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#Post#: 349--------------------------------------------------
Tugasan Chapter 3 Tingkatan 4 PD
DIR By: riskzal
Date: February 28, 2011, 6:33 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
Sila hantarkan tugasan anda di sini.
Harap maklum.
#Post#: 350--------------------------------------------------
Re: Tugasan Chapter 3 Tingkatan 4 PD
DIR By: Ben
Date: February 28, 2011, 6:37 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
On the way, upload guna website lain ka Cikgu? Atau ada cara
lain.
Macam www.sendfile.com etc?
#Post#: 351--------------------------------------------------
Re: Tugasan Chapter 3 Tingkatan 4 PD
DIR By: riskzal
Date: February 28, 2011, 6:40 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
Ahmad Rizal
4 PD – 4 Pandai
HEREDITY - Heredity is the passing of traits to offspring (from
its parent or ancestors). This is the process by which an
offspring cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to
the characteristics of its parent cell or organism. Through
heredity, variations exhibited by individuals can accumulate and
cause some species to evolve. The study of heredity in biology
is called genetics, which includes the field of epigenetics
#Post#: 352--------------------------------------------------
Re: Tugasan Chapter 3 Tingkatan 4 PD
DIR By: syedtough
Date: February 28, 2011, 6:45 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
AHMAD IRSYAD
4PD
HEREDITY
Heredity is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent
or ancestors). This is the process by which an offspring cell or
organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics
of its parent cell or organism. Through heredity, variations
exhibited by individuals can accumulate and cause some species
to evolve. The study of heredity in biology is called genetics,
which includes the field of epigenetics
.
CHROMOSOME
A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein that
is found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing
many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences.
Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to
package the DNA and control its functions.
Diagram of a replicated and condensed metaphase eukaryotic
chromosome. (1) Chromatid – one of the two identical parts of
the chromosome after S phase. (2) Centromere – the point where
the two chromatids touch, and where the microtubules attach. (3)
Short arm. (4) Long arm.
GENE
A gene is a unit of heredity in a living organism. It normally
resides on some stretches of DNA and RNA that codes for a type
of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the
organism. All living things depend on genes, as they specify all
proteins and functional RNA chains. Genes hold the information
to build and maintain an organism's cells and pass genetic
traits to offspring, although some organelles (e.g.
mitochondria) are self-replicating and are not coded for by the
organism's DNA.
This stylistic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double
helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). The
chromosome is X-shaped because it is dividing. Introns are
regions often found in eukaryote genes that are removed in the
splicing process (after the DNA is transcribed into RNA): Only
the exons encode the protein. This diagram labels a region of
only 50 or so bases as a gene. In reality, most genes are
hundreds of times larger.
DNA-Deoxyribonucleic acid
(/diˌɒksiˌraɪbɵ.njuːˌkleɪ.ɨk
ˈæsɪd/ ( listen)), or DNA, is a nucleic acid that
contains the genetic instructions used in the development and
functioning of all known living organisms (with the exception of
RNA viruses). The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term
storage of information. DNA is often compared to a set of
blueprints, like a recipe or a code, since it contains the
instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such
as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this
genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences
have structural purposes, or are involved in rregulating the use
of this genetic information.
MITOSIS-Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell
separates the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical
sets in two nuclei. It is generally followed immediately by
cytokinesis, which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and
cell membrane into two cells containing roughly equal shares of
these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together
define the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle—the division of
the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical
to each other and to their parent cell. This accounts for
approximately 10% of the cell cycle.
MIOSIS-Miosis (or myosis, from Ancient Greek
μύειν, mūein, "to close the eyes")
is constriction of the pupil of the eye to less than or equal to
two milimeters[1]. This is a normal response to an increase in
light, but can also be associated with certain pathological
conditions, microwave radiation exposure, and certain drugs,
especially opioids.
The opposite, mydriasis, is the dilation of the pupil.
#Post#: 353--------------------------------------------------
Re: Tugasan Chapter 3 Tingkatan 4 PD
DIR By: amirul 4pd
Date: February 28, 2011, 6:45 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
AMIRUL AFFIF
4pd-4 perdagangan
Heredity is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent
or ancestors). This is the process by which an offspring cell or
organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics
of its parent cell or organism. Through heredity, variations
exhibited by individuals can accumulate and cause some species
to evolve. The study of heredity in biology is called genetics,
which includes the field of epigenetics.
A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein that
is found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing
many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences.
Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to
package the DNA and control its functions
A gene is a unit of heredity in a living organism. It normally
resides on some stretches of DNA and RNA that codes for a type
of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the
organism. All living things depend on genes, as they specify all
proteins and functional RNA chains. Genes hold the information
to build and maintain an organism's cells and pass genetic
traits to offspring, although some organelles (e.g.
mitochondria) are self-replicating and are not coded for by the
organism's DNA. All organisms have many genes corresponding to
many different biological traits, some of which are immediately
visible, such as eye color or number of limbs, and some of which
are not, such as blood type or increased risk for specific
diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that
comprise life.
DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called
nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups
joined by ester bonds. These two strands run in opposite
directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel.
Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called
bases. It is the sequence of these four bases along the backbone
that encodes information. This information is read using the
genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids
within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA
into the related nucleic acid RNA, in a process called
transcription.
Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the
chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two
nuclei. It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis,
which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell
membrane into two cells containing roughly equal shares of these
cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the
mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle—the division of the mother
cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each
other and to their parent cell. This accounts for approximately
10% of the cell cycle.
Meiosis uses many of the same mechanisms as mitosis, a type of
cell division used by eukaryotes like plants and animals to
split one cell into two identical daughter cells. In all plants,
and in many protists, meiosis results in the formation of
spores, haploid cells that can divide vegetatively without
undergoing fertilization. Some eukaryotes, like Bdelloid
rotifers, have lost the ability to carry out meiosis and have
acquired the ability to reproduce by parthenogenesis. Meiosis
does not occur in archaea or bacteria, which reproduce via
asexual processes such as binary fission.
#Post#: 356--------------------------------------------------
Re: Tugasan Chapter 3 Tingkatan 4 PD
DIR By: dekei
Date: February 28, 2011, 6:52 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
Daniel
Zul asri
4PD
Heredity is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent
or ancestors). This is the process by which an offspring cell or
organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics
of its parent cell or organism. Through heredity, variations
exhibited by individuals can accumulate and cause some species
to evolve. The study of heredity in biology is called genetics,
which includes the field of epigenetics.
A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein that
is found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing
many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences.
Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to
package the DNA and control its functions.
A gene is a unit of heredity in a living organism. It normally
resides on some stretches of DNA and RNA that codes for a type
of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the
organism. All living things depend on genes, as they specify all
proteins and functional RNA chains. Genes hold the information
to build and maintain an organism's cells and pass genetic
traits to offspring, although some organelles (e.g.
mitochondria) are self-replicating and are not coded for by the
organism's DNA. All organisms have many genes corresponding to
many different biological traits, some of which are immediately
visible, such as eye color or number of limbs, and some of which
are not, such as blood type or increased risk for specific
diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that
comprise life.
DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called
nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups
joined by ester bonds. These two strands run in opposite
directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel.
Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called
bases. It is the sequence of these four bases along the backbone
that encodes information. This information is read using the
genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids
within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA
into the related nucleic acid RNA, in a process called
transcription
Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the
chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two
nuclei. It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis,
which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell
membrane into two cells containing roughly equal shares of these
cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the
mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle—the division of the mother
cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each
other and to their parent cell. This accounts for appMeiosis
(pronounced /maɪˈoʊsɨs/ ( listen)) is a
special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction.
In animals, meiosis produces gametes like sperm and egg cells,
while in other organisms like fungi it generates spores. Meiosis
begins with one diploid cell containing two copies of each
chromosome—one from the organism's mother and one from its
father—and produces four haploid cells containing one copy of
each chromosome. Each of the resulting chromosomes in the gamete
cells is a unique mixture of maternal and paternal DNA, ensuring
that offspring are genetically distinct from either parent. This
gives rise to genetic diversity in sexually reproducing
populations, which enables them to adapt during the course of
evolution.
roximately 10% of the cell cycle.
:-X
#Post#: 357--------------------------------------------------
Re: Tugasan Chapter 3 Tingkatan 4 PD
DIR By: Ben
Date: February 28, 2011, 6:54 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
--- Quote ---
> Benyamin Shuid & Feykar Yuzaily
> Representing 4 PD (Perdagangan)
>
--- End Quote ---
--- Quote ---
>
> HEREDITY
> Heredity is the passing of traits to offspring (from its
parent or ancestors). This is the process by which an offspring
cell or organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the
characteristics of its parent cell or organism. Through
heredity, variations exhibited by individuals can accumulate and
cause some species to evolve. The study of heredity in biology
is called genetics, which includes the field of epigenetics.
>
> CHROMOSOME
>
HTML http://www.ubthenews.com/images/ChromosomeChountIcon.jpg
> A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein that
is found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing
many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences.
Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to
package the DNA and control its functions.
>
> GENE
>
HTML http://www.topnews.in/health/files/Genes.jpg
> A gene is a unit of heredity in a living organism. It normally
resides on some stretches of DNA and RNA that codes for a type
of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the
organism. All living things depend on genes, as they specify all
proteins and functional RNA chains. Genes hold the information
to build and maintain an organism's cells and pass genetic
traits to offspring, although some organelles (e.g.
mitochondria) are self-replicating and are not coded for by the
organism's DNA. All organisms have many genes corresponding to
many different biological traits, some of which are immediately
visible, such as eye color or number of limbs, and some of which
are not, such as blood type or increased risk for specific
diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that
comprise life.
>
> DNA
>
[img]
HTML http://cdn.pastemagazine.com/www/articles/2010/11/09/dna.jpg?1289300953[/img]
> Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid that contains
the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning
of all known living organisms (with the exception of RNA
viruses). The main role of DNA molecules is the long-term
storage of information. DNA is often compared to a set of
blueprints, like a recipe or a code, since it contains the
instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such
as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this
genetic information are called genes, but other DNA sequences
have structural purposes, or are involved in regulating the use
of this genetic information.
>
> MITOSIS
>
HTML http://www.hmhbooks.com/booksellers/press_release/studentscience/gif/mitosis1.gif
> Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates
the chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in
two nuclei. It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis,
which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell
membrane into two cells containing roughly equal shares of these
cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the
mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle—the division of the mother
cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each
other and to their parent cell. This accounts for approximately
10% of the cell cycle.
>
> MEIOSIS
>
HTML https://dbscience3.wikispaces.com/file/view/meiosis-big.gif/63281204/meiosis-big.gif
> Meiosis is a special type of cell division necessary for
sexual reproduction. In animals, meiosis produces gametes like
sperm and egg cells, while in other organisms like fungi it
generates spores. Meiosis begins with one diploid cell
containing two copies of each chromosome—one from the organism's
mother and one from its father—and produces four haploid cells
containing one copy of each chromosome. Each of the resulting
chromosomes in the gamete cells is a unique mixture of maternal
and paternal DNA, ensuring that offspring are genetically
distinct from either parent. This gives rise to genetic
diversity in sexually reproducing populations, which enables
them to adapt during the course of evolution.
>
>
>
--- End Quote ---
--- Quote ---
> Incase cikgu nak dalam file Microsoft Word saya dah provide
download link:
>
HTML http://www.sendspace.com/file/epmv5m
--- End Quote ---
#Post#: 358--------------------------------------------------
Re: Tugasan Chapter 3 Tingkatan 4 PD
DIR By: reedzal azeez 4PD
Date: February 28, 2011, 6:54 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
syam ‘orix’ reedzal
ajmal
4pd
HEREDITY:P
Heredity is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent
or ancestors). This is the process by which an offspring cell or
organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics
of its parent cell or organism. Through heredity, variations
exhibited by individuals can accumulate and cause some species
to evolve. The study of heredity in biology is called genetics,
which includes the field of epigenetics.
CHROMOSOME:9
A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein that
is found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing
many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences.
Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to
package the DNA and control its functions.
GENE:q
A gene is a unit of heredity in a living organism. It normally
resides on some stretches of DNA and RNA that codes for a type
of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the
organism. All living things depend on genes, as they specify all
proteins and functional RNA chains. Genes hold the information
to build and maintain an organism's cells and pass genetic
traits to offspring, although some organelles (e.g.
mitochondria) are self-replicating and are not coded for by the
organism's DNA. All organisms have many genes corresponding to
many different biological traits, some of which are immediately
visible, such as eye color or number of limbs, and some of which
are not, such as blood type or increased risk for specific
diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that
comprise life.
DNA
DNA, is a nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions
used in the development and functioning of all known living
organisms (with the exception of RNA viruses). The main role of
DNA molecules is the long-term storage of information. DNA is
often compared to a set of blueprints, like a recipe or a code,
since it contains the instructions needed to construct other
components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA
segments that carry this genetic information are called genes,
but other DNA sequences have structural purposes, or are
involved in regulating the use of this genetic information.
MITOSIS
mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the
chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two
nuclei. It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis,
which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell
membrane into two cells containing roughly equal shares of these
cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the
mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle—the division of the mother
cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each
other and to their parent cell. This accounts for approximately
10% of the cell cycle.
MEIOSIS<3
Meiosis is a special type of cell division necessary for sexual
reproduction. In animals, meiosis produces gametes like sperm
and egg cells, while in other organisms like fungi it generates
spores. Meiosis begins with one diploid cell containing two
copies of each chromosome—one from the organism's mother and one
from its father—and produces four haploid cells containing one
copy of each chromosome. Each of the resulting chromosomes in
the gamete cells is a unique mixture of maternal and paternal
DNA, ensuring that offspring are genetically distinct from
either parent. This gives rise to genetic diversity in sexually
reproducing populations, which enables them to adapt during the
course of evolution.
:-*
#Post#: 359--------------------------------------------------
Re: Tugasan Chapter 3 Tingkatan 4 PD
DIR By: daniel4pd
Date: February 28, 2011, 6:56 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
Daniel
Zul asri
4PD
Heredity is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent
or ancestors). This is the process by which an offspring cell or
organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics
of its parent cell or organism. Through heredity, variations
exhibited by individuals can accumulate and cause some species
to evolve. The study of heredity in biology is called genetics,
which includes the field of epigenetics.
A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein that
is found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing
many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences.
Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to
package the DNA and control its functions.
A gene is a unit of heredity in a living organism. It normally
resides on some stretches of DNA and RNA that codes for a type
of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the
organism. All living things depend on genes, as they specify all
proteins and functional RNA chains. Genes hold the information
to build and maintain an organism's cells and pass genetic
traits to offspring, although some organelles (e.g.
mitochondria) are self-replicating and are not coded for by the
organism's DNA. All organisms have many genes corresponding to
many different biological traits, some of which are immediately
visible, such as eye color or number of limbs, and some of which
are not, such as blood type or increased risk for specific
diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that
comprise life.
DNA consists of two long polymers of simple units called
nucleotides, with backbones made of sugars and phosphate groups
joined by ester bonds. These two strands run in opposite
directions to each other and are therefore anti-parallel.
Attached to each sugar is one of four types of molecules called
bases. It is the sequence of these four bases along the backbone
that encodes information. This information is read using the
genetic code, which specifies the sequence of the amino acids
within proteins. The code is read by copying stretches of DNA
into the related nucleic acid RNA, in a process called
transcription
Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the
chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two
nuclei. It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis,
which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell
membrane into two cells containing roughly equal shares of these
cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the
mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle—the division of the mother
cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each
other and to their parent cell. This accounts for appMeiosis
(pronounced /maɪˈoʊsɨs/ ( listen)) is a
special type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction.
In animals, meiosis produces gametes like sperm and egg cells,
while in other organisms like fungi it generates spores. Meiosis
begins with one diploid cell containing two copies of each
chromosome—one from the organism's mother and one from its
father—and produces four haploid cells containing one copy of
each chromosome. Each of the resulting chromosomes in the gamete
cells is a unique mixture of maternal and paternal DNA, ensuring
that offspring are genetically distinct from either parent. This
gives rise to genetic diversity in sexually reproducing
populations, which enables them to adapt during the course of
evolution.
roximately 10% of the cell cycle.
:)
#Post#: 360--------------------------------------------------
Re: Tugasan Chapter 3 Tingkatan 4 PD
DIR By: salihan95_4pd
Date: February 28, 2011, 6:57 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
MOHAMAD SALIHAN & MOHAMMAD HARIZ
4PD
HEREDITY
Heredity is the passing of traits to offspring (from its parent
or ancestors). This is the process by which an offspring cell or
organism acquires or becomes predisposed to the characteristics
of its parent cell or organism. Through heredity, variations
exhibited by individuals can accumulate and cause some species
to evolve. The study of heredity in biology is called genetics,
which includes the field of epigenetics.
DNA structure. Bases are in the centre, surrounded by
phosphate–sugar chains in a double helix.
CHROMOSOME
A chromosome is an organized structure of DNA and protein that
is found in cells. It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing
many genes, regulatory elements and other nucleotide sequences.
Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound proteins, which serve to
package the DNA and control its functions.
Diagram of a replicated and condensed metaphase eukaryotic
chromosome. (1) Chromatid – one of the two identical parts of
the chromosome after S phase. (2) Centromere – the point where
the two chromatids touch, and where the microtubules attach. (3)
Short arm. (4) Long arm.
GENE
A gene is a unit of heredity in a living organism. It normally
resides on some stretches of DNA and RNA that codes for a type
of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the
organism. All living things depend on genes, as they specify all
proteins and functional RNA chains. Genes hold the information
to build and maintain an organism's cells and pass genetic
traits to offspring, although some organelles (e.g.
mitochondria) are self-replicating and are not coded for by the
organism's DNA. All organisms have many genes corresponding to
many different biological traits, some of which are immediately
visible, such as eye color or number of limbs, and some of which
are not, such as blood type or increased risk for specific
diseases, or the thousands of basic biochemical processes that
comprise life.
This stylistic diagram shows a gene in relation to the double
helix structure of DNA and to a chromosome (right). The
chromosome is X-shaped because it is dividing. Introns are
regions often found in eukaryote genes that are removed in the
splicing process (after the DNA is transcribed into RNA): Only
the exons encode the protein. This diagram labels a region of
only 50 or so bases as a gene. In reality, most genes are
hundreds of times larger.
DNA
Asid deoksiribonukleik (DNA) merupakan komponen kimia utama
kromosom dan merupakan bahan yang menghasilkan gen. Ia kadang
kala dipanggil molekul warisan, kerana DNA boleh mewariskan
sifat sifat organisma induk (iaitu ibubapa). Dalam proses
pembiakan, DNA bereplikasi dan hasilnya dipindahkan kepada
zuriat.
Gambaran bentuk helix DNA.
MITOSIS
Mitosis is the process by which a eukaryotic cell separates the
chromosomes in its cell nucleus into two identical sets in two
nuclei. It is generally followed immediately by cytokinesis,
which divides the nuclei, cytoplasm, organelles and cell
membrane into two cells containing roughly equal shares of these
cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the
mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle—the division of the mother
cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each
other and to their parent cell. This accounts for approximately
10% of the cell cycle.
Mitosis divides the chromosomes in a cell nucleus.
MIOSIS
Miosis (or myosis, from Ancient Greek
μύειν, mūein, "to close the eyes")
is constriction of the pupil of the eye to less than or equal to
two milimeters[1]. This is a normal response to an increase in
light, but can also be associated with certain pathological
conditions, microwave radiation exposure, and certain drugs,
especially opioids.
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