than Everest — at over 10,000 meters.
However, much of it is submerged, with only 4205 meters rising
above sea level.
Dome mountains
Dome mountains are also the result of magmatic activity, though
they are not volcanic in nature.
[center] [img
width=640]
HTML http://cdn.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Fairview_Dome.jpg[/img][/center]
[center]Southeast face of Fairview Dome in Yosemite National
Park. Image credits: Jennie.[/center]
Sometimes, lots of magma can accumulate beneath the ground and
start to swell the surface up. Sometimes, it never reaches the
surface but still forms a dome. As that magma cools down and
solidifies, it is often tougher than other surrounding rocks can
be exposed after millions of years of erosion. The mountain is
this dome — a former accumulation of magma which cooled down and
was exposed by erosion.
Round Mountain is a relatively recent dome mountain. It
represents a volcanic feature of the Canadian Northern
Cordilleran Volcanic Province that formed in the past 1.6
million. Black Dome Mountain is another popular example, also in
Canada.
Other types of mountains
As we mentioned above, there’s no strict classification of all
mountains, so other types are sometimes mentioned.
Plateau mountains
Basically, plateau mountains aren’t formed by something going up
— they’re formed by something going down. Imagine a plateau, for
instance. Let’s say it has a river on it. Year after year, that
river carves a part of the plateau, bit by bit. After some time,
there might only be a bit of the original plateau left
un-eroded, and that part basically becomes a mountain. This
generally takes a very long time even by geological standards
and can go up to billions of years. Some geologists group all
these mountains along with dome mountains into a broader
category called erosional mountains.
[b]Uplifted passive margins[/b]
There’s no geological model to fully explain how uplifted
passive margins formed, but we do see them in the world. The
Scandinavian Mountains, Eastern Greenland, the Brazilian
Highlands or Australia’s Great Dividing Range are such examples,
owing their existence to some uplifting mechanism.
[b]Hotspot mountains[/b]
[center] [img
width=640]
HTML http://cdn.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Hawaii_hotspot.jpg[/img][/center]
[center][I]The trail of underwater mountains created as the
tectonic plate moved across the Hawaii hotspot over millions of
years. Image credits: USGS.[/i][/center]
Although once thought to be identical to volcanic mountains, new
research has shed some light on this belief. Hotspots are
volcanic regions thought to be fed by a part of the underlying
mantle which is significantly hotter than its surroundings.
However, even though that hot area is fixed, the plates move
around it — causing it to leave a hotspot trail of mountains.
HTML http://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/main-types-mountains-earths-ups-downs/
Discussion with article Author: ;D
agelbert • 2 days ago
Great article! I know that it is very controversial in main
stream academic geology circles, but what do you think of the
theory of global expansion causing mountain formation as the
surface of the sphere becomes less curved? There is indisputable
geologic evidence that all the ocean basins are much younger
than the earth's crust on continents. Tectonic plate theory does
not have an answer to that but the expanding earth theory fits
the planetary geology much better. I am not saying that plate
tectonics are not involved in mountain formation; I am saying
that an expanding globe combined with plate tectonics is a more
comprehensive theory of our geology.
[center]
HTML https://youtu.be/tiCMFzpMnZM[/center]
Mihai > ⦁
I'm not particularly familiar with this theory, but the tectonic
mechanism of orogeny is pretty well established.
agelbert > Andrei Mihai • 17 hours ago
Well, the maximum age of the ocean basins is about 190 million
years. But the thing that is most convincing to me that
something besides plate tectonics is at work is the distance of
the oceanic rifts from the land masses of Australia and
Antarctica. It makes no sense UNLESS they stretched apart
without any subduction whatsoever.
Also, the closer you get to the oceanic volcanic ridges, the
younger the crust is. Finally the crust of the earth is thinner
in the ocean basins than on continents. All of that argues for
global expansion.
I know you will think this unscientific, but I am familiar with
stretch marks on human female breasts when they grow too quickly
for the skin to adjust normally. The ocean basin topography
looks uncannily like these types of stretch marks. But the
stretching of landscape on land is a known geologic feature that
also appears to be identical, though in much smaller scale to
the oceanic "stretch mark" like topography.
Please watch the video and tell me what you think is inaccurate
about global expansion theory.
Two intriguing screen shots from the Expanding Earth video:
[center][font=georgia]Expanding Earth versus Plate
Tectonics[/font][/center]
[center][img
width=640]
HTML http://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-180517142826.png[/img][/center]
[center][font=georgia]
Continental fit only on a smaller earth globe[/font][/center]
[center][img
width=640]
HTML http://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-180517143649.png[/img][/center]
#Post#: 7168--------------------------------------------------
Re: Science
By: AGelbert Date: May 20, 2017, 2:33 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
[quote author=AGelbert link=topic=145.msg7159#msg7159
date=1495137653]
[img
width=140]
HTML http://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200317134631.png[/img]
[center]The main types of mountains — Earth’s ups and
downs[/center]
Last updated on May 15th, 2017 at 5:19 pm by Mihai Andrei
There’s no geological model to fully explain how uplifted
passive margins formed, but we do see them in the world. The
Scandinavian Mountains, Eastern Greenland, the Brazilian
Highlands or Australia’s Great Dividing Range are such examples,
owing their existence to some uplifting mechanism.
[b]Hotspot mountains[/b]
[center] [img
width=640]
HTML http://cdn.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Hawaii_hotspot.jpg[/img][/center]
[center][I]The trail of underwater mountains created as the
tectonic plate moved across the Hawaii hotspot over millions of
years. Image credits: USGS.[/i][/center]
Although once thought to be identical to volcanic mountains, new
research has shed some light on this belief. Hotspots are
volcanic regions thought to be fed by a part of the underlying
mantle which is significantly hotter than its surroundings.
However, even though that hot area is fixed, the plates move
around it — causing it to leave a hotspot trail of mountains.
HTML http://www.zmescience.com/other/feature-post/main-types-mountains-earths-ups-downs/
[/quote]
Discussion with article Author: ;D
agelbert •
Great article! I know that it is very controversial in main
stream academic geology circles, but what do you think of the
theory of global expansion causing mountain formation as the
surface of the sphere becomes less curved? There is indisputable
geologic evidence that all the ocean basins are much younger
than the earth's crust on continents. Tectonic plate theory does
not have an answer to that but the expanding earth theory fits
the planetary geology much better. I am not saying that plate
tectonics are not involved in mountain formation; I am saying
that an expanding globe combined with plate tectonics is a more
comprehensive theory of our geology.
[center]
HTML https://youtu.be/tiCMFzpMnZM[/center]
Mihai > ⦁
I'm not particularly familiar with this theory, but the tectonic
mechanism of orogeny is pretty well established.
agelbert > Andrei Mihai •
Well, the maximum age of the ocean basins is about 190 million
years. But the thing that is most convincing to me that
something besides plate tectonics is at work is the distance of
the oceanic rifts from the land masses of Australia and
Antarctica. It makes no sense UNLESS they stretched apart
without any subduction whatsoever.
Also, the closer you get to the oceanic volcanic ridges, the
younger the crust is. Finally the crust of the earth is thinner
in the ocean basins than on continents. All of that argues for
global expansion.
I know you will think this unscientific, but I am familiar with
stretch marks on human female breasts when they grow too quickly
for the skin to adjust normally. The ocean basin topography
looks uncannily like these types of stretch marks. But the
stretching of landscape on land is a known geologic feature that
also appears to be identical, though in much smaller scale to
the oceanic "stretch mark" like topography.
Please watch the video and tell me what you think is inaccurate
about global expansion theory.
Two intriguing screen shots from the Expanding Earth video:
[center][font=georgia]Expanding Earth versus Plate
Tectonics[/font][/center]
[center][img
width=640]
HTML http://renewablerevolution.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-180517142826.png[/img][/center]
[center][font=georgia]
Continental fit only on a smaller earth globe[/font][/center]
[center][img
width=640]
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Andrei Mihai > agelbert • a day ago
I do think this is pretty unscientific, yes. I'll agree that
plate tectonics is not a perfect, all-encompassing theory. It's
an area of active research, and the sheer complexity of the
subject will have us learning new things years and years from
now... but.
The video starts from some truthful, and some false premises.
For instance, the oldest oceanic crust isn't 140 million years
old. In the west Pacific and north-west Atlantic, oceanic crust
is 180-200 million years old. These are pretty big areas, not
isolated patches, but it gets even better. In the Eastern parts
of the Mediterranean, there are remnants of the former Tethys
Ocean, which are 270 million years old (some studies put bits of
it at 340 million years old). This is the most commonly
referenced map, which I recommend having a look at.
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There's a mountain of evidence supporting plate tectonics, so we
know it's happening, it's very much real, though we're not
exactly sure what's the exact mechanism of movement, and how all
of it happens. This is always the case when you're studying
phenomena on this scale, and working only with indirect
evidence. As for the disappearance of plates, look up
subduction. Oceanic plates are denser and "heavier" than
continental plates, which is why they tend to subduce and get
consumed in the lithosphere.
Cheers!
agelbert > Andrei Mihai •
Thank you for your polite and respectful response. It is rare to
see an erudite person like yourself treat a person who is not
credentialed this way. So, I am grateful for this conversation
with you.
I respect your opinion, and that of the geologic mainstream
scientific community. I agree with you that more research and
experimentation is required to fully understand plate tectonics.
The only question I have, judging from your comment about the
ocean basin age mentioned in the video, is why didn't you watch
the full video? The different ocean basin age crusts issue was
explained in detail, along with a discussion of the
Mediterranean Sea basin.
I have studied subduction theory. I remain unconvinced that such
a crustal "conveyer belt" actually exists simply because of the
nearly equidistant volcanic rifts from the continental plates on
either side in the Atlantic Ocean and between Australia and
Antarctica.
Furthermore, subduction is a rather convenient excuse to claim
that ocean basin crust is "reformed" with such high temperatures
that its age simply "appears" to be much younger than the 4.5
billion year, much older dated continental land areas. The 4.5
billon year dating versus the much younger age for ocean basins
as you stated, citing a maximum of 340 million years for one
basin age versus 190 million years for others (with various
documented ages in between), is not explained by subduction
theory.
I am of the belief that the dating methods used by geologists
are accurate, at least within an error margin of 100 million
years.
So, the gigantic age gap problem between continents and ocean
basins remains to be answered.
agelbert > Andrei Mihai •
If the Mckenzie model works for continental crust, why isn't it
also clear that the same mechanism is at work in oceanic basin
crust (i.e. stretching from expansion, not contraction)? ???
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Well, it is clear to the geologists. But that's where the
controversy begins as to the CAUSE of that indisputable evidence
of stretching.
In the graphic below, accepted by mainstream geologists, the
stretching of the ocean basins is not in question. They admit
that the basins are stretching; they simply require the
subduction theory to explain that crustal stretching in order to
avoid dealing with the ocean basin stretching based evidence of
global expansion.
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And as to crustal compression, as alleged to be the cause of
continents moving towards one another, thereby causing mountain
ranges to be formed, a less curved sphere of the earths surface,
the result of an expanding globe, is a better explanation of how
absolutely every mountain range on earth was formed. Just look,
with unbiased eyes, at the location of mountain ranges and you
will see what I mean.
Mountain range creation can be modeled on a tiny scale by arcing
a 4' by 8' piece of plywood, fixing it in position, and applying
plaster of Paris at varying thicknesses over it. After the
plaster is hard in a day or so, gradually reduce the curvature
and observe the "crustal compression", NOT from "continental
plate collisions", but from a less curved surface.
This effect can also be observed in an inflated balloon covered
with mud that is allowed to dry. When the balloon is further
inflated the compression of the mud to form miniature "mountain
ranges" and "ocean basins, where the added balloon area appears,
is obvious to anyone but a mainstream geologist. I think they
are just stubborn and set in their ways. But someday the obvious
reality of an expanding globe will be accepted over the
convenient theory of subduction invented to avoid accepting the
reality of an expanding globe.
Cheers!
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#Post#: 7177--------------------------------------------------
Re: Science
By: AGelbert Date: May 22, 2017, 5:47 pm
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[center]The ORDER that emerges from CHAOS
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HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/128fs318181.gif[/center]
[center]
HTML https://youtu.be/eJAs9Qr359o[/center]
Published on Oct 31, 2016
One of the best educational videos on Chaos Theory and Dynamic
Systems that I have ever seen.
Chaos is order out of disorder, and [I]order out of
non-linearity.[/I]
When there is agreement within a system, the more complex a
system, the better a bottom up/emergent organizational structure
handles the diversity.
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width=640]
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#Post#: 7181--------------------------------------------------
Re: Science
By: AGelbert Date: May 22, 2017, 7:37 pm
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[move][font=verdana]The Secret Life of Waves[/font][/move]
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width=280]
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/>width=263]
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/>[/center]
[center][center]
HTML https://youtu.be/Kmllm1dAug4[/center][/center]
Published on May 3, 2014
[center][img
width=640]
HTML http://media.giphy.com/media/NzyYhZAOjVgxq/giphy.gif[/img]<br
/>[/center]
#Post#: 7500--------------------------------------------------
Re: Science
By: AGelbert Date: July 16, 2017, 12:41 pm
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[center]
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[center]
HTML https://youtu.be/UStaaluvahc[/center]
[center][img
width=50]
HTML http://www.desismileys.com/smileys/desismileys_6656.gif[/img]<br
/>
[img
width=50]
HTML http://www.desismileys.com/smileys/desismileys_1730.gif[/img]<br
/> ??? [img
width=50]
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/> [/center]
Agelbert NOTE: You know, I can reason out an expanding earth
from the gravity problems that large dinosaurs present. The
physical size, as well as the nerve sensation transmission and
circulatory system physiology of a land animal is size limited
by gravity. But the claim that fossil fuels are a "renewable
resource"
HTML http://www.pic4ever.com/images/ugly004.gif
is absolute
balderdash!
Whenever someone wants to lie to you effectively, they will
start with a lot of truth that challenges modern scientific
assumptions AND THEN CAREFULLY mix the mendacious propaganda
along the way. I suspect a some fossil fuel industry
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money funded
HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714191329.bmp<br
/>that bold faced LIE in the above video about fossil fuels bein
g
"Renewable".
The following well researched and illustrated video [img
width=25
height=30]
HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-080515182559.png[/img]<br
/>gets into the irrefutably impossible to solve physiological
problems with the size of the large dinosaurs in our present
gravity:
[center][font=times new roman]Large Dinosaurs and their Gravity
Problems[/font][/center]
[font=times new roman]The Ganymede Hypothesis [/font]
[quote][font=times new roman]Streamed live on Jun 25, 2016
Problems involving torque, square/cube phenomena, blood pressure
and other conundrums which would make life in our present world
impossible for a large dinosaur.[/font][/quote]
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HTML https://youtu.be/sMQT-y6oK2s[/center]
Agelbert NOTE: If you think the dinosaurs existed in our present
gravity, you believe an impossibility. Yes, mainstream paleo
poobas want you to believe that
lie.
HTML http://www.createaforum.com/gallery/renewablerevolution/3-200714183337.bmp<br
/> What you need to ask yourself is, WHY do they insist on that
easily deconstructed unscientific baloney?
BECAUSE they would then have to doubt the assumption that earth
never expanded. They do not want to do that. That would make
them look like a pack of fools. They are proud of their pet
theories and will stick to them, no matter how irrational. :P
Science has done a lot of good. But making scientific theories
equivalent to God's laws is irrational and foolish. There is
only one God, and He is 100% TRUTH, unlike the Scientific
Community, which barely passes the 51% mark on any given day.
#Post#: 7649--------------------------------------------------
Re: Science
By: AGelbert Date: August 6, 2017, 10:04 pm
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[move]Unbelievably Strange Planets in Space[/move]
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HTML https://youtu.be/18rARy8g4Hc[/center]
Published on Jul 28, 2017
#Post#: 7928--------------------------------------------------
Re: Science
By: AGelbert Date: September 15, 2017, 6:15 pm
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[center]NASA versus SPACEX[/center]
[center]
HTML https://youtu.be/fQEBu3rZmcw[/center]
Joe Scott
Published on Sep 11, 2017
NASA vs SpaceX: Who Will Get To Mars First? | Answers With Joe
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