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#Post#: 207--------------------------------------------------
May 30
By: Admin Date: May 30, 2017, 11:21 pm
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LK QUESTIONS
<LK to RF>
Q1: Have you done or read any calculations on EDM that support
those ideas in detail?
Q2: Do you know of experiments that show that EDM can erode
surfaces like that and produce partly melted clays and quartz
sand?
Q3: A close encounter between planets would surely raise very
high tides, causing megatsunamis, so why would not the
cavitation effect produce the sand from granite bedrock and the
tsunamis account for the sediment deposition and erosion,
leaving behind some mesas?
Q4: Doesn't water erosion produce dendritic patterns?
Q5: The EU team accept much of Velikovsky's evidence on
catastrophism, and Velikovsky referred to violent winds that
occurred, so wouldn't the winds account for loess and volcanism
account for deep sea ash?
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<RF to LK>
INTERPLANETARY ELECTRIC DISCHARGE
_[See] ‘An Alternative to Plate and Expansion Tectonics’:
HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
o/forum/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=16534
_See:
HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
o/forum/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=16534#p116159
_(Johnson. Robert. 2014. Massive Solar Eruptions and their
contribution to the causes of Tectonic Uplift. NCGT Journal
Vol.2 No.1.)
_
HTML http://www.ncgtjournal.com/assets/NCGT_Journal_Contents_March_2014.pdf
_demonstrates that an external source of energy arising from
massive solar eruptions is likely to have been available on
rare occasions in past eras.
_electric discharges to the Earth’s surface many orders of
magnitude larger than present-day lightning strikes would
result from the impact of an extreme Coronal Mass Ejection.
_The energy delivered directly to the crustal strata could have
been sufficient to contribute to uplift via many of the
existing thermal expansion and phase change models.
>>>_Rapid ion diffusion in the electric fields associated with
the discharges is also likely to have occurred, thereby
potentially offering a solution to ‘the granite problem’.
_(Gold, 1962, discussion p. 170) considered what effect a more
massive solar eruption would have on the Earth
_the increased solar wind pressure would drive the inner edge of
the Earth’s [outer] magnetosphere down into the upper
atmosphere
_storm-generated electric currents would then encounter great
resistance
_the path of least resistance is to short down in a massive and
continuous ‘lightning strike’ or discharge through the
atmosphere, run through the more conducting surface of the
Earth, and short back up to the magnetosphere in a second
discharge to close the circuit back to the magnetosphere (figs.
1 and 2)
_huge direct currents of “hundreds of millions of Amps” would
run in the surface of the Earth
_Robert Johnson proposes that just such electrical discharges
acted to uplift modern mountainous regions
_Such currents would flow if either Earth encountered another
celestial body or Earth’s electrical environment changed
_I see such discharge altering Earth’s surface gravity which may
have contributed to the vertical tectonics at that time
_(see ‘An Alternative to Plate and Expansion Tectonics’ for my
views on vertical tectonics).
_We can picture both electrical and physical processes
generating sediment but wave action certainly did not sculpt Mt
Everest
_the dendritic patterns of mountain ranges must have an
electrical origin
_Paul Anderson has done work in this respect. See:
HTML https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=c7w1rGeqXBg
_“Paul Anderson uses fractal analysis to determine what process
–fluvial or electrical- shaped the various landforms on the
Earth, the main focus being canyons and riverbeds.
_This analysis is then compared to electrical discharge patterns
recorded in laboratory experiments.
_Water flow does not appear to form structures with as many
branches, particularly perpendicular branches, as do electrical
events.
_the current from the source must have been higher than it is
today in the present auroras.
_The auroral process would have extended well beyond the current
northern and southern locations,
_and once the atmosphere could not support the ionization it
would break down in the form of electric discharges.’
_mountain formation was not only due to electrical uplift but
also due to electrical erosion.
_In this image of the Tibetan Plateau the rim has been eroded to
form snow-capped mountain ranges.
_“This is the pattern we see the world over
_What strata escaped being metamorphosed were eroded, pulverised
and scattered by intense electrical winds
_(something similar but on a vastly reduced scale still occurs
on Mars today
<>Are you referring to global dust storms from electrified dust
devils?
<>Do you see dendritic patterns on Mars from that?
ASH & DUST
_In the same thread I write: “Ashes and Dust
_Large areas of the Earth’s strata and surface record what
geologists perceive as ‘massive volcanic eruptions’ quite often
these prehistoric eruptions dwarf any recorded eruption.
_For example, Dinosaur National Monument (Utah, USA) is part of
the Morrison Formation which covers some 700,000 square miles.
_Part of the formation is: ‘dominated by silica-rich volcanic
ash representing explosive volcanism on a colossal scale
_A staggering quantity of volcanic materials, estimated at more
than 4,000 cubic miles, occurs within the thin but widespread
Brushy Basin Member in Wyoming, Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and
Arizona.
_No volcano is known within the boundary of the Morrison
deposit, no local lava flows are known within the Morrison
boundary, and geologists place the nearest explosive volcanic
source vents in southern California or Nevada.
_How these coarse volcanic materials in such colossal quantities
were distributed on so wide a scale remains a mystery.’(15)
_“The Worzel Deep Sea Ash consists of colourless shards of
volcanic glass with an index of refraction of 1.500 and varying
in size from 0.07 to 0.2 mm.
_There is no particle size sorting.
_Most of the shards are in the form of curved, fluted, or
crumpled films of glass.
_A minority are nearly equidimensional fragments of silky
pumice.
_No crystalline minerals have been found.
_In all important respects it is similar to material which has
been classified as volcanic ash in the deep-sea deposits of the
world.
_On preliminary examination, the ash of the Worzel layer appears
to be quite similar to the ash layer which occurs in a suite of
cores from the Gulf of Mexico.
_Rex and Goldberg have found quartz particles of continental
origin in abundance in Pacific sediments as much as 2,000 miles
from the nearest continent
_The ash is entirely unlike material described as meteoritic
dust.’
_“The researchers concluded: ‘Apparently we require either a
single very large volcanic explosion, or the simultaneous
explosion of many volcanoes
_or a cometary collision similar to that suggested by Urey as
explanation" for the origin of tektites.’
_In other words a global cataclysm is required to account for
the ash.
>>>_However, if we look at the chemical composition of the ash
(17) we find it shares similar chemical properties with granite
(18).
_“Loess covers about 10% of the Earth’s land surface
_according to Michael Oard it is generally considered to be
wind-blown (Aeolian) silt.
_It is composed mostly of quartz grains, with minor portions of
clay and sand often mixed with the silt.
_Loess is commonly intermixed vertically with ‘paleosols’, which
are supposedly fossil soils that have been preserved in the
geologic record or buried deeply enough that it is no longer
subject to soil forming processes.
_Scientists previously believed the silt particles in loess were
derived from ice abrasion, but they now believe that loess has
both a glacial and non-glacial origin.
_In central China it is up to 300m thick.
_Millions of woolly mammoths and other Ice Age animals are
mostly entombed in loess in non-glaciated areas of Siberia,
Alaska and the Yukon Territory of Canada.
_Wind blown material is common within the Ice Age portion of the
Greenland ice cores.
_“Whether it be ‘volcanic ash’, deep sea ash or loess, all this
material may be the by-product of the electrical erosion that
occurred during the mountain forming period.
_material eroded in the early stages may have been deposited
whilst marine incursions were still ongoing
_this material would have been incorporated into marine strata
and interpreted as ‘volcanic’.
_During the latter stages when marine transgressions had
subsided electrical dust storms would have scattered the
material globally- eventually to settle on the ocean floor or
entrap ‘Ice Age’ mammals.
_“Furthermore, marine sponge spicules have been identified in
loess,
_we have already seen that the fossilised remains of sea
creatures have been found atop Mount Everest
_it is likely that the remains of sponges originated from the
uplifted uppermost sedimentary strata pulverised and scattered
by an electrical discharge
RADIOACTIVE CRATER
_Louis Hissink
HTML https://malagabay.wordpress.com/2017/05/03/indian-impacts-<br
/>hammerhead-geology-by-louis-hissink/
_Woolfe Creek Crater with its radioactive crater rim is an
electrical discharge producing radioactive elements in situ.
GRANITE
_Given the association of radioactive elements with granite
_and great masses of granite are found to have been emplaced
among deformed and metamorphosed sedimentary strata to form
enormous granite bathyliths in the cores of major mountain
ranges
_Granite is never found outside mountain belts (Bucher, 1950, p.
37).”
_There's a link between electrical discharges and topographic
uplift
------------------------------------------
MT ST HELENS EROSION
Dendritic erosion at Mt. St. Helens Fig. 3
HTML http://www.icr.org/research/index/researchp_sa_r04
SOIL EROSION
HTML https://s-media-cache-ak0.pinimg.com/600x315/27/d1/f2/27d1f2af2117530c81dd959e6be06873.jpg
GRANITE
Wikipedia: Occurrence
Granitic rock is widely distributed throughout the continental
crust. Much of it was intruded during the Precambrian age; it is
the most abundant basement rock that underlies the relatively
thin sedimentary veneer of the continents. Outcrops of granite
tend to form tors and rounded massifs. Granites sometimes occur
in circular depressions surrounded by a range of hills, formed
by the metamorphic aureole or hornfels. Granite often occurs as
relatively small, less than 100 km² stock masses (stocks) and in
batholiths that are often associated with orogenic mountain
ranges. Small dikes of granitic composition called aplites are
often associated with the margins of granitic intrusions. In
some locations, very coarse-grained pegmatite masses occur with
granite.
Origin
Granite has a felsic composition and is more common in recent
geologic time in contrast to Earth's ultramafic ancient igneous
history. Felsic rocks are less dense than mafic and ultramafic
rocks, and thus they tend to escape subduction, whereas basaltic
or gabbroic rocks tend to sink into the mantle beneath the
granitic rocks of the continental cratons. Therefore, granitic
rocks form the basement of all land continents.
LOESS
HTML http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/loess_deposits.gif
Loess is a sedimentary deposit composed largely of silt-size
grains that are loosely cemented by calcium carbonate.
Distribution and composition of loess sediments in the Ili
Basin, Central Asia
HTML http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618213009877
The bulk mineral components of the Ili loess are dominated by
quartz and feldspar with minor amounts of calcite, chlorite,
mica, dolomite and hornblende. More than 20 types of heavy
minerals were observed with major components of amphibole,
magnetite and epidote. The major elements of the Ili loess are
characterized by high abundance of SiO2, Al2O3 and CaO and minor
amounts of Fe2O3, MgO, Na2O and K2O.
WORZEL ASH
HTML http://grahamhancock.com/phorum/read.php?1,244845,245282
The "Worzel Ash" (Los Chocoyos Volcanic Ash)
Author: Xebec ()
Date: June 26, 2008 03:47AM
legionromanes wrote:
"The debris Venus allegedly deposited in Earth's atmosphere
causing 40 years of darkness after the Exodus left no trace in
the world's ice caps or ocean bottoms, [See "Ice Cores", Kronos
X:1, 1984, 97-102, or Appendix D at end of [abob.libs.uga.edu].]
a test ignored by Rose [and an example of negative evidence with
which Velikovskians do not have a good track record of dealing.
N.B.: The "Worzel Ash" touted by Velikovsky and his epigoni is
known to be volcanic (to the exclusion of any other source) from
eruptions in Central America, limited in extent (i.e., not
global), and far older than 3500 years; see "The Worzel Ash,"
Kronos X:1, 1984, 92-94 or section "The 'Worzel' Ash" in
Mewhinney's "Minds in Ablation". (12-III-99) .]"
Note "Minds in Ablation Part Seven: Dust" is at: [
www.pibburns.com ]
The extent of the "Worzel Ash" of Worzel (1959) and as discussed
by Ewing et al. (1959) and Anders and Limber (1959) is now known
to have been vastly overestimated. Detailed research published
by Bowels et al. (1973), Drexler et al. (1980), Ledbetter (1984,
1985), and Ledbetter and Sparks (1979), which included trace
element analysis and dating by biostratigraphy, oxygen isotope
stratigraphy, and radiometric methods not performed by Worzel
(1959), show that what he mapped as the "Worzel Ash" actually
consists of a number of different beds of volcanic ash that vary
greatly in age. They found that the "Worzel Ash" was not a
single global ash bed. From the trace and minor element analysis
of 128 volcanic ash samples from 56 cores, Bowles et al. (1973)
concluded that the unit, which Worzel (1959) mapped as the
"Worzel Ash" consists of different ash beds of differing ages
including three regionally widespread volcanic ash beds.
Ledbetter and Sparks (1979) found what they called the "Worzel D
ash" to be the distal counterpart of the rhyolitic Los Chocoyos
ash-flow tuff of Guatemala and both were the result of a caldera
("supervolcano") eruption. Drexler et al. (1980) found that the
"Worzel D" (Los Chocoyos) ash was created by a massive caldera
eruption of the Atitlan caldera, which buried the much of the
Guatemalan Highlands and Pacific coastal plain under a thick
layer of ignimbrite and spread volcanic ash from Florida to
Ecuador. Drexler et al. (1980) contains a map showing the
distribution of the Los Chocoyos ("Worzel D" and Y8) ash bed. In
this eruption, the Atitlan caldera erupted 270-280 cubic
kilometers of volcanic material and created a huge volcanic
caldera now filled by Lake Atitlan (Rose et al. 1987).
More coring and detailed geochemical analyses by Ledbetter
(1985) of ash layers recovered from cores in the Gulf of Mexico
and the Pacific Ocean adjacent to Central America defined 11
distinct ash beds within the sediments underlying the Gulf of
Mexico and Pacific Ocean surrounding Central America. He was
able to delineate the extent of each of the ash layers. The two
most widespread ash layers, the Los Chocoyos ("Worzel D") ash
bed was estimated to be 84,000 years old and the Worzel L ash
bed was estimated to be 230,000 years old. Ledbetter (1984)
noted that the Y8 ash bed in Gulf of Mexico is the same as the
Los Chocoyos (Worzel D) ash bed.
The distributions of the Los Chocoyos (Worzel D) and other
regionally extensive volcanic ash beds (tephras) are shown in
figure 2 (page 6) of Machida (2002). In this figure, The Wozel D
ash is ash deposit no. 26.
References
Anders, E., and N. Limber, 1959, Origin of the Worzel Deep-Sea
Ash. Nature. vol. 184, pp. 44-45.
Bowels, F.A., R.N. Jack, and I.S.E. Carmichael, 1973,
Investigation of Deep-Sea Volcanic Ash Layers from
Equatorial Pacific Cores. Geological Society of America
Bulletin, vol. 84, no. 7, pp. 2371-2388
DOI: 10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<2371:IODVAL>2.0.CO;2
Drexler, J.W., W.I. Rose, Jr., R.S.J. Sparks, and M.T.
Ledbetter, 1980. The Los Chocoyos Ash, Guatemala: a major
stratigraphic marker in middle America andin three ocean basins.
Quaternary Research, vol. 13, pp. 327-345.
Ewing, M., B.C. Heezen and D,B. Ericson, 1959, Significance of
the Worzel Deep Sea Ash. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America. vol. 45, No. 3, pp.
355-361.
Ledbetter, M.T., 1984. Late Pleistocene tephrochronology in the
Gulf of Mexico region. In N. Healy-Williams, ed., pp. 119-148,
Principles of Pleistocene Stratigraphy Applied to the Gulf of
Mexico. IHRDC Press, Boston.
Ledbetter, M.T., 1985, Tephrochronology of marine tephra
adjacent to Central America. Geological Society of America
Bulletin. vol. 96, no. 1, pp. 77-82.
DOI: 10.1130/0016-7606(1985)96<77:TOMTAT>2.0.CO;2
Ledbetter, M.T., and R.S.J. Sparks, 1979, Duration of
large-magnitude explosive eruptions deduced from graded bedding
in deep-sea ash layers Geology. vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 240-244
DOI: 10.1130/0091-7613(1979)7<240:DOLEED>2.0.CO;2
Machida, H. 2002, Quaternary Volcanoes and Widespread Tephras of
the World. Global Environmental Research. vol. 6, no. 2, pp.
3-17. [ www.airies.or.jp ]
Rose, W.I., C.G. Newhall, T.J. Bornhorst, and S. Self, 1985,
Quaternary silicic pyroclastic deposits of Atitlan Caldera,
Guatemala. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. vol.
33, no. 1-3, pp. 57-80.
Worzel, J.L., 1959, Extensive deep sea sub-bottom reflections
identified as white ash. National Academy of Sciences of the
United States of America. vol. 45, no. 3, pp.349-355.
Some URLS
Los Chocoyos ash [ volcano.und.edu ]
Atitlan, Guatemala [ volcano.und.edu ]
Lake Atitlan [ volcano.und.edu ]
Lago de Atitlán [ en.wikipedia.org ]
Essen in "Re: The Evidence of Mu" <[ www.grahamhancock.com ];
C. Leroy Ellenberger - [en.wikipedia.org]
Yours,
David
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