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       #Post#: 11--------------------------------------------------
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       By: chandna rani Date: September 3, 2023, 4:40 am
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       Post-Cold War Europe has been marked by a series of divisions
       over Russia and Ukraine that have ultimately contributed to
       weakening Ukrainian security. Regarding the energy relationship
       between Western Europe and Russia, history, far from reaching
       its "end" with the fall of the Soviet empire in 1989 and the
       dissolution of the USSRin 1991, it has only just begun. Russia
       inherited a Soviet economy in which oil and gas were the main
       exports.
       The pipelines now passed through independent Phone Number Listy
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       states between Russia and Germany:
       Ukraine and Belarus in the case of the Druzhba pipeline and
       Ukraine in the case of the pipeline network. Russia also
       exported oil from its Baltic ports. As soon as Ukraine became
       independent, the Russian government attempted to reduce gas
       transit through Ukrainian territory. In 1993, the governments of
       Poland and Belarus agreed to build the Yamal-Europe gas
       pipeline; Four years later, Russian gas entered Germany for the
       first time without passing through Ukraine.
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       For Ukraine, Russia's permanent need for transit became an
       effective material condition of its independence, as it
       prevented Russia from cutting off its energy supplies. Even
       before the Orange Revolution, the Ukrainian Parliament insisted
       that the country must manage the gas pipelines on its territory,
       in the name of its sovereignty. But because Ukraine has one of
       the most energy-intensive economies in the world, its own energy
       needs were an Achilles heel. In 1998, the Ukrainian government
       signed an agreement linking Russian transit rates to
       below-market prices.
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