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#Post#: 170--------------------------------------------------
KOLA BOREHOLE
By: Admin Date: March 15, 2017, 3:54 pm
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The World's Deepest Well [Kola]
HTML http://www.muststayawake.com/SDAG/library/Kozlovsky(DeepestWell).pdf
The earth history penetrated by the Kola well must, of course,
be read from the bottom up. In the Archean complex, between
12,000 and 6,842 meters, the first stage saw the accumulation of
thick sedimentary strata from the weathering of the primal
granites, the weathering being punctuated by intrusive flows of
plutonic granite. That these granites were rich in iron and
titanium is evidenced in the contcentration of magnetite and
ilmenite ores, which reaches 40 to 50 percent of the rock at
8,711 meters. In the second stage the rocks underwent folding,
metamorphism and ultrametamorphism at temperatures of 750 to 900
degrees C. and pressures of 5,000 to 11,000 atmospheres.
- Geologists are able to reconstruct history in this way because
rocks are highly sensitive recorders of temperature and
pressure. From the same starting material supplied by the mantle
metamorphic rocks develop a variety of distinguishing
characteristics, "facies" which may include variation in
elemental composition, depending on the pressure and temperature
at their formation. In general, matamorphism results in the
production of denser rock with less bound water from more
hydrous rock. Elements not incorporated in the new crystal
phases go into solution with the newly freed water.
- Radiocarbon dating places the culmination of the Archean
metamorphism in the Kola Peninsula at 2.7 to 2.8 billion years
ago. It was followed by deep eerosion by water and accumulation
of sediments of the weathering crust in isolated depressions. In
some regions of the world, notably South Africa, immense
deposits of metal-bearing conglomerates are associated with such
sedimentary deposits.
- The Proterozoic complex, from 6,842 meters to the surface,
began to build up on the Archean basement 1.1 billion years ago.
The rock records four major phases in the buildup of the
continental crust during this period. During the first phase,
sedimentary volcanic material was deposited on the Archean
floor. The gravelly strata show abrupt changes in thickness,
indicating they were deposited by streams in ancient valleys.
The first of two cycles of plutonism brought intrusion of
granitic rock, devoid of metallic elements, that overlaid the
previously formed rocks and brought them under alteration
through low-temperature metamorphism. In the second cycle the
mantle contributed rock rich in metallic elements. These
ore-bearing intrusions laid down the copper-nickel sulfide
deposits that outcrop in the Pechenga region. The Kola well
found such deposits at intervals down to a depth of 1,500 to
1,800 meters. The fourth phase of the Proterozoic era brought on
the anamolous episode of "closed" metamorphism that resulted in
the hydraulic disagrregation of the metamorphic rock first
observed in the Kola well through the zone 4,500 meters thick
that crosses into the Archean basement.
- Core samples show the content of chemically bound water
remaining constant, at 4 percent of the rock, to 4,500 meters
from the surface. There, quite abruptly, the water content of
the rock decreases to 2.1 percent. It is there that the zone of
disaggregation begins, with microfracturing of the rock
increasing its porosity by three or four times over that
observed in the rock above and correspondingly reducing the
density of the rock mass from 3.1 grams per cubic centimeter to
2.9. The freed water trapped in the interstices of the fractured
rock, calculations show, forced the initial total volume of rock
and water to increase by 1.7 percent. The enormous hydraulic
pressure thus exerted caused the microfracturing that must
initially have increased the porosity of the rock to 10 times
that of the overlying strata.
- The lower boundary of this zone, at ?,000 meters, is marked by
an increase in the velocity of the seismic waves. This proved,
of course, not to be the presumed Conrad discontinuity from
granitic to basaltic rock. The increase in elastic-wave velocity
simply marks the bottom of the zone of disaggregation with the
return fo rock of normal density and the cessation of the inflow
of thermal water into the well.
- [Graph] ROCK PRESSURE (KILOGRAMS PER SQUARE CENTIMETER)
ROCK PRESSURE, derived from measurements of accoustic-wave
velocity through the rock near the hole, frequently deviates
from teh linear increase with depth (dotted line) expected in
homogeneous material. The zone of anomalously high pressure at a
depth of 3,200 meters reflects the high density of impervious
strata at that depth. The disproportionately low pressures from
about 4,000 to 9,000 meters mark a zone of fractured rock.
800m, 218/218kg/cm2 *** 100%
1,600m, 270/436 *** 62%
2,400m, 600/654 *** 92%
3,200m, 2,000/873 *** 229%
4,000m, 320/1090 *** 29%
4,800m, 920/1309 *** 70%
5,600m, 1100/1527 *** 72%
6,400m, 1500/1745 *** 86%
7,200m, 1500/1964 *** 76%
8,000m, 810/2182 *** 37%
8,800m, 2400/2400 *** 100%
#Post#: 171--------------------------------------------------
Re: KOLA BOREHOLE
By: Admin Date: March 15, 2017, 5:22 pm
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Wikipedia
... The hole reached 12,262 m (40,230 ft) in 1989. In that year,
the hole depth was expected to reach 13,500 m (44,300 ft) by the
end of 1990 and 15,000 m (49,000 ft) by 1993.[6][7] However,
because of higher-than-expected temperatures at this depth and
location, 180 °C (356 °F) instead of expected 100 °C (212 °F),
drilling deeper was deemed infeasible and the drilling was
stopped in 1992.[5] With the projected further increase in
temperature with increasing depth, drilling to 15,000 m (49,000
ft) would have meant working at a temperature of 300 °C (570
°F), where the drill bit would no longer work.
... To scientists, one of the more fascinating findings to
emerge from this well is that no transition from granite to
basalt was found at the depth of about 7 km (4.3 mi), where the
velocity of seismic waves has a discontinuity. Instead the
change in the seismic wave velocity is caused by a metamorphic
transition in the granite rock. In addition, the rock at that
depth had been thoroughly fractured and was saturated with
water, which was surprising. This water, unlike surface water,
must have come from deep-crust minerals and had been unable to
reach the surface because of a layer of impermeable rock.
Another unexpected discovery was a large quantity of hydrogen
gas; the mud that flowed out of the hole was described as
"boiling" with hydrogen.
TB
HTML http://funday.createaforum.com/1-3/(1-2c)-the-great-flood-rock-strata-formation/msg31/#msg31
Gordon & Brigit, The following seems to show that the 12 km deep
Kola borehole project found mostly igneous rock nearly all the
way down. There are some thin layers of sedimentary rock down to
6 km and a very thin layer at 7 km. There may be some melted
metamorphic rock that was formerly sedimentary down to 7 km.
Then it's just metamorphic rock that was formerly igneous, i.e.
granite below 7 km (or below 4.4 miles). Gordon, do you have
comments on this?
Data on the Kola Superdeep Borehole
HTML http://www.zmescience.com/other/great-pics/geographical-facts-youre-not-going-to-believe-22022010/
Graph:
HTML http://cdn.zmescience.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/geolsection.gif
Proterozoic
0-1k) Augite Diabases with Pyroxene & Porphyrites
----- ([Igneous] Diabase = subvolcanic rock equivalent to
volcanic basalt or plutonic gabbro)
0>1k, 2>4k) Basic Tuffs & Tuffites
----- ([Igneous] predominantly pyroclasts = volcanic ash)
0>2k) Phyllites, Silkstones with Tuff layers
----- ([Metamorphic/Sedimentary] from shale, silt etc)
0>3k) Gabbro-Diabases
----- ([Igneous] See Diabase above)
0>3k) Laminated Sandstones
----- ([Sedimentary] from sand)
0>3-5k) Achnolitic Diabases
----- ([Igneous] See Diabase above)
0>5+6k) Dolomites, polynistic Sandstones
----- ([Sedimentary] from lime & sand)
4>5k) Sericitic Schists
----- ([Metamorphic] possibly from melted/hardened sand or
shale)
3>5-6k) Metadiabases
----- ([Metamorphic] diabase from [Igneous]: see Diabase above)
5>6-7k) Diabase Porphyrites & Schists
----- ([Igneous] See Diabase above; & [Metamorphic] see Schists
above)
6>7k) Conglomerates
----- ([Sedimentary] from cemented rounded rocks, larger than
sand grains)
6>7-12k) Muscovite-biotite-plagioclase gniesses with high
alumina content minerals
-AND Epidote-biotite-plagioclase gniesses with amphibolites,
amphibolite schists & ultramafites
----- ([Metamorphic] from Igneous granite or Sedimentary rock)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Postby webolife» Tue Jan 12, 2016
3:51 am
The bore hole sampling confirms my assertion that the strata
below Cambrian are primordial, ie. original crust modified when
the first continent raised up above the global sea in Day 2, an
event which would have been accompanied by erosion and initial
depositional sequences, along with igneous upheaval and
intrusive/granitic formation, and "country" rock metamorphism
due to pressure and heat. Since life first appeared on the
surface of this continent, it is expected that there would be
limited fossils found in the "surface" layers of the
"Pre-Cambrian".
NCGT
HTML http://funday.createaforum.com/1-10/1-56/msg84/#msg84
It can be envisaged that continuous planetary degassing and
related reorganization of the Earth’s interior mass has modified
both the internal and the outer regions of the Earth
progressively since early Archaean time – transforming an
initially thick proto-crust as well as progressively, and
episodically, increasing the volume of surface water (cf.
Storetvedt, 2003 and 2011). The gradual accumulation of fluids
and gases in the upper mantle and lower crust must have led to a
considerable increase in the confining pressure at these levels.
At each depth level, rocks and fluids would naturally be subject
to a common pressure – producing a kind of high pressure vessel
situation – with fractures being kept open just like those in
near-surface rocks at low pressures (Gold’s pore theory, see
Hoyle, 1955; Gold, 1999). This principle is well demonstrated in
the Kola and KTB (S. Germany) deep continental boreholes (which
reached maximum depths of 12 and 9 km, respectively) where open
fractures filled with hydrous fluids were found throughout the
entire sections drilled (e.g., Möller et al., 1997; Smithson et
al., 2000); brines were seen to coexist with crustal rocks and,
in the KTB site, the salinity of the formation water turned out
to be about twice that of present-day normal sea water (Möller
et al., 2005). In both drill sites, a variety of dissolved gases
and fluids was found; primitive helium was observed at different
depth levels indicating that the fluids were of deep interior
origin (Smithson et al., 2000). As there is no observational
evidence that deep oceanic depressions existed prior to the
middle-late Mesozoic (see below), the bulk of present-day
surface water must, in fact, have been exhaled from the deep
interior during later stages of the Earth’s history.
Nevertheless, there are reasons for believing that most of the
planet’s water is still residing in the deep interior.
NCGT
HTML http://funday.createaforum.com/mike-messages/m-82/msg155/#msg155
The superdeep Kola drill hole (to a depth of some 12 km) gave
the surprising results that fracture spacing increases
exponentially versus depth in the upper crust, and similar
unexpected observations have been obtained in the 9 km deep
crustal drilling site in SE Germany (KTB). A most unexpected
discovery of the two continental sections was that the
characteristic system of open fractures was filled with hydrous
fluids which, under pressure and temperature conditions
predicted for the middle and lower crust, would be in its
strongly buoyant supercritical state (cf. Storetvedt, 2013 for
references and discussion); hence, the strong buoyancy of
supercritical hydrous fluids is likely to be the main cause of
the increasing fracture volume versus depth in the continental
crust. In fact, it appears that the crust does not represent a
solid carapace but constitutes rather a highly fractured and
increasingly fluid/gas-filled cover layer. Thus, even for the
upper crust, the shear strength is likely to be much lower than
what traditionally has been assumed. Accordingly, conventional
estimates of tectonic twisting forces are clearly outdated; such
guesses have little, if any, significance.
HTML http://www.zmescience.com/science/geology/drilling-to-the-mantle-6-unexpected-discoveries-from-the-worlds-deepest-well
Unexpected discoveries from the world’s deepest well
- Hot mineralized water was found almost everywhere along the
drill path.
- Helium, hydrogen, nitrogen, and even carbon dioxide (from
microbes) were found all along the borehole.
- There is no basalt under the continent’s granite. This was a
huge surprise. Seismic suggested that at 9,000 metres the
granite would give way to basalt. It doesn’t. The seismic
anomaly that suggested basalt was caused by metamorphosed
granite instead.
- There are fossils in granite 6,700 metres below the surface.
HTML http://www.slate.com/blogs/atlas_obscura/2014/05/08/kola_superdeep_borehole_is_the_world_s_deepest_hole.html
The most intriguing discovery made by the Kola Superdeep
Borehole researchers was the detection of microscopic plankton
fossils four miles beneath the surface of the earth. Usually
fossils can be found in limestone and silica deposits, but these
"microfossils" were encased in organic compounds that remained
surprisingly intact despite the extreme pressures and
temperatures of the surrounding rock.
HTML http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/kola-superdeep-borehole
... the most intriguing discovery made by the Kola borehole
researchers is undoubtedly the detection of biological activity
in rocks more than two billion years old. The clearest evidence
of life came in the form of microscopic fossils: the preserved
remains of twenty-four species of single-cell marine plants,
otherwise known as plankton. Usually fossils can be found in
limestone and silica deposits, but these “microfossils” were
encased in organic compounds that remained surprisingly intact
despite the extreme pressures and temperatures of the
surrounding rock.
... While the temperature gradient conformed to predictions down
to a depth of about 10,000 feet, temperatures after this point
increased at a higher rate until they reached 180 °C (or 356 °F)
at the bottom of the hole. This was a drastic difference from
the expected 100 °C (212 °F). Also unexpected was a decrease in
rock density after the first 14,800 feet. Beyond this point the
rock had greater porosity and permeability which, paired with
the high temperatures, caused the rock to behave more like a
plastic than a solid and made drilling near impossible.
HTML http://www.iflscience.com/environment/deepest-hole-world
Scientists found microscopic fossils of single-celled organisms
at 4.3 miles (7 kilometers) down. And at nearly the same depth,
they discovered water. They also found that the temperature at
the bottom of the hole reached a blistering 356°F (180°C). Too
hot to continue, drilling officially halted in 1994.
HTML http://inhabitat.com/kola-superdeep-borehole-in-russia-worlds-deepest-hole-yields-surprising-data
... geologists had expected to find a transition from granite to
basalt rock at the point where the upper and lower layers of the
earth’s crust intersect, about 23,000 feet down (7,000 meters).
Instead, samples revealed nothing but granite until drilling
ceased, much deeper than anticipated. Drilling also uncovered
water at around 23,000 feet. Theoretically, this was not
possible, but scientists hypothesized that this was due to
oxygen and hydrogen atoms being forced together into water
molecules due to the intense pressure at such depths, and then
trapped by the rock layer above. The team also uncovered ancient
microfossils of 24 different single-celled planktons, a
fascinating discovery made all the more remarkable by the fact
that the fossils were preserved in such extremes of heat and
pressure.
HTML https://www.damninteresting.com/the-deepest-hole
Another unexpected find was a menagerie of microscopic fossils
as deep as 6.7 kilometers below the surface. Twenty-four
distinct species of plankton microfossils were found, and they
were discovered to have carbon and nitrogen coverings rather
than the typical limestone or silica. Despite the harsh
environment of heat and pressure, the microscopic remains were
remarkably intact.
#Post#: 172--------------------------------------------------
BERTHA ROGERS WELL
By: Admin Date: March 16, 2017, 7:02 pm
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HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha_Rogers
The Lone Star Producing Co. 1–27
- Bertha Rogers hole or well was an oil-exploratory hole drilled
in Washita County, Oklahoma in 1974, and was formerly the
world's deepest hole until in 1979 surpassed by the Kola
Superdeep Borehole, dug by the USSR.
- It took Lone Star a little over a year and a half to reach
31,441 feet (9,583 m), a depth of almost six miles. During
drilling, the well encountered enormous pressure – almost 25,000
psi (172,369 kPa). No commercial hydrocarbons were found before
drilling hit a molten sulfur deposit (which melted the drill
bit). The well was plugged back and completed in the Granite
Wash from 11,000 to 13.200 feet as a natural gas producer.
Anadarko Basin cross section
HTML https://pubs.usgs.gov/dds/dds-069/dds-069-ee/pdf/ch10_plate_04.pdf
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