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#Post#: 30--------------------------------------------------
WHO idea on mental health and development
DIR By: guest3
Date: June 25, 2021, 9:55 am
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Mental health is an integral and essential component of health.
The WHO constitution states: "Health is a state of complete
physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity." An important implication of
this definition is that mental health is more than just the
absence of mental disorders or disabilities.
Mental health is a state of well-being in which an individual
realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with the normal
stresses of life, can work productively and is able to make a
contribution to his or her community.
Mental health is fundamental to our collective and individual
ability as humans to think, emote, interact with each other,
earn a living and enjoy life. On this basis, the promotion,
protection and restoration of mental health can be regarded as a
vital concern of individuals, communities and societies
throughout the world.
Determinants of mental health
Multiple social, psychological, and biological factors determine
the level of mental health of a person at any point of time. For
example, violence and persistent socio-economic pressures are
recognized risks to mental health. The clearest evidence is
associated with sexual violence.
Poor mental health is also associated with rapid social change,
stressful work conditions, gender discrimination, social
exclusion, unhealthy lifestyle, physical ill-health and human
rights violations.
There are specific psychological and personality factors that
make people vulnerable to mental health problems. Biological
risks include genetic factors.
Mental health promotion and protection
Mental health promotion involves actions that improve
psychological well-being. This may involve creating an
environment that supports mental health.
An environment that respects and protects basic civil,
political, socio-economic and cultural rights is fundamental to
mental health. Without the security and freedom provided by
these rights, it is difficult to maintain a high level of mental
health.
National mental health policies should be concerned both with
mental disorders and, with broader issues that promote mental
health. Mental health promotion should be mainstreamed into
governmental and nongovernmental policies and programmes. In
addition to the health sector, it is essential to involve the
education, labour, justice, transport, environment, housing, and
welfare sectors.
Specific ways to promote mental health include:
early childhood interventions (e.g. providing a stable
environment that is sensitive to children’s health and
nutritional needs, with protection from threats, opportunities
for early learning, and interactions that are responsive,
emotionally supportive and developmentally stimulating);
support to children (e.g. life skills programmes, child and
youth development programmes);
socio-economic empowerment of women (e.g. improving access to
education and microcredit schemes);
social support for elderly populations (e.g. befriending
initiatives, community and day centres for the aged);
programmes targeted at vulnerable people, including minorities,
indigenous people, migrants and people affected by conflicts and
disasters (e.g. psycho-social interventions after disasters);
mental health promotional activities in schools (e.g. programmes
involving supportive ecological changes in schools);
mental health interventions at work (e.g. stress prevention
programmes);
housing policies (e.g. housing improvement);
·violence prevention programmes (e.g. reducing availability of
alcohol and access to arms);
community development programmes (e.g. integrated rural
development);
poverty reduction and social protection for the poor;
anti-discrimination laws and campaigns;
promotion of the rights, opportunities and care of individuals
with mental disorders.
Mental health care and treatment
In the context of national efforts to develop and implement
mental health policy, it is vital to not only protect and
promote the mental well-being of its citizens, but also address
the needs of persons with defined mental disorders.
Knowledge of what to do about the escalating burden of mental
disorders has improved substantially over the past decade. There
is a growing body of evidence demonstrating both the efficacy
and cost-effectiveness of key interventions for priority mental
disorders in countries at different levels of economic
development. Examples of interventions that are cost-effective,
feasible, and affordable include:
treatment of depression with psychological treatment and, for
moderate to severe cases, antidepressant medicines;
treatment of psychosis with antipsychotic medicines and
psychosocial support;
taxation of alcoholic beverages and restriction of their
availability and marketing.
A range of effective measures also exists for the prevention of
suicide, prevention and treatment of mental disorders in
children, prevention and treatment of dementia, and treatment of
substance-use disorders. The mental health Gap Action Programme
(mhGAP) has produced evidence based guidance for non-specialists
to enable them to better identify and manage a range of priority
mental health conditions.
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