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1 = [1-2a] The Great Flood
By: Admin Date: January 7, 2017, 7:15 pm
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[1-2a] The Great Flood
- GRAY'S GREAT FLOOD - GARDENER'S GREAT FLOOD - GREAT FLOOD -
GREAT FLOOD ..BROWN'S GREAT FLOOD ..GREAT FLOOD VS GLACIATION -
DURING GREAT FLOOD
__GRAY'S GREAT FLOOD
HTML http://beforeus.com
- ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
001. Deserts from nuclear war?
002. Former civilizations in Antarctica, Greenland
003. Ancient underground tunnels useful today?
004. Ancient micro technology
005. World maps before "discoverers" came
006. Changes in maps
007. Pre-Aboriginal paintings in Australia
008. Tut's gold from Australia?
009. Micro technology
010. The Black Knight
011. Ancient Chinese were that "mysterious" race?
012. Ancient voyage India to Rome?
013. Tunnels explored to the end?
015. The catacombs of Rome
016. Help! No ancient tunnel pictures!
017. Ancient civilizations and God
018. Religious beliefs of ancient races
019. Ancient giants - mere fantasy?
EARTH CHANGES
301. Earth's last flip-over
302. Sun and earth
303. The continents divided
304. Fitting of the continents
305. How Antarctica became frozen
=========================Postby Lloyd » Fri Dec 11, 2015 11:55
am
__GARDENER'S GREAT FLOOD
- Flood Deposited Strata. The Noah's Flood paper says the
sedimentary rock strata consist of 5 megasequences, where the
strata are conforming, meaning they're parallel to each other
like pages in a book, and there are 6 unconformities between
them, where strata immediately above and below each of them
don't conform, apparently because there was time for some
erosion to occur or the lower strata shifted or something. The
theory is that all of the conforming layers in each megasequence
were deposited about the same time by a 2,500 m high series of
tsunami waves, which calmed down for a few weeks, then happened
again 6 times, about once a month, so each megasequence was
followed by a pause, then another tsunami. Berthault's
experiments prove this is possible, if not probable. The strata
were deposited wet and it took many years to dry out and harden.
The tsunamis may have been caused by gravitational attraction to
a large body that was circling the Earth about once a month on
an elliptical orbit. The best candidates seem to be the Moon, or
Mars, or Venus.
- Either the animals immediately after the Flood survived on
Noah's ark or a space ship or something, or the Flood failed to
cover some of the land. As Mike Fischer says, the strata were
deposited during the Flood, but the mountain ranges didn't form
till a few centuries later, when the Shock Dynamics impact broke
up the supercontinent and caused some flooding too. As Gordon
says, the Grand Canyon eroded soon after the main Flood when the
two large lakes there, Grand Lake and Hopi Lake, drained through
the canyon. When the Shock Dynamics event occurred later, the
strata were folded into mountain ranges by compressive heating
after they were already somewhat hardened.
=========================Postby Lloyd » Sun Jan 17, 2016 9:57 pm
__GREAT FLOOD
Flood Legends From Around the World
HTML http://nwcreation.net/noahlegends.html
I rearranged them to show them from East to West and North to
South, pretty much.
D = Destruction by Water
. --- G = (God) Divine Cause
. --- ----- W = Warning Given
. --- --- --- --- H = Humans Spared
. --- --- --- --- ----- A = Animals Spared
. --- --- --- --- --- --- --- V = Saved in a Vessel
D --- G --- . --- H --- A --- V --- 32 U.S.A.- Hawaiians
D --- . --- . --- H --- A --- V --- 33 Vanualu- Melanesians
D --- G --- W --- H --- A --- . --- 14 French Polynesia- Raiatea
D --- G --- . --- H --- . --- V --- 13 Fiji- Walavu-levu
tradition
D --- G --- . --- H --- . --- V --- 26 New Zealand- Maori
D --- . --- . --- H --- A --- V --- 01 Australia- Kurnai
D --- . --- . --- H --- A --- V --- 05 Borneo- Sea Dayak
D --- G --- . --- H --- A --- V --- 09 China- Lolo
D --- G --- . --- H --- . --- V --- 23 Malay Peninsula- Jekun
D --- . --- . --- H --- A --- V --- 34 Vietnam- Bahnar
D --- . --- . --- H --- A --- V --- 06 Burma- Singpho
D --- G --- . --- H --- . --- V --- 18 India- Andaman Islands
D --- . --- W --- H --- A --- V --- 19 India- Bhil
D --- G --- W --- H --- . --- V --- 20 India- Kamar
D --- . --- W --- H --- . --- V --- 28 Russia- Vogul
D --- . --- W --- H --- A --- . --- 21 Iran- Zend-Avesta
D --- . --- W --- H --- A --- V --- 02 Babylon- Berossus'
account
D --- G --- W --- H --- A --- V --- 03 Babylon- Gilgamesh epic
D --- G --- W --- H --- A --- V --- 11 East Africa- Masai
D --- G --- W --- H --- . --- V --- 12 Egypt- Book of the Dead
D --- . --- . --- H --- A --- V --- 15 Greece- Lucian's account
D --- G --- . --- H --- . --- V --- 22 Italy- Ovid's poetry
D --- . --- . --- H --- A --- V --- 35 Wales- Dwyfan/Dwyfan
legend
D --- G --- . --- H --- . --- V --- 17 Iceland- Eddas
D --- G --- . --- H --- A --- V --- 07 Canada- Cree
D --- G --- W --- H --- A --- V --- 08 Canada- Montagnais
D --- . --- W --- H --- A --- V --- 29 U.S.A. (Alaska)-
Kolusches
D --- G --- . --- H --- A --- V --- 30 U.S.A. (Alaska)- Tlingit
D --- . --- W --- H --- A --- V --- 31 U.S.A. (Arizona)- Papago
D --- . --- W --- H --- . --- V --- 24 Mexico- Codex
Chimalpopoca
D --- . --- W --- H --- A --- V --- 25 Mexico- Huichol
D --- . --- W --- H --- A --- V --- 10 Cuba- original natives
D --- G --- . --- H --- A --- V --- 16 Guyana- Macushi
D --- G --- W --- H --- . --- V --- 04 Bolivia- Chiriguano
D --- . --- W --- H --- A --- . --- 27 Peru- Indians of
Huarochiri
35 -- 18 -- 17 -- 35 -- 24 -- 32 -- Total Occurrences out of 35
The G's and W's are irrelevant to me, but I didn't feel like
making the effort to remove them.
--------------------Postby Grey Cloud » Mon Jan 18, 2016 6:03 pm
Deucalion's flood was caused by a lake escaping from its
location due to earthquake. I also mentioned the Welsh 'flood'
which was actually about a town sinking. There is a similar
French tale about Lys(?).
many ancient peoples speak of alternating catastrophes of flood
and fire. That which causes flood comes from the direction of
one constellation and that which causes fire comes from the
direction of a different constellation. Of the top of my head I
think fire is Cancer.
As I've mentioned, my current focus is on the LBA collapse. I do
not see any flood there - electrics and lots of fire, yes.
--------------------Postby Roshi » Mon Jan 18, 2016 6:55 pm
Flood stories from around the world:
HTML http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/flood-myths.html
Wintu (north central California); Papago (Arizona).
__GREAT FLOOD
Then - between 15000 and 12000 years ago, there was this giant
flood. Caused by a shift in Earth's orbit, or as you say - a
giant body passing by, or who knows what else. I agree with the
electric discharge that shaped the features of Mars, maybe
that's when a planet (Phaeton?) passed near Mars and was
destroyed, and caused chaos on Earth. This is my version of
history.
__BROWN'S GREAT FLOOD
- WALTER BROWN'S FLOOD INFO
I don't find Brown's Hydroplate theory to be plausible, but his
online book has a lot of good flood info
- LIQUEFACTION
- Liquefaction During the Flood
- SUMMARY: Liquefaction ... played a major role in rapidly
sorting sediments, plants, and animals during the flood. Indeed,
the worldwide presence of sorted fossils and sedimentary layers
shows that a gigantic global flood occurred. Massive
liquefaction also left other diagnostic features such as
cross-bedded sandstone, plumes, mounds, and fossilized
footprints.
- The Origin of Strata and Layered Fossils
What would happen to buried animals and plants in temporarily
liquefied sediments?
- As we will see, fluid-like sediments produced a buoyancy that
largely explains why fossils show a degree of vertical sorting
and why sedimentary rocks all over the world are typically so
sharply layered. During liquefaction [common with water
saturated soil during earthquakes], denser particles sink and
lighter particles (and dead organisms, soon to become fossils)
float up — until a liquefaction lens is encountered. Lenses of
water form along nearly horizontal paths if the sediments below
those horizontal paths are more permeable than those above, so
more water flows up into each lens than out through its roof.
Sedimentary particles and dead organisms buried in the sediments
were sorted and resorted into vast, thin layers.
- STRATA FORMATION
- A sedimentary layer often spans hundreds of thousands of
square miles. (River deltas, where sediment thicknesses grow
most rapidly [in modern times], are a tiny fraction of that
area.) Liquefaction during a global flood would account for the
vast expanse of these thick layers. Current processes and eons
of time do not.
- One thick, extensive sedimentary layer has remarkable purity.
The St. Peter sandstone, spanning about 500,000 square miles in
the central United States, is composed of almost pure quartz,
similar to sand on a white beach. It is hard to imagine how any
geologic process, other than global liquefaction, could achieve
this degree of purity over such a wide area.21 Almost all other
processes involve mixing, which destroys purity.
- Today, sediments are usually deposited in and by rivers —
along a narrow line. However, individual sedimentary rock layers
are spread over large geographical areas, not on long narrow,
streamlike paths. Liquefaction during the flood acted on all
sediments and sorted them over wide areas in weeks or months.
- FOSSIL ORDER
- [An] experiment showed that the natural order of settling
following death was, from the bottom up: amphibian, reptile,
mammal, and finally bird.18 This order of relative buoyancy
correlates closely with “the evolutionary order,” but, of
course, evolution was not the cause. Other factors, also
influencing burial order at each geographical location, were:
liquefaction lenses; which animals were living in the same
region; and each animal’s mobility before the flood overtook it.
- FLATTENED FOSSILS BETWEEN THIN LAYERS
- Many fossilized fish are flattened between extremely thin
sedimentary layers. This requires squeezing the fish to the
thinness of a sheet of paper without damaging the thin
sedimentary layers directly above and below. How could this
happen? Because dead fish usually float, something must have
pressed the fish onto the seafloor. Even if tons of sediments
were dumped through the water and on top of the fish, thin
[flat] layers would not lie above and below the fish. Besides,
it would take many thin layers, not one, to complete the burial.
We do not see this happening today. However, liquefaction would
sort sediments into thousands of thin layers. During each wave
cycle, liquefaction lenses would simultaneously form at various
depths in the sedimentary column. Fish that floated up into a
water lens would soon be flattened when the lens finally
drained. [Water hammers and flutter vibrated the sediments as
explained below.]
... WATER HAMMERS ...
- Water hammers occur, often with a loud bang, when a fluid
flowing in a pipe is suddenly stopped (or slowed) by closing (or
narrowing) a valve, such as a faucet. A water hammer is similar
to the collision of a long train. The faster and more massive
the flowing volume of water, the greater the sudden compression
(or pressure pulse) throughout the pipe as the water is slowed
or stopped. A water hammer concentrates energy, just as a hammer
striking a nail concentrates energy and produces forces many
times greater than a resting hammer.
- FLUTTER
- Vibrations often begin when a fluid (a liquid or gas) flows
along a relatively thin, flexible surface, such as the wing of
an airplane or a flat plate. If (a) the flowing fluid
continually “thumps” or pushes the flexible surface back toward
its neutral position, and (b) the “thumping” frequency
approaches any natural frequency of the wing or plate, large,
potentially damaging oscillations (or resonances), called
flutter, can occur.
- Water [moving] beneath earth’s crust [in large caves and
aquifers along with tidal waves over the crust] during the flood
caused the crust to flutter, and its large area gave it great
flexibility. Each narrowing of the subsurface flow channel by
the vibrating crust slowed [vast amounts] of water and produced
water hammers that “thumped” the crust at each of its natural
frequencies. Undulations rippled throughout the crust, producing
other water hammers, more undulations, pulsations ..., and huge
flutter amplitudes. Most people have heard water pipes banging
or have seen pipes burst when only a few cubic feet of water
were slowed. Imagine the excruciating pressures from rapidly
slowing a “moving underground ocean.”12
- SEDIMENT SOURCE/S
- Sediments, such as sand and clay, are produced by eroding
crystalline rock, such as granite or basalt. Sedimentary rocks
are cemented sediments. On the continents, they average more
than a mile in thickness. Today, two-thirds of continental
surface rocks are sedimentary; one-third is crystalline. Was
crystalline rock, eroded at earth’s surface, the source of the
original sediments? If it was, the first blanket of eroded
sediments would prevent that rock from producing additional
sediments. The more sediments produced, the fewer the sediments
that could be produced. Exposed crystalline rock would disappear
long before all today’s sediments and sedimentary rocks could
form. Transporting those new sediments, often great distances,
is another difficulty. Clearly, most sediments did not come from
the earth’s surface. ...
- [I see 4 possibilities for the source of sand and clay
sediments. They could have come from:
1. erosion of the granite continental shelf of the
supercontinent;
2. erosion of the basalt ocean floor;
3. erosion of subsurface granite or basalt;
4. precipitation of detritus from space.
The first is Baumgardner's theory. The second is other
creationists' view. The third is Brown's. The last is Cardona's,
with Saturn flares being the specific source. #1 seems the most
plausible, since megatsunamis caused by a planetoidal/asteroidal
tidal pull would mostly affect the supercontinental shelf,
probably in the western Pacific around Asia. Baumgardner
explained that high velocity water, as in a megatsunami, causes
cavitation, which can rapidly erode solid rock via vacuum
pressure. But the shelf may also have contained a lot of sand
and clay from normal rain erosion of the supercontinent for
thousands or millions of years. That could be moved even more
easily by "tidal waves".]
- MOUNDS
- Liquefaction Plumes and Mounds. The large water content of
liquefied sand layers (40%) would have made them quite buoyant.
Whenever a low-density, fluid layer (such as a water-sand
mixture) underlies a denser, liquefied layer, the lighter fluid,
if shaken, will float up in plumes through the denser fluid.
Sand plumes that penetrated overlying layers are seen in many
places on earth.
- During the [flood], liquefied water-sand mixtures in many
places erupted like small volcanoes. Being surrounded and
permeated by water, they would have quickly slumped into the
shape of an upside-down bowl — a liquefaction mound. As the
flood waters drained at the end of the flood, most liquefaction
mounds were swept away, because they did not have time to be
cemented. However, mounds inside postflood lakes (basins) were
cemented as each lake cooled and its dissolved silica and
calcium carbonate were forced out of solution. If a lake later
breached and dumped its water, the larger cemented mounds could
resist the torrent of rushing water and retain their shapes. The
basins that held Grand and Hopi Lakes contain hundreds of such
mounds. The sudden breaching of those lakes several centuries
after the flood carved the Grand Canyon.
- Ayers Rock ... in central Australia ... has characteristics of
both a broad liquefaction plume and a liquefaction mound.
- Missing Mesozoic STRATUM
- Actually, cutting through the Kaibab Plateau is a relatively
minor problem, and carving the entire Grand Canyon is not even
half the problem. The Grand Canyon’s rim consists of hard Kaibab
Limestone, typically 350 feet thick. When you walk to the
canyon’s edge to look down, you are standing on Kaibab
Limestone. It extends away from the canyon in all directions,
covering about 10,000 square miles. However, rising 1,000 feet
above this Kaibab Limestone at a few dozen isolated spots are
softer (crumbly or weakly cemented) Mesozoic rocks; they are
always capped on top by a very hard rock, such as lava.
Obviously, lava did not flow up to the top; lava, which flows
downhill, collected in a depression and hardened. Later, a
fast-moving sheet of water flowed over northern Arizona and
swept all the soft Mesozoic rock off the hard Kaibab Limestone —
except for the few dozen spots capped and protected by hard
rock.
- Why must it have been a sheet of water? Falling rain would cut
only channels. Flowing rivers or streams, even if they meandered
for millions of years, would not uniformly sweep 1,000 feet or
more of material off almost all of these 10,000 square miles of
the fairly flat Kaibab Limestone. Besides, meandering rivers
would produce meandering patterns. Therefore, before you can
excavate 800 cubic miles of rock below the rim to form the Grand
Canyon, something must sweep off almost all the Mesozoic rock
above — a much larger excavation project. Surprisingly, the
Mesozoic rock has also been swept off the Kaibab Plateau. How
could water get so high? Maybe the sweeping process — the Great
Denudation — occurred before the Kaibab Plateau rose. [YES! The
plateau and all mountain ranges were uplifted after a large
asteroid impact split up the supercontinent, apparently a short
time after the flood.]
- Petrified Forest.
- Probably the world’s largest concentration of petrified wood
is in the Petrified Forest National Park in Arizona. (Trainloads
of petrified wood were removed before the region became a
protected park in 1906.) Few people realize that this park lies
inside the former Hopi Lake. Why does wood petrify, and how were
these unusual conditions met in Hopi Lake?
- Researchers using silica-rich solutions have duplicated
petrification in laboratories. [In the flood] (1) ... silica ...
was dissolved in the hot subterranean water and (2) ... large
preflood trees58 [were] floating in warm postflood lakes....
“... silica nucleation and deposition can occur directly and
rapidly on exposed cellulose surfaces.” Sigleo, p. 1404.
- “The majority of these trees [in Petrified Forest National
Park] were very tall. On the average the logs are about 80 to
100 feet long and three to four feet in diameter, but some range
up to 200 feet in length and ten feet in diameter at the base.”
Sidney Ash, Petrified Forest: The Story Behind the Scenery
(Holbrook, Arizona: Petrified Forest Museum Association, 1985),
p. 20.
====================postby Lloyd » Mon Jun 06, 2016 1:29 pm
__GREAT FLOOD VS GLACIATION
- "NOT GLACIAL DRIFT, BUT GREAT FLOOD DRIFT"
Problems in the Glacial Theory
Creation Research Society Quarterly, 13(1):25-34, June 1976
[Note: I'm not a creationist, but they published a lot of good
science. I suspect that the great majority of glacial evidence
is actually great flood evidence as this article explains.]
- DRIFT
... A layer of unconsolidated material [called drift] ... covers
the solid sedimentary and igneous rocks in the temperate zones
of Europe and North America. ... A ... similar [layer] occurs in
parts of India, in South Africa, the tropical zones of South
America, and in many mountainous areas of the world.
<<__Question 1 for Gordon: Do you agree that the drift in India,
S Africa & S America suggests that the drift layer was deposited
before the supercontinent split, because those 3 areas were
adjacent on the supercontinent? Europe & N America were also
adjacent. I wonder if the other mountainous areas containing
drift are adjacent to both of those two north & south
locations.>>
<<__Question 2 for Gordon: Why did the drift not lithify during
the flood? Is there any other significant amount of drift that
wasn't deposited by the Great Flood? And why are there locations
with no drift?>
- The material consists of gravel, sand and clay, with many
large boulders of variable composition, and innumerable rounded
stones and pebbles of all sizes. Often it is hundreds of feet
thick. Frequently stratification exists, and it is usually
present in the sand in the pattern of cross stratification.
- Cross stratification:
HTML http://www.earth.northwestern.edu/individ/brad/baraboo/geology/pics/crossstrat.gif
- Usually referred to as "drift", the material is also known as
boulder-clay, diluvium, outwash deposits, glacial moraine, and
till. ... In general, the landforms composed of drift have a
remarkably fresh appearance. Although they contain loose
material, the effects of erosion have been minimal, showing they
could not be of great age but must have been formed recently.
<Glacial Theory> Geologists believe that the last of the ice
disappeared only a few thousand years ago.
- The [layer] of drift is shaped into a wide variety of
structures, [kames, eskers, rimmed plateaus, drumlins, flutings,
striations, potholes & erratics, as follows below]....
<<__Question 3 for Gordon: Can you explain how a megatsunami
could produce each of the drift types discussed below, i.e.
kames, eskers, rimmed plateaus, drumlins, flutings, striations,
potholes & erratics? Or can you give a source that explains them
all?>
- Images of kames, eskers, rimmed plateaus, drumlins, flutings,
striations, potholes & erratics:
- Kame:
HTML https://www.dmr.nd.gov/ndgs/ndnotes/Veblens/Images/Diagram-a-1%20copy.jpg
- Esker:
HTML http://8c4625.medialib.glogster.com/media/b1c37420af793bb953a2b933c638f1dc0fc6756daff86b6338c9dd65cdcd4599/esker-with-permission.jpg
- Drumlin:
HTML http://www.geo-logic.org/Glacial%20Geology/cd33022%20drumlin%20example001,%20www.royalalbertmuseum.ca.gif
- Fluting:
HTML http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-_7CSUyHA0I8/T_8GPcCqaVI/AAAAAAAAAdA/xIt2PSh4Y5E/s1600/GlacialFluting.jpg
- Striations:
HTML https://c1.staticflickr.com/7/6174/6139928577_aca529683e_b.jpg
- Potholes:
HTML https://s3.amazonaws.com/gs-geo-images/ae04a988-67fd-4e09-89ef-314ad88f5b75.jpg
- Erratics:
HTML http://media-2.web.britannica.com/eb-media/32/x150832-004-CFC3FEC0.jpg.pagespeed.ic.I5bgaOeS82.jpg
- KAMES
- Kames are conical mounds usually composed of sandy material.
<Glacial Theory> [Kames] are thought to have been caused by the
dumping of glacial debris when the great ice sheets of the
glacial age melted.
- ESKERS
- Eskers are long, winding ridges of gravel and sand....
Sometimes branching eskers occur. The eskers are known to
stretch for great distances, go up and down hills, and disappear
and occur again further on.
<Glacial Theory> [Eskers] are explained in the glacial theory as
the debris of rivers formed in or on the glaciers, that was let
down when the ice melted.
- RIMMED PLATEAUS
In the prairie regions of Canada and in the northern states of
the United States there are various kinds of rimmed plateau[s],
composed of drift. Often these have central depressions
containing clay sediments. The rims are often composed of stony
material and contorted drift layers. Some of the rimmed
plateau[s] or prairie mounds are of large size, with areas of
several square miles, and may reach as much as 150 feet above
the surrounding hummocky and pitted regions.
Hummocky:
HTML http://www.seddepseq.co.uk/SEDIMENTOLOGY/Sedimentology_Features/Strat_Bedforms/Hummock1.jpg
<Glacial Theory> The rimmed plateau[s] and prairie mounds are
explained in the glacial theory as landforms created during the
melting of the great ice-sheets. The glaciers, it is believed,
sometimes melted in such a way that isolated blocks of ice were
formed, that wasted away and deposited their debris in various
kinds of rimmed structures and plateau[s].
- DRUMLINS, FLUTINGS
- Drumlins are hills shaped like the inverted bowl of a
spoon.... Glacial flutings are similar, elongated parallel
ridges and troughs. Individual flutings may stretch for several
miles in the prairies of Canada and parts of North Dakota and
Montana.
Drumlins and flutings are ... streamlined landforms ... often
composed of drift, but many are bedrock or partly bedrock. Some
have a mass of bedrock at their upstream ends. ... In drumlin
swarms the drumlins all have locally parallel orientation ...
sometimes covering thousands of square miles.
<Glacial Theory> Drumlins and flutings are explained as the
effects of the movement of the ice in the glacial theory. The
ice-sheet flowing across the countryside shaped and moulded the
rocks and previously deposited layers of glacial debris into
these remarkable ... landforms....
<<__Question 4 for Gordon: Could the parallel Nebraska dunes be
drumlins or flutings? Is there any way an ice sheet could move
significantly and streamline any of these drift types?>
- STRIATIONS
- Striations are frequently present on the surface of the
bedrock underlying the layer of drift. In some areas the bare
rocks uncovered by drift are also scratched and grooved, as if
by movement of stones across them.... Within the layers of
gravel in the drift there are many rocks and boulders that are
striated.
<Glacial Theory> These are thought to have been transported by
ice and abraded in the process. ... [Bedrock surface striations
are] attributed to the ice-sheets in the glacial theory [with]
large numbers of stones being carried along in its base, that
gouged the bedrock as the ice-sheet went along.
<<__Question 5 for Gordon: How could megatsunamis make
striations on bedrock and on the rocks that they push around?>
- POTHOLES
- In the bedrock underneath the drift, and at many places where
the bedrock is exposed, there are deep vertical potholes, ...
usually filled up with the drift material, sand and gravel and
large boulders.
<Glacial Theory> [Potholes] are often explained by reference to
the glacial theory. These are attributed to glacial "moulins" or
waterfalls tumbling down crevasses in the ice, that eroded the
bedrock and caused these deep holes.
<<__Question 6 for Gordon: The Washington scablands that formed
from the Missoula flood have potholes that formed by vortex
cavitation during the flood, apparently, so were potholes in
bedrock under the drift more likely form from flood than from
glaciation? Are the scabland potholes ever filled with drift?
Maybe this image answers the question:
HTML http://www.paddling.net/sameboat/Images/riverpotholes10.jpg
>
- ERRATICS
- Large boulders, ... known as "erratics" ..., are found in some
regions with a composition quite different from that of the
bedrock [and other drift] in the vicinity. These may sometimes
be as large as houses, and are usually rounded, though some are
of irregular shape. In the drift there are stones and pebbles of
varying composition and appearance, but most of the rocks
reflect the composition of the bedrock underneath.
<Glacial Theory> The large boulders ... are considered to have
been transported from regions afar by the moving ice-sheets. ...
<<__Question 7 for Gordon: Why is most drift of the same rock
type as the bedrock under it? If the flood transported large
erratic boulders, shouldn't smaller kinds of drift material also
be erratic?>
... ... Flint provides a table of some examples of ... erratics
... [here modified & supplemented]:
- Erratics
Moved .. Uplifted
distance: height: .. From:
> 18 km; 1000 m; Mount Katahdin, Maine
> 100 km; 900 m; Adirondack Mountains, New York
160 km; 500 m; Allegheny Plateau, central New York
80 km; .. 900 m; Killington Peak, Green Mountains, Vermont
1,300 km; 1,300 m; Rocky Mountains of Alberta
-----------------------------
Moved dist: .. To: .... From:
100-1250 km; UK-Russia; Scandinavia & Finland
1000 km; .... Missouri; Ontario
... km; ..............; Alberta
... km; ..............; Manitoba
... km; ..............; Northwest Territories
... km; ..............; [Ireland &] Wales
... km; ..............; Northern Germany
- These erratics, [many] perched higher than their sources, if
they are to be attributed to ice, would require that the
direction of the flow of the ice was opposite to the slope of
the land. Flint suggested that the stones were carried in the
base of the ice, which flowed uphill, rather than that they
somehow migrated upwards through the ice. ... How Could the Ice
Move Uphill?... Howorth accused the glacialists of departing
from the principles of physics and appealing to "transcendental
causes". ... Howorth believed that the motivation of geologists
who favored the glacial theory was their reluctance to accept a
catastrophic alternative. ... In his book Ice or Water he
[said:] ... Their real inspiration has been the fervent hope
embodied in the words with which Sir R. Ball concludes his
ill-fated book on the Glacial Age. "The appeal to ice removed
the glacial period from the position of a 'catastrophic'
phenomenon. It placed the ice-sheet as an implement at the
disposal of the geological uniformitarian."
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