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       #Post#: 73--------------------------------------------------
       The worms again
       By: agate Date: December 14, 2013, 7:37 pm
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       For a while there's been talk of having MS patients ingest
       certain worms (helminths) might be helpful. Though this isn't
       the most agreeable of possible cures, the researchers are still
       working on it.
       In fact, they took some MS patients and had them drink a sports
       drink with the worms in it.
       There is an article in the Winter 2013-14 issue of Momentum
       Magazine
  HTML http://www.momentummagazineonline.com/gut-reaction-ms/,
       "A gut
       reaction to MS," that tells more about it and about the gut
       microbiome currently being mapped by the National Institutes of
       Health (Human Microbiome Project,
  HTML http://commonfund.nih.gov/hmp
  HTML http://commonfund.nih.gov/hmp.
       #Post#: 366--------------------------------------------------
       Treating autoimmune diseases with the help of the pig whipworm g
       enome
       By: agate Date: June 25, 2014, 6:37 pm
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       Worms are getting attention again. Medical News Today's
       article,"Treating Autoimmune Diseases with the Help of the Pig
       Whipworm Genome"
  HTML http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/releases/278622.php?tw
       (June 24,
       2014), discusses research published in Nature Genetics
       indicating that pig whipworm larvae have a role in inhibiting
       inflammation and have been shown to be helpful in autoimmune
       disorders such as MS.
       #Post#: 376--------------------------------------------------
       Re: The worms again
       By: agate Date: July 2, 2014, 6:39 pm
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       There seems to be a question about just how good an idea it is
       to continue deworming populations vulnerable to helminth-related
       morbidity if some worms are now being ingested as a means of
       treating autoimmune diseases--MS, for example.
       From PubMed, July 2, 2014:
       [quote]Lancet Infect Dis. 2014 Jun 26.
       Helminth therapy or elimination: epidemiological, immunological,
       and clinical considerations
       Wammes LJ1, Mpairwe H2, Elliott AM3, Yazdanbakhsh M4.
       Author information
       1Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center,
       Leiden, Netherlands.
       2MRC/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on
       AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda.
       3MRC/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Uganda Research Unit on
       AIDS, Entebbe, Uganda; London School of Hygiene and Tropical
       Medicine, London, UK.
       4Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center,
       Leiden, Netherlands. Electronic address: m.yazdanbakhsh@lumc.nl.
       Deworming is rightly advocated to prevent helminth-induced
       morbidity. Nevertheless, in affluent countries, the deliberate
       infection of patients with worms is being explored as a possible
       treatment for inflammatory diseases. Several clinical trials are
       currently registered, for example, to assess the safety or
       efficacy of Trichuris suis ova in allergies, inflammatory bowel
       diseases, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis,
       and autism, and the Necator americanus larvae for allergic
       rhinitis, asthma, coeliac disease, and multiple sclerosis.
       Studies in animals provide strong evidence that helminths can
       not only downregulate parasite-specific immune responses, but
       also modulate autoimmune and allergic inflammatory responses and
       improve metabolic homoeostasis. This finding suggests that
       deworming could lead to the emergence of inflammatory and
       metabolic conditions in countries that are not prepared for
       these new epidemics. Further studies in endemic countries are
       needed to assess this risk and to enhance understanding of how
       helminths modulate inflammatory and metabolic pathways. Studies
       are similarly needed in non-endemic countries to move
       helminth-related interventions that show promise in animals, and
       in phase 1 and 2 studies in human beings, into the therapeutic
       development pipeline.
       PMID: 24981042[/quote]
       The abstract can be seen here
  HTML http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24981042.
       #Post#: 2832--------------------------------------------------
       Perspectives about helminth therapy from people with MS
       By: agate Date: March 4, 2020, 4:09 pm
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       From PubMed March 4, 2020), "Perspectives of people with
       multiple sclerosis about helminth therapy":
  HTML https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32123528
       #Post#: 2938--------------------------------------------------
       Randomized double-blinded placebo-controlled trial of hookworm t
       reatment for MS
       By: agate Date: June 15, 2020, 8:03 pm
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       From JAMA Neurology (June 15, 2020)--"Hookworm treatment for
       relapsing multiple sclerosis: A randomized double-blinded
       placebo-controlled trial":
  HTML https://bit.ly/2MZ6dLp
       #Post#: 2940--------------------------------------------------
       Doubts about the worms expressed in JAMA Neurology?
       By: agate Date: June 18, 2020, 1:21 am
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       It sounds as if some investigators have doubts about the
       worms/helminths.
       The same issue of JAMA Neurology (see previous post) contains an
       article (unfortunately with no abstract available) entitled
       "Keep the worms in the mud" written by researchers at the Mellen
       MS Center at the Cleveland Clinic.
       #Post#: 3102--------------------------------------------------
       Worms may not be so useful after all
       By: agate Date: November 28, 2020, 7:44 pm
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       Doubts about the usefulness of helminth therapy in Multiple
       Sclerosis Journal (October 1, 2020)--"A critical analysis of
       helminth immunotherapy in multiple
       sclerosis"[font=verdana]:[/font]
  HTML https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1352458519899040
       The conclusion:
       [quote][font=arial]Although there are only a limited number of
       studies that have tested whether HIT can have therapeutic
       effects once disease is established, there are indications of
       beneficial effect using some HIT regimens. However, controlled
       clinical trials have so far failed to recapitulate these effects
       and do not support the use of HIT for treatment of established
       MS.[/font][/quote]
       #Post#: 4213--------------------------------------------------
       Here are the worms once again, turning up like a bad penny
       By: agate Date: November 8, 2023, 1:36 am
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       More on worms and MS--in Medical News Today (November 7, 2023),
       "Can parasites help reduce the risk of MS"?
  HTML https://bit.ly/3MzCgRg
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