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       #Post#: 16083--------------------------------------------------
       Possibly The Greatest Japanese Cinematic Swordfight
       By: HOLLAND Date: September 2, 2017, 11:15 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       The storytelling behind this cinematic scene is very good.  One
       is a samurai, Master Akatsuka, at the top of his social class,
       the other is Zatoichi, a blind swordman, a masseur by trade,
       nearly at the bottom socially, if not an outcast.
       The scene is good because it is a story about mercy.  I hope you
       all like it!
  HTML https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Hvc1Ae-YCU
       #Post#: 16085--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Possibly The Greatest Japanese Cinematic Swordfight
       By: Kerry Date: September 3, 2017, 4:02 am
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       I took it as a story of shame too because the samurai tells his
       assistant to kill the man the masseur is fighting to protect.
       Not very manly, eh?  And his assistant winds up dead since the
       masseur killed him by throwing his sword.   I take that to mean
       he could have probably killed the samurai just as quickly if he
       had wanted but didn't.
       #Post#: 16090--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Possibly The Greatest Japanese Cinematic Swordfight
       By: HOLLAND Date: September 3, 2017, 8:36 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       [quote author=Kerry link=topic=1268.msg16085#msg16085
       date=1504429346]
       I took it as a story of shame too because the samurai tells his
       assistant to kill the man the masseur is fighting to protect.
       Not very manly, eh?[/quote]
       I'm not sure of the answer to this question, Kerry, since I have
       not seen the full movie.  I understand that the Bushido Code
       demands compliance to one's daimyo in all matters and so if the
       daimyo demands, in obedience to the shogun, the death of
       someone, it is to be carried out.  These governmental killings
       would be without distinction and could involve unarmed men,
       women and children.  The only people that would be exempt from
       this killing, or partially exempt, would be the higher social
       orders, where some restrictions would apply.  Zatoichi, a feared
       swordsman, would have some status, but the family he was
       guarding would not have any status.  It is not a reflection of
       manhood on the part of the samurai how the family would be
       killed.  The question of manhood would be the contest between
       Akatsuka and Zatoichi.  If either man behaved cowardly, then
       that man's honor could be questioned.
       [quote]And his assistant winds up dead since the masseur killed
       him by throwing his sword.   I take that to mean he could have
       probably killed the samurai just as quickly if he had wanted but
       didn't.
       [/quote]
       This I think is unlikely in that, historically, skilled samurai
       swordsmen were known to be able to defeat spears thrown at them
       by blade deflection technique.  A cane sword, not made for
       throwing, makes for a slow moving missile as the scene seems to
       indicate.  We can see that the sword was thrown at the back of
       the other samurai who couldn't defend against it because he was
       unaware of it.  If Akatsuka had been the target of a thrown cane
       sword, I think that he would have deflected it with his blade
       and cut Zatoichi down.
       I think that within the context of Japanese culture, the act of
       mercy portrayed in the scene is highly radical on the part of
       Master Akatsuka.  I think he realized at a certain point that
       there is a humanity in the lower classes that has to be
       affirmed.  In this insight, he transcends his culture and enters
       into universal human values.  (I am sure that both he and
       Zatoichi, at a certain level, regretted the death of the samurai
       who had died in the course of his duty to his daimyo.  But
       again, a samurai is united with death in the course of his duty.
       A samurai knows he must die at some point in his career.
       Bushido is a culture of death, both men would have understood.)
       The last part of the scene is haunting.  Zatoichi, though blind,
       knows that he has injured Akatsuka, and is concerned for the man
       he has injured.  The mercy, in a final sense, encompasses all of
       the persons in the scene . . .
       #Post#: 16091--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Possibly The Greatest Japanese Cinematic Swordfight
       By: Kerry Date: September 4, 2017, 7:01 am
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       [quote author=HOLLAND link=topic=1268.msg16090#msg16090
       date=1504489003]
       I'm not sure of the answer to this question, Kerry, since I have
       not seen the full movie.  I understand that the Bushido Code
       demands compliance to one's daimyo in all matters and so if the
       daimyo demands, in obedience to the shogun, the death of
       someone, it is to be carried out.  These governmental killings
       would be without distinction and could involve unarmed men,
       women and children.  The only people that would be exempt from
       this killing, or partially exempt, would be the higher social
       orders, where some restrictions would apply.  Zatoichi, a feared
       swordsman, would have some status, but the family he was
       guarding would not have any status.  It is not a reflection of
       manhood on the part of the samurai how the family would be
       killed.  The question of manhood would be the contest between
       Akatsuka and Zatoichi.  If either man behaved cowardly, then
       that man's honor could be questioned.  [/quote]I don't know if
       there is anyone you could call a clearly defined Bushido Code
       that held true throughout time and across all Japan.  It seems
       to have had variations.
       [b]
       Some versions of Bushidō include compassion for those of
       lower station, and for the preservation of one's name.[9] Early
       bushidō literature further enforces the requirement to
       conduct oneself with calmness, fairness, justice, and
       propriety.[9] The relationship between learning and the way of
       the warrior is clearly articulated, one being a natural partner
       to the other.[9]
       Other pundits pontificating on the warrior philosophy covered
       methods of raising children, appearance, and grooming, but all
       of this may be seen as part of one's constant preparation for
       death—to die a good death with one's honor intact, the ultimate
       aim in a life lived according to bushidō. Indeed, a "good
       death" is its own reward, and by no means assurance of "future
       rewards" in the afterlife. Some samurai, though certainly not
       all (e.g., Amakusa Shiro), have throughout history held such
       aims or beliefs in disdain, or expressed the awareness that
       their station—as it involves killing—precludes such reward,
       especially in Buddhism. Japanese beliefs surrounding the Samurai
       and the afterlife are complex and often contradictory, while the
       soul of a noble warrior suffering in hell or as a lingering
       spirit occasionally appears in Japanese art and literature, so
       does the idea of a warrior being reborn upon a lotus throne in
       paradise[31]
       Eight virtues of Bushidō (as envisioned by Nitobe
       Inazō)[edit]
       The Bushidō code is typified by eight virtues:[32]
       Righteousness (義 gi)
       Be acutely honest throughout your dealings with all people.
       Believe in justice, not from other people, but from yourself. To
       the true warrior, all points of view are deeply considered
       regarding honesty, justice and integrity. Warriors make a full
       commitment to their decisions.
       Heroic Courage (勇 yū)
       Hiding like a turtle in a shell is not living at all. A true
       warrior must have heroic courage. It is absolutely risky. It is
       living life completely, fully and wonderfully. Heroic courage is
       not blind. It is intelligent and strong.
       Benevolence, Compassion (仁 jin)
       Through intense training and hard work the true warrior becomes
       quick and strong. They are not as most people. They develop a
       power that must be used for good. They have compassion. They
       help their fellow men at every opportunity. If an opportunity
       does not arise, they go out of their way to find one.
       Respect (礼 rei)
       True warriors have no reason to be cruel. They do not need to
       prove their strength. Warriors are not only respected for their
       strength in battle, but also by their dealings with others. The
       true strength of a warrior becomes apparent during difficult
       times.
       Integrity (誠 makoto)
       When warriors say that they will perform an action, it is as
       good as done. Nothing will stop them from completing what they
       say they will do. They do not have to 'give their word'. They do
       not have to 'promise'. Speaking and doing are the same action.
       Honour (名誉 meiyo)
       Warriors have only one judge of honor and character, and this is
       themselves. Decisions they make and how these decisions are
       carried out are a reflection of whom they truly are. You cannot
       hide from yourself.
       Duty and Loyalty (忠義 chūgi)
       Warriors are responsible for everything that they have done and
       everything that they have said, and all of the consequences that
       follow. They are immensely loyal to all of those in their care.
       To everyone that they are responsible for, they remain fiercely
       true.[/b]
       I watched it twice and hadn't noticed he got it in the back.
       That brings up another question -- how did the masseur know the
       other guy had his back to him?   It seems hard to believe a
       blind could fight that well in hand-to-hand combat let alone be
       able to predict the other guy's position.  There was an air of
       improbability to me in most of the scene.   The snow was
       distracting -- I kept noticing the "snow" falling in front of
       the actors but none was falling on them.
       It looked like an idealized version of someone's idea about
       Japanese society to me.  The Japanese seem keen on ways of
       dodging reality and pursuing ideal forms that often run counter
       to reality.
       So the guy made dirty pictures.  The Japanese are famous for
       their ability to ignore things like that.  It's a society that
       demands the ability to "not hear" conversations through paper
       walls.  If you hear something, you must ignore it and never talk
       about it.  The Japanese double-thinking about sex is still
       around, but in different forms.    For example, dirty films are
       okay but only if you pixelate certain areas.   On the other
       hand, it's fine to depict almost anything, even illegal acts
       like having sex with children, if it's a drawing and not a
       photo.  Prostitution is nominally against the law; but oh, there
       are so many ways they get around that.
  HTML https://matadornetwork.com/nights/inside-japans-freaky-themed-bath-houses-and-bars-nsfw/<br
       />
       A Russian Prince, it might have been Nicholas II before he
       became the Czar, visited Japan while he was in the Russian Navy.
       He didn't aim to meet the Japanese Emperor -- but he did.  When
       he met the Imperial family, he tried out some of the Japanese he
       knew.   Up went the ladies' fans along with tittering when he
       started speaking in Japanese because everyone at court knew
       where  he had picked up his Japanese -- in the red-light
       district.  Yet officially no one paid any attention to it.
       [quote]I think that within the context of Japanese culture, the
       act of mercy portrayed in the scene is highly radical on the
       part of Master Akatsuka.  I think he realized at a certain point
       that there is a humanity in the lower classes that has to be
       affirmed.[/quote]I interpreted it to mean that he couldn't kill
       the masseur and retain his honor.
       The guy he wanted to kill also was honorable, offering to allow
       himself to be killed so the masseur wouldn't be in danger. All
       he asked was for the woman and child to be taken care of.  I
       think that was another factor bringing about the change in his
       attitude.
       [quote]In this insight, he transcends his culture and enters
       into universal human values.  (I am sure that both he and
       Zatoichi, at a certain level, regretted the death of the samurai
       who had died in the course of his duty to his daimyo.  But
       again, a samurai is united with death in the course of his duty.
       A samurai knows he must die at some point in his career.
       Bushido is a culture of death, both men would have understood.)
       The last part of the scene is haunting.  Zatoichi, though blind,
       knows that he has injured Akatsuka, and is concerned for the man
       he has injured.  The mercy, in a final sense, encompasses all of
       the persons in the scene . . .
       [/quote]I  had so many questions in my mind, I didn't reach a
       real conclusion.  I think you're right that this is likely the
       conclusion or lesson intended by the scene; but I ask what kind
       of person was that fellow who made the dirty pictures?  He had
       had sex with the woman and forgotten all about her, didn't know
       he had a child. How did that happen?  Should we believe that he
       suddenly became a different man because he found out he had a
       son?
       #Post#: 16096--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Possibly The Greatest Japanese Cinematic Swordfight
       By: Kerry Date: September 5, 2017, 4:51 am
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       That scene may be relevant today in a way it couldn't have been
       in the past.  The samurai expresses the idea of strict obedience
       and of how the law does not allow mercy.  In other words, he's
       almost reduced himself to an automaton without free will or
       feeling.  He was trying to be a robot.   Today that kind of
       automaton which obeys the powers that be without question is
       becoming possible with the development of robot soldiers and
       robot policemen.
       Computer algorithms have been shown to have a racist bias.  Do
       we want police robots that reflect similar biases and who obey
       their algorithms automatically?
  HTML http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/businessreview/2017/09/04/the-regulatory-future-of-algorithms/
       There is an increasing number of reports that automated
       decisions can bring about negative consequences for individuals.
       A classic example of this is the system used by US courts to
       predict the likelihood of a convicted criminal committing
       another crime in the future, where the arrested person must
       answer a number of very detailed questions about their life,
       family, education, and friends. Each answer is assigned a
       specific score and a specially prepared mathematical model
       estimates the person’s likelihood to reoffend. This assessment
       is submitted to the court and may affect the decision on further
       detention (in due course of the trial) and in some states even
       affects the extent of the penalty. An investigation conducted by
       the ProPublica portal found that the whole model is based on
       many misconceptions and duplicates racist stereotypes.
       Journalists have proven that black people were judged worse than
       white, even though they committed the same offences and did not
       have previous convictions.
       Algorithmic bias isn’t a new problem. Accusations of
       discrimination were directed towards London’s St George’s
       Hospital Medical School back in the 1980s. In an attempt to
       manage the recruitment process, the college decided to implement
       an automated candidate assessment system. This new solution was
       supposed to be faster and more objective. Unfortunately, as it
       turned out after time, the system discriminated against women
       and people with non-European-sounding names. The creator of the
       model underlying the new admissions process had decided to use
       data on how admissions staff made decisions in the past. However
       the problem was that these old decisions were fraught with
       prejudices: for example, independent of their academic
       qualifications, women overall were less likely to be considered.
       #Post#: 16112--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Possibly The Greatest Japanese Cinematic Swordfight
       By: HOLLAND Date: September 5, 2017, 6:44 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       [quote author=Kerry link=topic=1268.msg16091#msg16091
       date=1504526508]
       I don't know if there is anyone you could call a clearly defined
       Bushido Code that held true throughout time and across all
       Japan.  It seems to have had variations.
       . . .  [/quote]
       That is correct, Kerry.
       [quote]I watched it twice and hadn't noticed he got it in the
       back.  That brings up another question -- how did the masseur
       know the other guy had his back to him?   It seems hard to
       believe a blind could fight that well in hand-to-hand combat let
       alone be able to predict the other guy's position.  There was an
       air of  improbability to me in most of the scene.[/quote]
       For blind people, hearing can become acute.  If you understand
       how feet placement, distance and the sound of the manipulation
       of how a sword is being handled, it can become plausible to a
       knowing swordsman.  Zatoichi utilized a backhand sword defense
       that heavily involved deflection of slashing blows.  He seems to
       have had a repertoire that worked on that fact that the katana
       sword is primarily used for slashing distance blows.  Japanese
       sword technique does not utilize the Western technique which
       involves the riposte in which a blind person (or a Japanese
       swordsman) would have no defense against.  If you noticed,
       Zatoichi closed in towards the man with his shorter sword
       seeking to stab him from behind where he is usually defenseless.
       From all this I see how the swordfight scene was logically
       connected.  The only improbable thing I saw was when Zatoichi
       split the log in two with a downward stroke with his sword in
       the backhand position.  That can't be done.  The backhand
       position is only used for sword deflection, not for cutting.
       
       It is most likely that the full story line will indicate that
       Zatoichi was probably a gifted swordsman prior to or after his
       blindness or was taught by a gifted teacher.
       [quote]The snow was distracting -- I kept noticing the "snow"
       falling in front of the actors but none was falling on
       them.[/quote]
       That's right.  It was a special effect added later to the scene.
       :D
       [quote]It looked like an idealized version of someone's idea
       about Japanese society to me.  The Japanese seem keen on ways of
       dodging reality and pursuing ideal forms that often run counter
       to reality.[/quote]
       I agree
       [quote]So the guy made dirty pictures.  The Japanese are famous
       for their ability to ignore things like that.  It's a society
       that demands the ability to "not hear" conversations through
       paper walls.  If you hear something, you must ignore it and
       never talk about it.  The Japanese double-thinking about sex is
       still around, but in different forms.    For example, dirty
       films are okay but only if you pixelate certain areas.   On the
       other hand, it's fine to depict almost anything, even illegal
       acts like having sex with children, if it's a drawing and not a
       photo.  Prostitution is nominally against the law; but oh, there
       are so many ways they get around that.
  HTML https://matadornetwork.com/nights/inside-japans-freaky-themed-bath-houses-and-bars-nsfw/<br
       />[/quote]
       I would agree.  I haven't seen the movie and I interpreted the
       forbidden illustrations as not involving pornography but rather
       designs for Western gunpowder weapons.  In that period of
       history, there was little concern for pornography.  The
       paintings and block prints from that time were and continue to
       be famous and in demand.  Weapons and weapon designs that could
       endanger the Shogunate would be another matter.  It is very easy
       to call something a scandal if it involves the possibility of
       upsetting the balance of power in Japanese society.  Scandal in
       this instance could be considered a euphemism of a deeper, more
       serious issue.
       [quote]. . .
       The guy he wanted to kill also was honorable, offering to allow
       himself to be killed so the masseur wouldn't be in danger. All
       he asked was for the woman and child to be taken care of.  I
       think that was another factor bringing about the change in his
       attitude.[/quote]
       I think that this is important for interpreting the scene.  A
       samurai would always be impressed with bravery.  He had to know
       the man was scared but still offered to sacrifice himself to
       protect the masseur and his family.  This changes a samurai's
       estimation of a person even if it is not disclosed.
       
       [quote]I  had so many questions in my mind, I didn't reach a
       real conclusion.  I think you're right that this is likely the
       conclusion or lesson intended by the scene; but I ask what kind
       of person was that fellow who made the dirty pictures?  He had
       had sex with the woman and forgotten all about her, didn't know
       he had a child. How did that happen?  Should we believe that he
       suddenly became a different man because he found out he had a
       son?
       [/quote]
       These are good questions.  I'm thinking that the scene does
       disclose answers.  She is clearly bonded to the man.  The man is
       very protective of his young son by the way he was holding him.
       He is a different man, possibly.  We have to remember that he is
       a victim of coercion.
       [quote author=Kerry link=topic=1268.msg16096#msg16096
       date=1504605095]
       That scene may be relevant today in a way it couldn't have been
       in the past.  The samurai expresses the idea of strict obedience
       and of how the law does not allow mercy.  In other words, he's
       almost reduced himself to an automaton without free will or
       feeling.  He was trying to be a robot.[/quote]
       I think that this is correct.  Historically, samurai obedience
       was suppose to be unquestioning.  A samurai is suppose to
       suppress his feelings in the carrying out of his duty.  This is
       where Akatsuka is so contrary to his own values.  He moves into
       universal human values by offering mercy and conceding to
       Zatoichi that the masseur had won.  Akatsuka had affirmed his
       own humanity.
       [quote]Today that kind of automaton which obeys the powers that
       be without question is becoming possible with the development of
       robot soldiers and robot policemen.
       . . .
       [/quote]
       I agree.  That is something that can make the future a dark
       place if it is not prevented . . .
       #Post#: 16119--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Possibly The Greatest Japanese Cinematic Swordfight
       By: Kerry Date: September 7, 2017, 8:21 am
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       [quote author=HOLLAND link=topic=1268.msg16112#msg16112
       date=1504655091]
       For blind people, hearing can become acute.  If you understand
       how feet placement, distance and the sound of the manipulation
       of how a sword is being handled, it can become plausible to a
       knowing swordsman.[/quote]Possibly, possibly, but it seemed
       improbable to me.   However,  that might be irrelevant to a
       certain extent.  The real point, perhaps, is that the apparently
       blind man could see more than the apparently sighted man.
       Which one was truly blind?  [quote]Zatoichi utilized a backhand
       sword defense that heavily involved deflection of slashing
       blows.  He seems to have had a repertoire that worked on that
       fact that the katana sword is primarily used for slashing
       distance blows.  Japanese sword technique does not utilize the
       Western technique which involves the riposte in which a blind
       person (or a Japanese swordsman) would have no defense against.
       If you noticed, Zatoichi closed in towards the man with his
       shorter sword seeking to stab him from behind where he is
       usually defenseless.  From all this I see how the swordfight
       scene was logically connected.  The only improbable thing I saw
       was when Zatoichi split the log in two with a downward stroke
       with his sword in the backhand position.  That can't be done.
       The backhand position is only used for sword deflection, not for
       cutting. [/quote]
       I didn't notice which side of the sword was used there.  That
       might have been the actor's mistake.   It looked to me as if the
       log had already been split and was there waiting for a blow to
       separate it.
       
       [quote]It is most likely that the full story line will indicate
       that Zatoichi was probably a gifted swordsman prior to or after
       his blindness or was taught by a gifted teacher.[/quote]Another
       unanswered question.  But really, sometimes films can be too
       obvious.
       [quote]That's right.  It was a special effect added later to the
       scene.   :D  [/quote]Do you think?  I know Hollywood sometimes
       uses cornflakes that have been painted white to simulate snow.
       It looked like corn flakes to me.   8)
       [quote]I would agree.  I haven't seen the movie and I
       interpreted the forbidden illustrations as not involving
       pornography but rather designs for Western gunpowder weapons.
       In that period of history, there was little concern for
       pornography.  The paintings and block prints from that time were
       and continue to be famous and in demand.  Weapons and weapon
       designs that could endanger the Shogunate would be another
       matter.  It is very easy to call something a scandal if it
       involves the possibility of upsetting the balance of power in
       Japanese society.  Scandal in this instance could be considered
       a euphemism of a deeper, more serious issue.  [/quote]
       I found out it was pornography from a movie review at
       jlwroot.woodpress.com
  HTML https://jlwroot.wordpress.com/2014/06/14/zatoichi-challenged-dir-kenji-misumi-1967/:
       In the tradition of Chess Expert, the opening of Challenged
       establishes an important character within the plot. A mysterious
       ronin observes Ichi’s opening scuffle with some bounty-hunting
       yakuza, and commends his sword skills. This warrior, Akatsuka,
       continuously comes and goes from the narrative, and shifts from
       being a new friend of Ichi’s to becoming his foe. His actions
       greatly affect Ichi’s involvement in yet another conspiracy.
       After coming across a dying woman at an inn, Ichi takes her six
       year old son (Ryota) to be reunited with his father. But he is
       an artist who is being coerced by yakuza to make lurid designs
       on pottery for a pornographic black market (as the shogunate
       forbade such items in nineteenth century Japan). In the end,
       Akatsuka’s intervention in this plot clashes with Ichi’s
       involvement.
       I was taken aback a bit by that piece of information.  I
       wondered if it was historically true.  I thought the Japanese
       found their racy pillow books quite acceptable and always had.
       I just discovered that apparently, this prohibition against
       pornography was a historical fact.
  HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan
       With the Meiji Restoration, the focus of state censorship of
       information shifted to protection of the Emperor and the
       fledgling Meiji government. Ideals of liberal democracy were
       considered dangerously subversive, and were targeted with the
       Publication Ordinance of 1869 (&#20986;&#29256;&#26465;&#20363;
       Shuppan J&#333;rei), which banned certain subjects (including
       pornography), and subjected publications to pre-publication
       review and approvals. Initially intended to serve as a copyright
       law, it was quickly adopted as a method of controlling public
       anti-government criticism.
       With the establishment of the cabinet system of government, the
       Home Ministry was assigned this task, and issued a variety of
       regulations aimed specifically at newspapers. The growth of the
       Freedom and People's Rights Movement caused a reaction by
       conservative elements within the government to pass strict libel
       laws in 1875, and also a draconian Press Ordinance of 1875
       (&#26032;&#32862;&#32025;&#26465;&#20363; Shimbunshi J&#333;rei)
       that was so severe that it was labeled the “newspaper abolition
       law” as it empowered the Home Minister to ban or shut down
       offending newspapers which the government deemed offensive to
       public order or state security. The ordinance was further
       strengthened in revisions of 1887, which extended penalties to
       authors as well as publishers, and also restricted the import of
       foreign language newspapers with objectionable material.
       I found the use of the word "scandal" interesting since it
       seemed to me that sending agents around killing people could
       create more of a scandal.  Surely people would talk about the
       killed people.
       [quote]I think that this is important for interpreting the
       scene.  A samurai would always be impressed with bravery.  He
       had to know the man was scared but still offered to sacrifice
       himself to protect the masseur and his family.  This changes a
       samurai's estimation of a person even if it is not disclosed.
       [/quote]
       Yes, it's something the viewer has to supply for himself.
       [quote]These are good questions.  I'm thinking that the scene
       does disclose answers.  She is clearly bonded to the man.  The
       man is very protective of his young son by the way he was
       holding him.  He is a different man, possibly.  We have to
       remember that he is a victim of coercion.[/quote]
       This could be romanticizing the situation.  After all, he could
       have reported  the organized crime gang who forced him to
       produce the pornographic images.  I can understand the woman
       thinking and hoping all would be well when the father got
       returned to her;  but I think the Japanese can be overly
       sentimental at times.
       How prepared were they to be parents when the masseur has to
       tell them to cover  the child's eyes?  He seemed to be  thinking
       more about the child's welfare than they were.
       [quote]I think that this is correct.  Historically, samurai
       obedience was suppose to be unquestioning.  A samurai is suppose
       to suppress his feelings in the carrying out of his duty.  This
       is where Akatsuka is so contrary to his own values.  He moves
       into universal human values by offering mercy and conceding to
       Zatoichi that the masseur had won.  Akatsuka had affirmed his
       own humanity.[/quote]I think honor would go before obedience.
       Ritual suicide might be preferred over blind obedience to what
       you know is wrong.   On that point, the samurai received a
       lesson from two individuals who preferred death with honor over
       doing what was wrong or injurious to others.
       I learned at Wikipedia that the samurai class was under assault
       during the Meiji Restoration.   Most were losing their
       positions.  I wonder if this fellow thought he had to be blindly
       obedient because his own safety of working within the government
       bureaucracy depended on it.
  HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration
       Whatever their true intentions, the oligarchs embarked on
       another slow and deliberate process to abolish the samurai
       class. First, in 1873, it was announced that the samurai
       stipends were to be taxed on a rolling basis. Later, in 1874,
       the samurai were given the option to convert their stipends into
       government bonds. Finally, in 1876, this commutation was made
       compulsory.[citation needed]
       To reform the military, the government instituted nationwide
       conscription in 1873, mandating that every male would serve for
       four years in the armed forces upon turning 21, followed by
       three more years in the reserves. One of the primary differences
       between the samurai and peasant classes was the right to bear
       arms; this ancient privilege was suddenly extended to every male
       in the nation. Furthermore, samurai were no longer allowed to
       walk about town bearing a sword or weapon to show their status.
       This led to a series of riots from disgruntled samurai. One of
       the major riots was the one led by Saig&#333; Takamori, the
       Satsuma Rebellion, which eventually turned into a civil war.
       This rebellion was, however, put down swiftly by the newly
       formed Imperial Japanese Army, trained in Western tactics and
       weapons, even though the core of the new army was the Tokyo
       police force, which was largely composed of former samurai. This
       sent a strong message to the dissenting samurai that their time
       was indeed over. There were fewer subsequent samurai uprisings
       and the distinction became all but a name as the samurai joined
       the new society. The ideal of samurai military spirit lived on
       in romanticized form and was often used as propaganda during the
       early 20th century wars of the Empire of Japan.However, it is
       equally true that the majority of samurai were content despite
       having their status abolished. Many found employment in the
       government bureaucracy, which resembled an elite class in its
       own right. The samurai, being better educated than most of the
       population, became teachers, gun makers, government officials,
       or military officers. While the formal title of samurai was
       abolished, the elitist spirit that characterized the samurai
       class lived on.
       If the film was set in the time after mandatory conscription was
       put into place, that might explain where the masseur picked up
       his skill with a sword.
       #Post#: 16150--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Possibly The Greatest Japanese Cinematic Swordfight
       By: HOLLAND Date: September 8, 2017, 7:45 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       [quote author=Kerry link=topic=1268.msg16119#msg16119
       date=1504790506]
       Possibly, possibly, but it seemed improbable to me.   However,
       that might be irrelevant to a certain extent.  The real point,
       perhaps, is that the apparently blind man could see more than
       the apparently sighted man.   Which one was truly blind?[/quote]
       Another question could be asked, Kerry: to what extent was
       Zatoichi blind?  He could be considered blind but still be able
       to distinquish light and shadow.  If this is the case, he can
       follow and defend against a samurai though a faint sensed
       imagery as well as by hearing.
       [quote]I didn't notice which side of the sword was used there.
       That might have been the actor's mistake.   It looked to me as
       if the log had already been split and was there waiting for a
       blow to separate it. [/quote]
       I think you're right on that.  I suspect that that is part of
       the scene that they should have cut but probably found that they
       couldn't make do with the remaining material given how closely
       the action points were filmed.
       
       [quote]Another unanswered question.  But really, sometimes films
       can be too obvious.
       . . .  I know Hollywood sometimes uses cornflakes that have been
       painted white to simulate snow.  It looked like corn flakes to
       me.[/quote]
       Actually, it was a film of a snowstorm that was superimposed
       onto the other film.  I suspect that a snow making machine was
       used to supply the ground snow.  I scene was filmed outdoors and
       most likely in a Japanese winter.
       [quote]8)I found out it was pornography from a movie review at
       jlwroot.woodpress.com
  HTML https://jlwroot.wordpress.com/2014/06/14/zatoichi-challenged-dir-kenji-misumi-1967/:
       In the tradition of Chess Expert, the opening of Challenged
       establishes an important character within the plot. A mysterious
       ronin observes Ichi’s opening scuffle with some bounty-hunting
       yakuza, and commends his sword skills. This warrior, Akatsuka,
       continuously comes and goes from the narrative, and shifts from
       being a new friend of Ichi’s to becoming his foe. His actions
       greatly affect Ichi’s involvement in yet another conspiracy.
       After coming across a dying woman at an inn, Ichi takes her six
       year old son (Ryota) to be reunited with his father. But he is
       an artist who is being coerced by yakuza to make lurid designs
       on pottery for a pornographic black market (as the shogunate
       forbade such items in nineteenth century Japan). In the end,
       Akatsuka’s intervention in this plot clashes with Ichi’s
       involvement.
       I was taken aback a bit by that piece of information.  I
       wondered if it was historically true.  I thought the Japanese
       found their racy pillow books quite acceptable and always had.
       I just discovered that apparently, this prohibition against
       pornography was a historical fact.
  HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan
       With the Meiji Restoration, the focus of state censorship of
       information shifted to protection of the Emperor and the
       fledgling Meiji government. Ideals of liberal democracy were
       considered dangerously subversive, and were targeted with the
       Publication Ordinance of 1869 (&#20986;&#29256;&#26465;&#20363;
       Shuppan J&#333;rei), which banned certain subjects (including
       pornography), and subjected publications to pre-publication
       review and approvals. Initially intended to serve as a copyright
       law, it was quickly adopted as a method of controlling public
       anti-government criticism.
       With the establishment of the cabinet system of government, the
       Home Ministry was assigned this task, and issued a variety of
       regulations aimed specifically at newspapers. The growth of the
       Freedom and People's Rights Movement caused a reaction by
       conservative elements within the government to pass strict libel
       laws in 1875, and also a draconian Press Ordinance of 1875
       (&#26032;&#32862;&#32025;&#26465;&#20363; Shimbunshi J&#333;rei)
       that was so severe that it was labeled the “newspaper abolition
       law” as it empowered the Home Minister to ban or shut down
       offending newspapers which the government deemed offensive to
       public order or state security. The ordinance was further
       strengthened in revisions of 1887, which extended penalties to
       authors as well as publishers, and also restricted the import of
       foreign language newspapers with objectionable material.
       I found the use of the word "scandal" interesting since it
       seemed to me that sending agents around killing people could
       create more of a scandal.  Surely people would talk about the
       killed people.  . . . I can understand the woman thinking and
       hoping all would be well when the father got returned to her;
       but I think the Japanese can be overly sentimental at
       times.[/quote]
       I have confirmed the film synopsis from other sources as well.
       It is strange that the case is described as a "scandal" given
       that the Japan of the "pillow book" could hardly be shocked at
       anything, sexually.  This takes me back to the idea that the
       film is actually something more, and that euphemisms are being
       used: a story is fabricated to cover over another, more
       dangerous story.  I guess that the film would have to be seen to
       catch the cultural nuances.
       [quote]How prepared were they to be parents when the masseur has
       to tell them to cover  the child's eyes?  He seemed to be
       thinking more about the child's welfare than they were.[/quote]
       This seems to indicate that Zatoichi once had sight and probably
       seen something horrific.  This would also, partially, explain
       some of his talent in swordsmanship.
       
       [quote]I think honor would go before obedience.  Ritual suicide
       might be preferred over blind obedience to what you know is
       wrong.   On that point, the samurai received a lesson from two
       individuals who preferred death with honor over doing what was
       wrong or injurious to others.[/quote]
       I would agree.
       [quote]I learned at Wikipedia that the samurai class was under
       assault during the Meiji Restoration.   Most were losing their
       positions.  I wonder if this fellow thought he had to be blindly
       obedient because his own safety of working within the government
       bureaucracy depended on it.
  HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meiji_Restoration
       Whatever their true intentions, the oligarchs embarked on
       another slow and deliberate process to abolish the samurai
       class. First, in 1873, it was announced that the samurai
       stipends were to be taxed on a rolling basis. Later, in 1874,
       the samurai were given the option to convert their stipends into
       government bonds. Finally, in 1876, this commutation was made
       compulsory.[citation needed]
       To reform the military, the government instituted nationwide
       conscription in 1873, mandating that every male would serve for
       four years in the armed forces upon turning 21, followed by
       three more years in the reserves. One of the primary differences
       between the samurai and peasant classes was the right to bear
       arms; this ancient privilege was suddenly extended to every male
       in the nation. Furthermore, samurai were no longer allowed to
       walk about town bearing a sword or weapon to show their status.
       This led to a series of riots from disgruntled samurai. One of
       the major riots was the one led by Saig&#333; Takamori, the
       Satsuma Rebellion, which eventually turned into a civil war.
       This rebellion was, however, put down swiftly by the newly
       formed Imperial Japanese Army, trained in Western tactics and
       weapons, even though the core of the new army was the Tokyo
       police force, which was largely composed of former samurai. This
       sent a strong message to the dissenting samurai that their time
       was indeed over. There were fewer subsequent samurai uprisings
       and the distinction became all but a name as the samurai joined
       the new society. The ideal of samurai military spirit lived on
       in romanticized form and was often used as propaganda during the
       early 20th century wars of the Empire of Japan.However, it is
       equally true that the majority of samurai were content despite
       having their status abolished. Many found employment in the
       government bureaucracy, which resembled an elite class in its
       own right. The samurai, being better educated than most of the
       population, became teachers, gun makers, government officials,
       or military officers. While the formal title of samurai was
       abolished, the elitist spirit that characterized the samurai
       class lived on.
       If the film was set in the time after mandatory conscription was
       put into place, that might explain where the masseur picked up
       his skill with a sword.
       [/quote]
       This means of acquiring sword skill on the part of the masseur
       is quite plausible.  I tend to think that the samurai were glad
       to put down the sword at the end of the Shogunate.  Mastery of
       the sword and its path of death is really too demanding for most
       individuals.  I think that the samurai class were quite happy to
       retain power as they evolved into new social classes when it
       could be more profitable and less threatening for them.
       #Post#: 16153--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Possibly The Greatest Japanese Cinematic Swordfight
       By: HOLLAND Date: September 8, 2017, 10:06 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       ^^^I've watched the film, Kerry, on Youtube.  It is such as the
       reviewers said, a story concerning artistic pornography.  I
       think that it would be culturally strange to classical Japanese
       culture.  The movie refers to the cultural change of Japan
       during the ending of the Shogunate with its hostility to
       pornography.  Gonzo was really gonzo, so to speak . . .
       #Post#: 16155--------------------------------------------------
       Re: Possibly The Greatest Japanese Cinematic Swordfight
       By: Kerry Date: September 9, 2017, 7:34 am
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       [quote author=HOLLAND link=topic=1268.msg16150#msg16150
       date=1504917908]
       Another question could be asked, Kerry: to what extent was
       Zatoichi blind?  He could be considered blind but still be able
       to distinquish light and shadow.  If this is the case, he can
       follow and defend against a samurai though a faint sensed
       imagery as well as by hearing. [/quote]Perhaps he had cataracts.
       The blurry look of his eyes might have been  meant to indicate
       that.
       *****************************************************
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