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       #Post#: 6--------------------------------------------------
       The immaterial aspects of the change
   DIR By: jebin khatun
       Date: August 29, 2023, 5:37 am
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       In early 2021, Moscow even threatened to cut all ties with the
       Union, and its foreign minister saw fit to quote the Latin
       proverb " Si vis pacem para bellum " ("If you want peace,
       prepare for war"). to underline the determination of his
       country. In view of the recent escalation in Ukraine, this
       threat was clearly more serious than many in Europe wanted to
       believe at the time. Of course, all eyes are on the political
       and economic implications of the widening chasm between Moscow
       and Brussels.  in the international behavior of the Kremlin
       receive less attention. Since the Crimea move and the debacle in
       eastern Ukraine, the political imagination of Moscow's elites
       has changed dramatically. Basically it is a mental estrangement
       from Europe.
       Nothing documents this drastic change more clearly than a 2014
       memo, published in connection with the development of a new
       political-cultural concept. "Russia must be understood as a
       unique and distinct civilization that cannot be reduced to
       either the West (Europe) or the East," the authors wrote, adding
       bluntly: "In short, this thesis - confirmed by the entire
       history of the country and of his people – says: Russia is not
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       Europe'. « A new world » Over the past
       three or four centuries, Russian interpretations of what is
       European and what is Russia's relationship to Europe have
       fluctuated constantly. In the era of Peter the Great, his court
       geographers and historians were instrumental in redrawing
       Europe's borders. By designating the Urals as the eastern border
       of Europe, they decidedly included most of the western territory
       of the Russian Empire within the old continent.
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       This type of mental mapping served as a symbolic basis for the
       policy of Europeanization promoted by both Peter the Great and
       Catherine the Great. In her acclaimed "Nakaz," the great "draft"
       of her 1767 policy, Catherine openly declared: "Russia is a
       European state." For the next two centuries there was constant
       back and forth over whether and to what extent Russia was
       "European." But as the Soviet Union drew to a close, the Kremlin
       seemed to have adopted Catherine's formula. One of Mikhail
       Gorbachev's favorite ideas was that of a "common European home."
       Boris Yeltsin spoke of a "return to European civilization" and,
       in 2005, Vladimir Putin claimed that Russia was "a European
       power" that had developed and changed "hand in hand with other
       European nations" over the past three centuries.
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