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Values
By: kryetani Date: November 1, 2018, 5:19 pm
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According to A. Boyd: "News journalism has a broadly agreed set
of values, often referred to as 'newsworthiness'..."[1]The
language of news is linear, elaborating on event report along a
single dimension with added information, illustration, quotation
and discussion. More often than not it is the news values of a
particular event that slots it into the number one position but
perceptions as regards news values can differ. [2] News values,
sometimes called news criteria, determine how much attention a
news story is given by a media outlet, and the attention it is
given by the audience. They explain how editors and other
journalists decide that one piece of information is news while
another is not.[3] News values are not universal and can vary
widely between different cultures. In Western practice,
decisions on the selection and prioritization of news are made
by editors on the basis of their experience and intuition,
although analysis by J. Galtung and M. Ruge showed that several
factors are consistently applied across a range of news
organizations.This theory tested on the news presented in four
different Norwegian newspapers from the Congo and Cuba crises of
July 1960 and the Cyprus crisis of March-April 1964, and the
data are in the majority of cases found to be consistent with
their theory. [4] Some of these factors are listed below,
together with others put forward by Schlesinger[5] and Bell.[6]
According to Ryan, "there is no end to lists of news
criteria".[7] Among the many lists of news values that have been
drawn up by scholars and journalists, some, like Galtung and
Ruge's, attempt to describe news practices across cultures,
while others have become remarkably specific to the press of
certain (often Western) nations. These lists show the
considerable overlap in the conceptualization of news values,
while at the same time point to the vastly different aspects of
news production that news values may refer to (see further
discussion of this point in the section ‘Conditions of news’
below).[8]
Galtung and Ruge, in their seminal study in the area put forward
a system of twelve factors describing events that together are
used as a definition of 'newsworthiness'. Focusing on newspapers
and broadcast news, Galtung and Ruge devised a list describing
what they believed were significant contributing factors as to
how the news is constructed. Their theory argues that the more
an event accessed these criteria the more likely it was to be
reported on in a newspaper. Furthermore, three basic hypotheses
are presented by Galtung and Ruge: the additivity hypothesis
that the more factors an event satisfies, the higher the
probability that it becomes news; the complementarity hypothesis
that the factors will tend to exclude each other; and the
exclusion hypothesis that events that satisfy none or very few
factors will not become news.
In 2001, this 1965 study was updated by Tony Harcup and Deirdre
O'Neill, in a study of the British press. The findings of a
content analysis of three major national newspapers in the UK
were used to evaluate critically Galtung and Ruge's original
criteria and to propose a contemporary set of news values. Forty
years on, they found some notable differences, including the
rise of celebrity news values and that good news (as well as bad
news) was a significant news value, as well as the newspaper's
own agenda. They examined three tabloid news papers.
A variety of external and internal pressures influence
journalists' decisions on which stories are covered, how issues
are interpreted and the emphasis given to them. These pressures
can sometimes lead to bias or unethical reporting. Achieving
relevance, giving audiences the news they want and find
interesting, is an increasingly important goal for media outlets
seeking to maintain market share in a rapidly evolving market.
This has made news organizations more open to audience input and
feedback, and forced them to adopt and apply news values that
attract and keep audiences. Given these changes and the rapid
rise of digital technology in recent years, Harcup and O’Neill
updated their own study in 2016.[9] The growth of interactive
media and citizen journalism is fast altering the traditional
distinction between news producer and passive audience and may
in future lead to a deep-ploughing redefinition of what 'news'
means and the role of the news industry. Social media enable
members of the public both to access and to give an account of
evidence crucial to the reporting of a story that is missed by
the official media.[10]
In 2018, Hal Pashler and Gail Heriot published a study showing
that perceptions of newsworthiness tend to be contaminated by a
political usefulness bias. In other words, individuals tend to
view stories that give them "ammunition" for their political
views as more newsworthy. They give credence to their own
views.[11
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