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-NCGT INDEX & CONTACTS
By: Admin Date: January 29, 2017, 10:43 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
2015-16
Volume 4, Number 3, September 2016. ISSN 2202-0039. Editor: Dong
R. CHOI (editor@ncgt.org). www.ncgt.org
Palaeomagnetism and ingrained misconceptions, Karsten
Storetvedt.....355
Oil-bearing dolomitized Devonian reefs aligned on
Rimbey-Meadowbrook trend and injectite, Charles Warren
Hunt.....360
Deep-seated processes in the tectonosphere of continental rifts,
Vadim Gordienko.....361
This idea doesn’t fit with plate tectonics either, Jeffrey
Wolynski.....527
-----
Volume 4, Number 2, June 2016. ISSN 2202-0039. Editor: Dong R.
CHOI
Dinosaurs flood out of Europe in Cretaceous Period, Oscar Javier
Arévado.....149
Major revisions to geological understanding of the Earth are
due, Charles Warren Hunt.....149
Neotectonics of the Gulf Coast and active rifting and wrenching
of the United States: A tale of broken plate
tectonics? Ghulam Sarwar.....159
Origin of the Central Honshu Arc and the Izu Ridge, Japan, Fumio
Tsunoda.....174
Critical analysis of the plate tectonics model and causes of
horizontal tectonic movements, Arkady Pilchin....204
Darwin mangroves are not battling a sea level rise of +8.3
mm/year but increasing population and development,
Albert Parker.....296
A personal history of the remagnetization debate: accounting for
a mobilistic Earth, Karsten M. Storetvedt....322
-----
Volume 4, Number 1, March 2016. ISSN 2202-0039. Editor: Dong R.
CHOI (editor@ncgt.org). www.ncgt.org
Deep-seated processes in the tectonosphere of geosynclines,
Vadim Gordienko.....6
Possible explanation for formation of adjacent depressions of
island arcs based on concept of thermal mantle plumes, Alexandre
B. Medvedev.....81
Near simultaneous multi-planet volcanisms on geological
timescales as evidence for a cosmic drive of planetary
geophysical activity? Benjamin Deniston.....114
-----
Volume 3, Number 4, December 2015. ISSN 2202-0039. Editor: Dong
R. CHOI (editor@ncgt.org). www.ncgt.org
Orientation of ancient cultic objects and polar drift, Stanislav
A. GRIGORIEV.....416
Platforms: Thermal and geological history, Vadim
GORDIENKO.....432
Degassing and expanding Earth model of global tectonics, Nina I.
PAVLENKOVA.....489
Ocean floor fabric assists in tectonic interpretations, N.
Christian SMOOT.....537
-----
Volume 3, Number 3, September 2015. ISSN 2202-0039. Editor: Dong
R. CHOI (editor@ncgt.org). www.ncgt.org
Energy balance in the tectonosphere. Vadim GORDIENKO .....263
Advective heat and mass transfer in the Earth’s tectonosphere.
Vadim GORDIENKO.....282
Mountain ranges – A new comer in Earth history. Karsten M.
STORETVEDT.....334
On discovery of a new planetological phenomenon: tectonic
coupling of planets and their satellites.
Gennady G. KOCHEMASOV.....357
North-South American Super Anticline. Dong R. CHOI and Yoshihiro
KUBOTA.....367
-----
Volume 3, Number 2, June 2015. ISSN 2202-0039. Editor: Dong R.
CHOI (editor@ncgt.org). www.ncgt.org
The oceanization debate revisited, Karsten M. STORETVEDT.....105
The glacial isostatic rebound theory questioned, Richard
GUY.....108
Celestial bodies: relation between ubiquitous tectonic dichotomy
and universal rotation,
Gennady G. KOCHEMASOV.....155
Polygonal crater formation by electrical discharges, Wayne
BURN.....169
The Darwin Rise and geomorphological-geological indications of
focal systems on the Pacific Ocean floor,
Alexandr A. GAVRILOV.....196
Robert J. Tuttle: Earth expansion and thick air for ancient
birds, James MAXLOW.....209
-----
Volume 3, Number 1, March 2015. ISSN 2202-0039. Editor: Dong R.
CHOI (editor@ncgt.org). www.ncgt.org
From the Editor Earth’s geodynamics interacting with solar
system and planetary forces.... .....2
Crustal oceanization in historical perspective. Karsten M.
STORETVEDT.....3
Ceres’ two-faced nature: expressive success of the wave
planetology. Gennady G. KOCHEMASOV.....63
Earth expansion and thick air for ancient birds. Robert J.
TUTTLE.....65
Comment on Stephen Hurrell paper: paleogravity and fossil
feathers. Giovanni P. GREGORI.....68
The pattern of global cataclysms. Peter M. JAMES.....87
--------------------------------------------------
New Concepts in Global Tectonics
HTML http://www.ncgt.org/newsletter.php
NCGT JOURNAL
--- Vol. 4, no. 4 (Dec 2016)
535 --- The Earth as I found it, Part 3
537 --- Mobile plate tectonics: a confrontation
540 --- AAPG Explorer November 2016 issue and plate tectonics
history
540 --- Counterclockwise rotation of Australia revisited
543 --- VLF electromagnetic signals unrelated to the Central
Italy earthquake occurred between 26 and 30 October 2016
553 --- Deep-seated processes in the tectonosphere of oceans
582 --- Great deep earthquakes and solar cycles
596 --- The September-October 2016 Korea and Southwest Japan
earthquakes viewed from the Blot’s thermal energy transmigration
concept
601 --- High-frequency electromagnetic emission in the
earthquake epicentral areas detected by the remote sensing
frequency-resonance - data processing
615 --- Late Permian coal formation under Boreal conditions
along the shores of the Mongol-Tranbaikalian seaway
637 --- The seismic sequence in Central Italy (August-November
2016). Acoustic Emission (AE) monitoring and analysis
664 --- A history of the earth’s seawater: transgressions and
regressions
688 --- The claim of a high rate of sea-level rise for Diego
Garcia is based on non-exiting data
693 --- Australian temperature measurements disprove engineered
products
699 --- Modeling statistics and kinetics of the natural
aggregation structures and processes with the solution of
generalized logistic equation,
699 --- Multiparameter monitoring of short-term earthquake
precursors and its physical basis. Implementation on the
Kamchatka - region
700 --- Analysing the spatio-temporal link between earthquake
occurrences and orbital perturbations induced by planetary
configuration
701 --- Peter M. James book, “Deformation of the Earth’s Crust”
702 --- Upheaval! Whey catastrophic earthquakes will soon strike
the United States
--- Vol.4, No. 3 (Sep 2016)
352 --- Central Italy earthquake in August 2016 and its
precursors
353 --- Inertia-triggered global tectonic stresses and polar
wander
354 --- Reply to Prof. Storetvedt’s letter: Inertial triggered
global tectonic & polar wander
355 --- Palaeomagnetism and ingrained misconceptions
359 --- Reply to Prof. Storetvedt letter to Arkady Pilchin
360 --- Oli-bearing dolomitized Devonian reefs aligned on
Rimbey-Meadowbrook trend and injectite
361 --- Deep-seated processes in the tectonosphere of
continental rifts
389 --- P-wave velocities in the upper mantle beneath oceans
406 --- The endogenous energy and the magnetic field of
planetary objects
432 --- Ball lightning, oil fields and earthquakes
453 --- Experimental verification of seismo-electromagnetic
effect as reliable seismic precursors
456 --- Some reflections on science and on the management of
environmental catastrophe
473 --- SELF and VLF electromagnetic signal variations that
preceded the Central Italy earthquake on August 24, 2016
478 --- Jetstream anomalies appeared prior to the M6.2 Italy
earthquake on 24 August 2016
--- Latent heat anomalies prior to the Amatrice, Italy M6.2
Italy earthquake
--- Relative humidity and OLR as pre-earthquake signals – A
study of Central Italy earthquake (August 2016)
487 --- Time-dependent neo-deterministic seismic hazard
scenarios: Preliminary report on the M6.2 Central Italy
earthquake
494 --- The latest TMAC report overrated coastal hazards
--- Is there any proof extreme evets and armed-conflict risks
are exacerbated by anthropogenic global warming?
518 --- Middle America: Intra-continental extension along
ancient structures
522 --- Caveats on tomographic image
523 --- Lessons from the South Australian Coast by Bourman et
al.
526 --- Earthquake vapor model & precise prediction
527 --- Climate science is NOT settled: Clexit Coalition
527 --- This idea doesn’t fit with plate tectonics either
528 --- In memoriam of Dr. Arkady Pilchin (Dec. 2 – Aug. 5,
2016)
531 --- Deformation of the Earth’s crust – cause and effect
--- Vol.4, No. 2 (Jun 2016)
149 --- Dinosaurs flood out of Europe in Cretaceous Period
149 --- Major revisions to geological understanding
150 --- A shot off target
153 --- Reply to the letter “A shot off target” by K.M.
Storetvedt
159 --- Neotectonics of the Gulf Coast and active rifting and
wrenching of the United States: a tale of broken plate
tectonics?
174 --- Origin of the Central Honshu Arc and the Izu Ridge
194 --- The Quaternary gold potential sites and their
volcano-tectonic setting in the Japanese Islands
204 --- Critical analysis of the plate tectonics model and
causes of horizontal tectonic movement
273 --- Subionospheric VLF propagation anomaly prior to the
Kumamoto Earthquake in April, 2016
276 --- Anomalies in jet-streams prior to the M6.6 Taiwan
Earthquake on 5 February 2016 and the M7.0 Kumamoto Earthquake
on 15 April 2016
279 --- Solar activity correlated to the M7.0 Japan earthquake
occurred on April 15, 2016
286 --- The April 2016 m7.0 Kumamoto Earthquake swarm: Geology,
thermal energy transmigration, and precursors
296 --- Darwin mangroves are not battling a sea level rise of
+8.3 mm/year but increasing population and development
303 --- The warming and expanding oceans: observations and
models
314 --- There is no present sea level acceleration in UK and the
western European coasts
322 --- A personal history of the remagnetization debate:
accounting for a mobilistic Earth
345 --- Earth/Sun magnetic hoops & idealized joule antennae
346 --- Increased volcanic and earthquake activities throughout
the globe
346 --- Sunspots vanishing, again
347 --- Federal and State leaders warned
348 --- Boris Ivanovich Vasiliev
--- Vol.4, No. 1 (Mar 2016)
2 --- Accept Nothing on Authority
6 --- Deep-seated processes in the tectonosphere of geosynclines
32 --- 9/56 year cycle: lunar north node – apogee angle
37 --- Is paleomagnetic data reliable?: A critical analysis of
paleomagnetism
81 --- Possible explanation for formation of adjacent
depressions of island arcs based on concept of thermal mantle
plumes
105 --- Earthquakes unrelated to natural geomagnetic activity: a
North Korean case
114 --- Near simultaneous multi-planet volcanisms on geological
timescales as evidence for a cosmic drive of planetary
geophysical activity?
116 --- Near simultaneous multi-planet volcanisms on geological
timescales as evidence for a cosmic drive of planetary
geophysical activity?
120 --- Analysis of sea level in Karachi, Pakistan
124 --- The Australian saltwater crocodile is not at risk of
extinction because of global warming
132 --- H.T. Brady,Mirrors and mazes: a guide through the
climate debate
137 --- Habitual thinking, scholarly freedom and liberal
education
145 --- Water in the history of the Earth
145 --- Is science really evidence-based?
--- Vol.3, No. 4 (Dec 2015)
414 --- Earthquake code ****: Catastrophic earthquakes are
predictable
416 --- Orientation of ancient cultic objects and polar drift
432 --- Platforms: thermal and geological history
459 --- “Ice”(Pluto) and “flame” (Sun): tectonic similarities of
drastically different cosmic globes
467 --- North Tuscany (Italy): A potential relationship between
seismic swarms and violent rainstorms?
476 --- Seismogeodynamics of the Hazara-Kashmir Transverse
Trough, Pakistan
489 --- Degassing and expanding Earth: New model of global
tectonics
516 --- Geoscience urban legends
529 --- Science
537 --- Ocean floor fabric assists in tectonic interpretations
544 --- Anthropic global warming
561 --- The approaching new grand solar minimum and little ice
age climate conditions
563 --- Earth as a stellar transformer – Climate change revealed
565 --- Multi-parametric analysis of earthquake precursors
565 --- The synergy of earthquake precursors
--- Vol.3, No. 3 (Sep 2015)
256 --- Howard DeKalb and the double matrix fracture pattern
257 --- More on the dinosaurs
258 --- Simplification of earthquake predictions and other
quantitative matters. Reply to Peter James’ comment
259 --- Inertial forces on the lithosphere
263 --- Energy balance in the tectonosphere
282 --- Advective heat and mass transfer in the Earth’s
tectonosphere
310 --- Relationship between M8+ earthquake occurrences and the
solar polar magnetic fields
323 --- Dow Jones Industrial Average peaks, seasonality and
lunar phase
334 --- Mountain ranges – a newcomer in Earth history
357 --- On discovery of a new planetological phenomenon:
tectonic coupling of planets and their satellites
367 --- North-South American Super Anticline
378 --- Protecting stilt buildings from damage due to Rayleigh
waves during large magnitude earthquakes located at distance
from epicentre – case from India
383 --- Analysis of psychrometric parameters associated with
seismic precursors in central Chile: a new earthquake or the
great 2010 Maule M8.8 aftershock?
387 --- Blot’s energy transmigration law and the September 2015
M8.3 Chile Earthquake
391 --- A surge and short-term peak in northern solar polar
field magnetism prior to the M8.3 earthquake near Chile on
September 16, 2015
394 --- Solar wind ionic and geomagnetic variations preceding
the 8.3 Chile Earthquake
400 --- Outgoing longwave radiation anomaly prior to big
earthquakes: a study on the September 2015 Chile Earthquake
405 --- Space weather conditions prior to the M8.3 Chile
Earthquake
407 --- Anomalies in jet streams that appeared prior to the 16
September 2015 M8.3 Chile Earthquake
409 --- Planetary influence on the Sun and the Earth, and a
modern Book-Burning
411 --- Howard F. Dekalb
--- Vol.3, No. 2 (June 2015)
103 --- New Madrid Seismic Zone: a new battle front
104 --- Simplification of earthquake predictions and other
quantitative matters
105 --- The oceanization debate revisited
108 --- The glacial isostatic rebound theory questioned
109 --- The required science for a ready term - geonomy
115 --- Essential points of the advection-polymorphism
hypothesis
137 --- Tectonic history of Jeju Island, Korea
140 --- Solar wind ionic variation associated with earthquakes
greater than magnitude 6.0
155 --- Celestial bodies: relation between ubiquitous tectonic
dichotomy and universal rotation
158 --- Polygonal crater formation by electrical discharges
187 --- Evolution of the tectono-magmatic pulsations in the
Earth’s history
196 --- The Darwin Rise and geomorphological-geological
indications of focal systems on the Pacific Ocean floor
208 --- Re; Giovanni P. Gregori, comment on Stephen Hurrell; a
new method to calculate paleogravity using fossil feathers
--- Re: Robert J. TUTTLE Earth expansion and thick air for
ancient birds. NCGT Journal, v. 3, no. 1, March 2015
--- Re: Robert J. TUTTLE: Earth expansion and thick air for
ancient birds. NCGT Journal, v. 3, no. 1, p. 65-68
214 --- Natural seismicity
233 --- Migration of foreshocks and/or volcanic eruptions. The
“Blot’s migration law”
240 --- Relation between major geophysical events and the
planetary magnetic Ap index, from 1844 to the present
244 --- New Madrid Seismic Zone, Central USA: The great
1811-1812 earthquakes, their relationship to solar cycles, and
tectonic settings
245 --- The Earth’s crust and upper mantle structure of the
Northern Eurasia from the seismic profiling with nuclear
explosions
247 --- Some reflections on science and discovery
249 --- Some Youtubes for your interest
249 --- L.E. PIERCE; A new little ice age has started: How to
survive and prosper during the next 50 difficult years
251 --- Global Climate Status Report (GCSR)
253 --- James Nelson Murdock
--- Vol. 3,No. 1 (Mar. 2015)
2 --- Earth’s geodynamics interacting with solar system and
planetary forces
3 --- Crustal oceanization in historical perspective.
5 --- Reply to K. Storetvedt’s letter
7 --- Antagonism and emotions in science
11 --- 9/56 year cycle: earthquakes in south East Asia
21 --- Earthquake occur very close to either 06:00 or 18:00
lunar local time
29 --- A lunar “mould” of the Earth’s tectonics: Four
terrestrial and four lunar basins are derivative of one wave
tectonic process
34 --- Tendency of volcano-seismic activity developed in the
central part of the Honshu Arc, Japan.
43 --- The Australia-Antarctica dynamo-tectonic relationship:
Meso-Cenozoic wrench tectonic events and paleoclimate
63 --- Ceres’ two-faced nature: expressive success of the wave
planetology
65 --- Earth expansion and thick air for ancient birds
68 --- Comment on Stephen Hurrell paper: paleogravity and fossil
feathers
71 --- Massive change in climate & sea level
87 --- The pattern of global cataclysms
98 --- Solar flare five-day predictions from quantum detectors
of dynamical space fractal flow turbulence: gravitational
diminution and Earth climate cooling
98 --- On the relationship between cosmic rays, solar activity
and powerful earthquakes
--- Vol. 2,No. 4 (Dec. 2014)
2 --- Legacy of Vladimir Beloussov
3 --- Paul Lowman’s contributions to illustrating concepts in
global tectonics with world maps with Constant-Scale Natural
Boundaries
9 --- Earth’s altitudinal bimodality
11 --- Yu.M. Pushcharovsky’s view on the world deep oceanic
basins
13 --- Diwa Tectonics
14 --- Generalized geotectonics hypothesis of Vladimir V.
Beloussov
20 --- On plate tectonics
50 --- Artificially induced seismicity
62 --- 9/56 year cycle: Alaskan volcanic eruptions
69 --- Is tectonic tremor a precursor to earthquakes?
85 --- Why four highest volcanoes of the rocky planets adorn
their deepest planetary wide depression: earth, Mars, Vesta and
Moon
89 --- The myth of Early Warning System (EWS): Is it possible to
mitigate seismic disaster with the EWS?
93 --- Stephen W. Hurrell: A new method to calculate
paleogravity using fossil feathers
93 --- Reply to Beatty
94 --- Tectonic framework of the “Darwin Rise”
98 --- Late Mesozoic tectono-magmatism in the west Pacific Ocean
– in a linear depression or on a domal uplift?
106 --- When global tectonics became a ‘pathological science’
122 --- Henry H. Bauer: dogmatism in science and medicine
122 --- Topical issues of geology of oceans and continents
124 --- Constant-Scale Natural Boundary mapping to reveal global
and cosmic processes
124 --- The global Climate Status Report (GCSR)
--- Vol.2,no.3 (Sep. 2014)
2 --- Diwa tectonics
3 --- The 1977 Beloussov letter to Khain
7 --- Non-biological hydrocarbons
9 --- NCGT Journal
9 --- South Pacific-Siberian Geanticline
10 --- 9/56 year cycle: earthquake sin the Pacific rim of south
America
19 --- Seismo-volcanic energy propagation trends in the Central
America and their relations to solar cycles
29 --- A new method to calculate paleogravity using fossil
feathers
35 --- OLR and air temperature anomalies prior to big
earthquakes – a case study on an Alaskan earthquake on June 9,
2014.
41 --- Sisyphus and oceanography
42 --- Late Mesozoic tectono-magmatism in the West Pacific Ocean
– Did the Darwin rise demise or revive?
54 --- Sisyphus and the Darwin Rise
61 --- Wrench tectonic history of Grater Australia
70 --- “Don’t think you can teach us anything”
87 --- Rising sea level forecasts: fact or fiction?
92 --- Earth’s crust of oceans
94 --- Dark winter
95 --- About face: Whey the world need more carbon dioxide
97 --- Commission on Tectonics of Ore Deposits of the
International Association of Genesis of Ore Deposits (IAGOD)
98 --- 14th IAGOD Symposium. Tectonics and Metallogeny session
list of presented papers
--- Vol.2,no.2 (Jun. 2014)
2 --- Where are we now?
3 --- Abiotic hydrocarbons
3 --- Glimpse behind the scene
7 --- Beloussov’s view of the origin of oceans
13 --- Seismo-volcanic energy propagation trends in the Aleutian
Islands and North America
23 --- Transmigrating heat passing through Aogashima Volcanic
Islands, Izu Volcanic Chain, Japan
28 --- Earth and Moon: similar structures – common origin
39 --- Mw7+ cyclic earthquakes sharing the same epicenter
47 --- Seismic zoning of Pakistan
54 --- Tectonic development of Pacific Ocean and its periphery:
a constraint on large-scale rotations of lithospheric blocks
69 --- On the rotation of the Australasian continental block in
the Miocene
73 --- Prediction-confirmation: a must in global theorizing
78 --- Significant statistical relationship between great
volcanic eruptions and the count of sunspots
82 --- Global increase in seismic and magmatic activities since
1990 and their relation to solar cycles
84 --- Self-organization of the Earth’s climate systems versus
Milankovitch-Berger astronomical cycles
84 --- Global cooling underway
86 --- Open letter to President Barak Obama
87 --- Report of the session, ‘Alternative thoughts in global
tectonics’, at European Geosciences Union General Assembly
--- Vol.2,no.1 (Mar. 2014)
2 --- Plate tectonics in disarray
7 --- 9/56 year cycle: earthquakes in Japan, Kamchatka and
Alaska
16 --- Massive solar eruptions and their contribution to the
causes of tectonic uplift
37 --- Airport communication as seismic precursor
42 --- Relation of seismicity with surface faults in Pakistan:
An overview
56 --- Origin of oceans: Spreading versus primary oceans models
61 --- Seismo-electromagnetic energy flow observed in the 16
march 2014 M6.7 earthquake offshore Tarapaca, Chile
66 --- Australasia within the setting of global wrench tectonics
97 --- Global tectonics: Prediction and confirmation
99 --- Climate and the atmospheric electrical circuit: the
electromagnetic coupling between solar wind and Earth
113 --- Communicating earthquake risk to the public
113 --- The frontier of earthquake prediction studies
113 --- Fukushima: Earthquake prediction in the shadow of
consensus science
119 --- The global climate status report
120 --- Electric Universe websites
121 --- European Geological Union General meeting
122 --- 14th IAGOT, Yunnan conference
--- Vol. 1, no.4 (Dec. 2013)
2 --- Thermal electromagnetic energy as the driver of tectonic
activities at the Earth’s surface
3 --- Christmas earthquake
3 --- NCGT debate and the fluid rotation concept
5 --- Anomalous outgoing longwave radiation observations:
preliminary results of September 25, 2013 (M7.0) Peru earthquake
11 --- A potential relationship between animal behaviour and
pre-seismic signals in the North Western Apennines
17 --- The variations of the earthquake depth distribution since
2000
23 --- Analogy between lowlands of Earth and Mars, Earth and
Mercury, and a glance at tectonic granulations
29 --- Seismogenic layers in Pakistan
34 --- Thermal seismo-electromagnetic signal appeared in late
2013 in NW Australia and their relation to cyclone
46 --- Response to: Global theories and standards of judgement
by Karsten Storetvedt
49 --- The Domino requisite in global theories
60 --- Microcontinents in the Atlantic Ocean
60 --- Want to know the truth about the Earth’s climate?
62 --- Climate change reconsidered II: Physical Science
67 --- The history of micro-expanding Earth
--- Vol.1, no. 3 (Sep. 2013)
2 --- Earthquakes and surge tectonics
3 --- Granite in the Atlantic Ocean
3 --- The Christmas earthquakes by Valentino Straser
4 --- The flock instinct in science
10 --- IPCC is more about politics than science
11 --- Structural elements of some astroblemes indicating
directions of cosmic body trajectories
20 --- Atmospheres of Venus, Earth and Mars: Their masses and
granulations in relation to orbits and rotations of the planets
27 --- Mud volcanoes, geoeruptions and radio anomalies preceding
the M4.9 seism in the northern Apennines of Italy
--- OLR anomalies prior to big earthquakes (Mw>6.0) – A case
study on earthquakes of India’s neighboring regions occurred
during the year 2012
45 --- An Archean geanticline stretching from the South Pacific
to Siberia
56 --- Global theories and standards of judgement: knowledge
versus groundless speculation
103 --- Palaeomagnetism, polar wander and global tectonics: Some
controversies
117 --- Surge tectonics – a response to Karsten Storetvedt
121 --- J. Marvin Herndon, “A new basis of geoscience:
whole-Earth decompression dynamics”
124 --- The Einstein Enigma
125 --- Structure of the oceanic crust in the Eltanin Fault Zone
(Pacific Ocean) based on petrographic data
125 --- Global Climate Status Report (GCSR), Edition 3,
September 2013
126 --- Earthquakes/volcanic activities and solar cycles
126 --- Selected abstracts of papers presented at the European
Geological Union General Assembly, Vienna, April 2013
--- Vol. 1, no. 2 (June, 2013)
2 --- Continental rocks from the Rio Grande Ridge, South
Atlantic
3 --- Negative gravity anomalies as the tails of astroblemes
15 --- Historic Dow Johns Industrial Average (DJIA) peaks: Any
relevance to seismic activity?
23 --- Space-time constraints on earthquake predictability
40 --- Crustal storms of continental/planetary scale
65 --- Thermal energy transmigration and fluctuation
81 --- A new basis of geoscience: Whole-Earth decompression
dynamics
96 --- The integrated effect of an earthquake swarm in the
generation of subionospheric VLF ionospheric perturbations
102 --- Ring-like arrangement of faults accompanied by shallow
and deep earthquakes in central Honshu, Japan
106 --- EGU General Assembly 2013, Vienna
108 --- Continental rocks discovered from Rio Grande Ridge,
South Atlantic
109 --- Sunken continents vs plate tectonics
109 --- Geodynamic basis of heat transport in the Earth
109 --- Global climate status report (GCSR)
111 --- Global warming and climate change: Science and politics
112 --- Dr. Yasumoto Suzuki
--- V. 1, no. 1 (Mar. 2013)
2 --- NCGT Journal – an epitome of our victorious battles
3 --- Himalayan tectonics
10 --- Scientific paradigms, conscious ignorance and false play
16 --- Rockall Plateau/Maury Seachannel interaction
24 --- 54/56 year cycle: World megaquake clustering
38 --- Microseisms and spreading of deformation waves around the
globe
58 --- The Christmas earthquakes: seasonal seismic recurrences
near Parma, north-western Apennines, Italy
66 --- Palaeomagnetism, plate motion and polar wander
153 --- Comment on David Pratt paper, NCGT Journal, v. 1, no. 1:
Origin of the Pacific ring of fire
159 --- Further discussion of Nina Pavlenkova paper
167 --- Global climate status report (GCSR)
169 --- Tilts, global tectonics and earthquake prediction
170 --- European Geosciences Union General Assembly 2013
171 --- Russian conference: Global tectonics and Earth
oceanization
--- NCGT NEWSLETTER
--- No. 65 (Dec. 2012)
2 --- Right earthquake model and a multidisciplinary approach:
keys for successfully forecasting major earthquakes
4 --- London Geological Society and Geoscientist
__6 --- Solar activity linked to high-magnitude earthquakes
15 --- 9/56 year cycle: 18th & 19th century world earthquakes
__27 --- Can IMF and the electromagnetic coupling between the
Sun and the Earth cause potentially destructive earthquakes?
35 --- Intervals of pulsation of diminishing periods and radio
anomalies found before the occurrence of M6+ earthquakes
47 --- The Raffaele Bendandi earthquake warnings based on
planetary positions
55 --- Earthquake and volcano “predictability vs crustal
diagnosis”
103 --- The Tethys configuration and principal tectonic features
of the Middle East: a wrench tectonic survey
143 --- Bad vibrations: Lessons from l’Aquila
151 --- Earthquake sessions at European Geosciences Union
General Assembly
154 --- IEVPC press release, no. 3, 2012
--- No. 64 Sep. 2012
2 --- The predicted Kamchatka earthquake imminent: spectacular
show of nature’s force
3 --- Stephen Foster letter in NCGT no. 63
3 --- Pressure increases in geothermal plants and the
disappearance of b bees: premonitory signals of strong
earthquakes? The case of the recent seismic swarm in the Po
Valley Plain (Italy)
__7 --- 9/56 year cycle: world mega volcanic eruptions
19 --- Whence the Caribbean?
24 --- Planetary fracture systems and recent seismic activities
in the northwestern Pacific Ocean
____30 --- The Atlantic and its bordering continents – a wrench
tectonic analysis: Lithospheric deformation, basin histories and
major hydrocarbon provinces
69 --- Comment on: Annulling the “marriage of convenience”
between Earth expansion and seafloor spreading by Stephen Foster
80 --- Reply to the Erickson comment
83 --- Comment on Pavlenkova’s fluid-rotation model
94 --- Migration of seismic and volcanic activity as displayed
of wave geodynamic process
111 --- Derivation of the Gutenberg-Richter empirical formula
form the solution of the generalized logistic equation
__111 --- Dogmatism in science and medicine
114 --- John Grover book for sale: Volcanic eruptions and great
earthquakes
115 --- The March 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake: Fukushima
and “foreseeability”
117 --- Earthquake session at the European Geosciences Union,
April, 2013
117 --- 34th International Geological Congress NCGT session
report
--- No. 63 Jun. 2012
2 --- The Kamchatka earthquake prediction and Claude Blot’s
energy transmigration concept
3 --- Geoscience and plate tectonic myth
4 --- “Sensitive Zones”, seismic precursors and earthquakes
6 --- Yet another note on earthquake prediction
9 --- Short-term earthquake prediction with electromagnetic
effects: present situation
15 --- Financial cycles: A key to deciphering seismic cycles?
__37 --- Northeastern Pacific and the Cascadia margin: Snake-oil
tectonics
49 --- The earth’s degassing, rotation and expansion as sources
of global tectonics
72 --- Geological structure which controlled the gigantic 11
April 2012 northeastern Indian Ocean earthquakes
76 --- Outstanding large depressions and geoid minima on some
celestial bodies as regular wave woven features
____80 --- Progress report of the study of ancient continental
rocks in the Pacific Ocean
____82 --- Mea Culpa: the Earth is not expanding – but the
continents are not moving either
__87 --- Evidence of tectonic activity associated with
continental ice sheets and meltwater flood erosion
94 --- Eric Clausen article
95 --- Nina Pavlenkova article, “Earth’s degassing, rotation and
expansion as source of global tectonics”
105 --- Earth contraction tectonics
112 --- IGC34, 5-10 August 2012
--- No. 62 Mar. 2012
2 --- A new earthquake prediction center established!
__3 --- Perception of pre-seismic signals among reptiles
22 --- Plausible cause of enhanced volcanisms
26 --- 9/56 year cycle: earthquakes in Peru, the Philippines and
selected US states
51 --- Ring structures of the Japanese Islands and their
implications to geological development
69 --- Riddle and ridicule of earthquake prediction
____72 --- Continent below the oceans: how much and how far? The
future for deepwater exploration (and geopolitics)
72 --- The Royal Society and Climate Change
____73 --- Geological note: Igneous and sedimentary rocks
dredged from the northern Macquarie Ridge, Southern Ocean
73 --- Geoid tectonics
74 --- 34IGC
76 --- International Earthquake and Volcano Prediction Center
(IEVPC) Press Releases
--- No. 61 Dec. 2011
2 --- Colloquium for Structural Geology 20th Anniversary
Symposium: “New global tectonics and megaquakes”
__6 --- Outgoing Long-wave radiation (OLR) and earthquake
prediction
8 --- Recent seismic activity in the Japanese Islands from the
viewpoint of seismotectonics
16 --- Tectonics of the west Mediterranean and Carpathian arcs
since the Late Cretaceous
33 --- Fundamental role of deformations in internal dynamics of
the Earth
52 --- Radio anomalies and variations in the interplanetary
magnetic field used as seismic precursor on a global scale
66 --- A potential relationship between the climate, earthquakes
and solar cyclicity in the northwest Apennines (Italy)
78 --- Volcanic and seismic activities during the solar
hibernation periods
__88 --- Some problems and questions of kimberlite geology and
electric discharge hypotheses
__ 95 --- Catastrophes in the first half of Holocene and their
possible dynamic causes
108 --- Methodology to check correlation between Earth tide and
earthquakes and for plotting [EMD+SEV] vs GMT timings
112 --- Facts, theories, blind commitments and socio-dynamics
144 --- Tides and earthquakes
146 --- 34th IGC Brisbane
148 --- Climate-Stat
--- No. 60 Sep. 2011
7 --- Claude Blot
7 --- Dykes, sills and volcanoes: tectonic conditions
9 --- 9/56 year cycle: earthquakes in selected countries
38 --- Lunar and solar periods in earthquakes and volcanism: a
review of the literature
50 --- Sun, moon and earthquakes
67 --- Unusual earthquake patterns
__73 --- Twisted shear
__80 --- Corruption of science in America
90 --- Seismo-electromagnetics for short-term earthquake
prediction
90 --- Strong earthquakes can be predicted: a multidisciplinary
method for strong earthquake prediction
__90 --- David Pratt’s website
91 --- Partial radiogenic heat model for Earth revealed by
geoneutrino measurements
91 --- First Cretaceous mammal from India
__91 --- H.A. Munera (ed.): Should the laws of gravitation be
reconsidered?
93 --- 34th International Geological Congress Brisbane,
Australia. 5-10 August, 2012
93 --- Fund raising appeal for 34IGC NCGT session invited
speakers with financial difficulties
95 --- ClimateStat
--- No. 59 Jun. 2011
3 --- Plate tectonics – gone with the great Japanese earthquake
and tsunami
4 --- Earthquakes and surge tectonics
__6 --- The subduction delusion
7 --- 36-day dollar-polar rotation drives Madden-Jullian
Oscillation
9 --- Evolution of the North Atlantic: Paradigm shift in the
offing
__49 --- Dykes, global tectonics and crustal extension
55 --- Geological analysis of the Great East Japan Earthquake
69 --- March 2011 Great Offshore Tohoku-Pacific Earthquake from
the perspective of the VE process
__78 --- Radio wave anomalies, ULF geomagnetic changes and
variations in the interplanetary magnetic field preceding the
Japanese M9.0 earthquake
__89 --- 9/56 year cycle: Record earthquakes
__106 --- 9/56 year cycle: Hurricane
__113 --- Aspects of planetary formation and the Precambrian
Earth
137 --- Cold Sun
__138 --- Long period tidal force variations in the Earth-Moon
planet system
138 --- Video: Alternative Geology Documentary
139 --- Conferences: EDPD-2011, India; IGC34, Brisbane; Earth
expansion, Italy
142 --- Claude Blot
144 --- Climate-Stat
--- No. 58 Mar. 2011
3 --- Nordic Geosolutions
2 --- Japanese seismic crisis in March 2011: an urgent call for
forming an international, multidisciplinary team for earthquake
study and prediction from a new perspective
3 --- Raymond Lyttleton letter
__3 --- Solar cycles and earthquakes
8 --- NCGT Newsletter and earthquake prediction
____9 --- Continental rocks in the Indian Ocean
29 --- 9/56 year cycle: Californian earthquakes
41 --- Depth (endogenous) energy issues
42 --- Lithosphere plate issues
____44 --- The Lake Titicaca enigmas
50 --- M.I. Bhat, C. Smoot and D.R. Choi
64 --- How plate tectonics may appear to a physicist
__66 --- Atmospheric masses of four solar system solid bodies
__68 --- Two deepest geoid minima on Earth (Indian) and the Moon
(South Pole-Aitken basin)
__70 --- Cold Sun
__71 --- Global volcanism and oceanization of the Earth and
planets
74 --- Global cooling: Space and Science Research Center Press
Release nos. 1, 2 & 4
78 --- Geoeruption before the Great East Japan Earthquake
78 --- IDPD-2011 Indian Workshop; IGC34 Brisbane; Earth
expansion, Italy; History of Geological Map, Japan
81 --- Documentary film on “alternative geoscience”; An appeal
82 --- ClimateStat
--- No. 57 Dec. 2010
2 --- Don’t see the face of your boss but do see the face of the
truth
__3 --- Earth science education
__3 --- Facts, mistaken beliefs, and future of global tectonics
10 --- Cyclicity and cataclysms?
14 --- Observations of new magnetic map from the Commission for
the Geological Map of the World
__27 --- World magnetic anomaly map and global tectonics
__54 --- Earth tides and earthquakes
85 --- Earthquakes and solar activity cycles
98 --- Variations in gravitational field, tidal force,
electromagnetic waves and earthquakes
109 --- Why has plate tectonics become popular in the USA and
Japan?
118 --- M. Hoshino: A plate tectonics controversy
120 --- G. Foulger: Plume tectonics and plate tectonics
__126 --- New origin of basalts: A more sialic upper mantle
__127 --- Morphology and origin of an evaporitic dome in the
eastern Tithonium Chasma, Mars
__127 --- Evidence for subaqueously resedimented sulphate
evaporites on Mars
128 --- Earthquakes and their prediction
131 --- The Earth expansion Evidence conference
131 --- EPPD-2011, NCGT Indian Workshop
132 --- Ratmir F. Cherkasov
--- No. 56, Sep. 2010
2 --- IGC34 Brisbane, 2012: Pursuit of a new global geodynamic
paradigm: from factual data to models and human interactions
3 --- New Concepts and the paths ahead
__5 --- Luminous phenomena and earthquake
8 --- Jerks and tectonic vortex structures revisited
__8 --- Seismic synchronicity and the Sun-Earth interaction
__9 --- Global tectonics: An ocean floor structure and age
reality check
32 --- Lunar periodicities and earthquakes
50 --- A new theoretical conception concerning the tectonic
processes of the Earth
75 --- Blot’s energy transmigration concept applied for
forecasting shallow earthquakes: a swarm of strong deep
earthquakes in the northern Celebes Sea in July, 2010
__86 --- Crater formation possibly associated with an ascending
thermal plume
99 --- Science in dishonest parade
__108 --- Global Warming: Geophysical counterpoints to the
enhanced greenhouse theory
__108 --- Geological structure and origin of the Pacific Ocean
111 --- Continental drift hypothesis is not valid
111 --- Italian seismologists indicted for manslaughter
112 --- NCGT Indian Workshop: EDPD-2011 International
Conference. 7 to 11 September, 2011
--- No. 55, June, 2010
2 --- NCGT Workshop in India, 2011 – Earth Dynamics. Perceptions
and deadlocks
3 --- Israeli Association of Global Warming Fight
4 --- Falling plate tectonics – rising new paradigm: salient
historical facts and the current situation
35 --- Habits of earthquakes. Part 3: Earthquake corridors in
the Japanese Islands
66 --- Global seismic synchronicity
__74 --- Gulf of Mexico Basin – A collapsed Late Carboniferous
mantle dome?
77 --- IPCC Chief mellows for bailout package
78 --- Disaster management plans in view of recent earthquakes
__81 --- Morphology and origin of an evaporitic dome in the
eastern Tihonium Chasma, Mars
81 --- Impact of recent discoveries on petroleum and natural gas
exploration
82 --- NCGT Japan group report
--- No. 54, Mar., 2010
2 --- More earthquakes, more dead: Why can’t we predict
earthquakes?
3 --- The Caribbean case: Agitation of ingrained views
9 --- Earthquake prediction
12 --- Chilean earthquake on February 27, 2010
14 --- The Earth: The beginning and the end of active geologic
evolution
23 --- Tectonic significance of the 29 September 2009 Samoa
earthquake
__36 --- The January 2010 Haiti seismic disaster viewed from the
perspective of the energy transmigration concept and block
tectonics
45 --- Habits of earthquakes: Part 2. Earthquake corridors in
East Asia
__57 --- Twin earthquakes and planetary configurations: Height
of planets used for earthquake prediction
__65 --- The chicken or the egg: The Ogasawara Plateau or the
Izu-Bonin Trench
73 --- With cons accruing, pro news for IPCC and its models
__76 --- Precursory earthquake vapour clouds of the Haiti and
Chile earthquakes
__77 --- Using the earthquake vapour theory to explain the
French airbus crash
78 --- Glaciers- science and nonsense
__79 --- Earthquake distribution viewed from the north and south
poles
--- No. 53, Dec., 2009
2 --- Lessons from the Samoan earthquakes and tsunamis in
September 2009
____4 --- Ancient and continental rocks from the Atlantic Ocean
38 --- Habits of earthquakes: Part 1 Mechanisms of earthquakes
and lateral thermal seismic energy transmigration
____47 --- Luminous phenomena in the atmosphere: signs of uplift
of the Earth’s crust? The “lights” in Taro Valley (Italy) and
Hessdalen (Norway)
57 --- The Earth’s interior – myth and science
82 --- Climate quacks are out to fix you and your progeny
82 --- Is IPCC Chief ignorant or conveniently silent?
84 --- Open letter to President Mohamed Nasheed of the Maldives
__86 --- The ocean is heated from below
89 --- Earth expansionists view
93 --- Third Russian national Scientific Conference: Earth’s
inner core - 2009
93 --- NCGT session at IGC34, Brisbane, 2012
93 --- NCGT website traffic report
__94 --- The origin and evolution of the Caribbean plate
94 --- Pacific origin paradigm of the Caribbean plate questioned
94 --- Caribbean evolution – a new account
95 --- Geometric tectonic regularities in the eastern hemisphere
of Earth
__96 --- Sun bolts shake the Earth
--- No. 52, Sep., 2009
2 --- Earthquakes and their prediction
3 --- Facts about the Earth and the search for a functional
global theory
6 --- North Atlantic cruise observations
__6 --- Luminous phenomena as earthquake precursors
10 --- Geoid Tectonics: Chapter 6, Some major geological
processes
__19 --- Rock assemblages from the Pacific Ocean bedrock in the
Clarion-Clipperton Fault region
__30 --- Origin of the world’s deepest bays
40 --- “Getrans” – a planetary geodynamic system of
transcontinental core-concentrating activation megazones
51 --- A “jackpot” for the forecast of earthquakes
52 --- Tsunoda, F., “Habits of earthquakes”
__56 --- Reduction of the radius and heat losses within the
Earth and other planets in light of recent data
56 --- On the ring-like arrangement of faults accompanied by
shallow and deep earthquakes in central Honshu, Japan (Part 1)
--- No. 51, Jun., 2009
2 --- Proposal for an international multidisciplinary project:
paleogeography of the world oceans
3 --- April 6, 2009 L’Aquila earthquake, Italy
4 --- A “Jackpot” for the forecast of earthquakes: the seismic
swarm in the north-western Apennines, December 2008
14 --- The minute investigation of seismicity beneath the
Japanese islands and surrounding regions
__23 --- The Earth in an electric solar system
__35 --- Sea level in the Southwest Pacific is stable
41 --- Geoid tectonics: Chapter 5. Deformation and failure of
the crust
58 --- A regular row of planetary relief ranges connected with
tectonic granulations of celestial bodies
62 --- Ideological suppression at theIGC33 Oslo (2)
____65 --- Ancient and continental rocks in the Atlantic
66 --- Astronomical theory of ice ages: New approximations,
solutions and challenges
--- No. 50, Mar., 2009
2 --- We have come a long way and made great achievements
8 --- Geoid tectonics, Chapter 4. State of stress in the Earth’s
crust
18 --- Does cosmological expansion exist in smaller scale?
__23 --- On universal tectonic trends of rotating celestial
bodies (supertectonics)
____35 --- Stress distribution in continental margins and
intraplate seismicity
46 --- Geology and tectonic development of the Pacific Ocean.
Part 5. Global low-gravity belt: an outer ring of the Great
Pacific Ring Structure
55 --- Ideological suppression at the 33 IGC
70 --- Trans-Asiatic lineaments and Himalayan Orogeny
__71 --- Global lineaments: Application of digital terrain
modelling
71 --- Tectonics, deep structure, metallogeny of the Central
Asian-Pacific belt junction area
____72 --- Distribution of ancient continental rocks in the
Atlantic Ocean
__73 --- Global volcanism and the Earth oceanization
78 --- John Grover
--- No. 49, Dec., 2008
2 --- Changing tide is irreversible
__2 --- Basic intrusives of great age in the Pacific and the
Atlantic Oceans; Freedom in scientific thought
__4 --- Similarities of a martian dome with terrestrial salt
domes
19 --- Some paradoxes of plate-tectonic palaeogedynamic models
and reconstructions (Russian Southeast)
30 --- 300-day seismic cycles in the southern segment of the San
Andreas Fault, California.
54 --- Geoid tectonics. Chapter 3, General effects of polar
wander
67 --- Earthquakes and their tsunamis
__67 --- Earthquake clouds in Iran
68 --- David Archibald: Solar Cycle 24
--- No. 48, Sep., 2008
2 --- Reflections on the 33rd Geological Congress
3 --- Planetary alignment and earthquakes
__5 --- The massive Missoula floods – an alternative rationale
____23 --- Geology and tectonic development of the Pacific
Ocean. Part 3. Structure and composition of the basement.
____52 --- Geology and tectonic development of the Pacific
Ocean. Part 4. Geological interpretation of seismic tomography
61 --- Seismic focal zone as a system of deep faults
__71 --- Tectonic geomorphology of mountains. A new approach to
paleoseismology by William Bull
72 --- Fallacies in realm of natural sciences by Bencho Binev
76 --- NCGT Tokyo Symposium. “Ring structures and their
geological implication”
--- No. 47, Jun., 2008
5 --- Evidence of igneous diapirism in the northern part of
Narmada block, Cambay Basin, Indias
__12 --- Sun induced semi-diurnal stresses on Earth’s surface,
which trigger earthquakes and volcanic eruption
24 --- Is large-scale subduction made unlikely by the
Mediterranean deep seismicity?
31 --- Geology and tectonic development of the Pacific Ocean.
Part 2: Regional structural control on the auriferous Tabar-Feni
volcanic arc, Papua New Guinea
__45 --- Planetary perturbations and twin earthquakes
47 --- Global lineaments: Application of digital terrain
modelling
--- No. 46, Mar., 2008
__3 --- Earthquakes and Arctic Ocean warming
__5 --- Geology and dredged rocks from the Sea of Japan floor:
Part 2, Photographs of dredged rocks
20 --- Geological development of the northwestern Pacific
28 --- Geology and tectonic development of the Pacific Ocean:
Part 1, Mesozoic basins and deep-seated tectonic zones
__35 --- Planetary perturbations and ‘Twin earthquakes’: a model
for the long-term prediction of earthquakes
52 --- Geology of the land and sea areas of Northern Europe
53 --- The map that changed the world: William Smith and the
birth of modern geology by Simon Winchester
54 --- Crustal development and sea level by M. Hoshino
59 --- European Geosciences Union Annual Meeting, April 2008
59 --- 33 IGC, Oslo, August 2008
60 --- Manhattan Declaration on Climate Change
--- No. 45, Dec., 2007
____2 --- Oceanic crust is continental; great, timely news for
the oil industry!
2 --- Earth expansion @ AAPG
3 --- Diagonal strain lines
5 --- Geology and dredged rocks from the Sea of Japan floor:
Part 1
21 --- Wherefore the Tethys Sea(s)?
31 --- The cloud of the M8.4 Indonesian earthquake on September
12, 2007
34 --- A new hypothesis for Earth lithosphere evolution
52 --- Exceptional planets and moons, and theories of the
expanding Earth
55 --- Environmental effects of increased atmospheric carbon
dioxide
57 --- Historical review of the study on intermediate and deep
earthquakes
58 --- Earthquake patterns based on diurnal and semidiurnal
electromagnetic field
58 --- RF emission, types of earthquake precursors: possibly
caused by the planetary alignments
59 --- Lomborg, B., “Cool it”
60 --- AAPG & AAPG European Region Energy Conference and
Exhibition
72 --- American Geophysical Union 2007 Fall Meeting
78 --- Open Letter to the UN Secretary-General, “Bali Climate
Conference”; 33IGC, Oslo, August, 2008; European Geosciences
Union Annual Meeting, April, 2008; NCGT website traffic report
78 --- New subscription fee structure
--- No. 44 Sep., 2007
2 --- Financial report from March, 2006 to September, 2007
3 --- What’s in a name? The discovery of Neotectonics
8 --- NW Pacific seamount/trench interaction
18 --- Precursory luminous phenomena used for earthquake
prediction – The Taro Valley, northwestern Apennines, Italy
33 --- Diagonal strain lines
38 --- The Great September 12, 2007 Southern Sumatra
Earthquakes, as predicted by the seismic energy transmigration
concept, Part 1
__43 --- Plato’s polyhedra as shapes of small satellite in the
outer solar system
46 --- Global shear deformation
__47 --- Earthquake activity and bushfires
__50 --- Earthquake vapour clouds
__53 --- M.R. Edwards, 2007. Photon-graviton recycling as cause
of gravitation R.P. Lelikov, et al., 2006. Geology and basic
types of rocks of the Sea of Japan floor
54 --- Ages in chaos: James Hutton and the discovery of deep
time by Stephen Baxter
55 --- The greatest lie ever told by N.A. Mörner
57 --- Report of Vladivostok Workshop
61 --- AAPG Athens and IGC33
--- No. 43 June, 2007
____3 --- Ancient and continental rocks discovered in the ocean
floors
____18 --- Geological consequences of large meteoritic bodies
approaching the Earth – The electrical factor
22 --- The great twin earthquakes in late 2006 to early 2007 in
the Kuril Arc: their forerunners and the seismicity-tectonics
relationship
__34 --- Seismo-electro-magnetic and other precursory
observations from recent earthquakes
__39 --- Solid planetary tides and differential motion of deep
layers
46 --- Tectonic controls of climate
56 --- Global shear deformations
60 --- South American Pacific margin as key target for
geosciences and general culture
69 --- More on isostasy: quantitative evaluation
__71 --- Earthquake vapour clouds
76 --- International Geological-Geophysical Atlas of the Pacific
Ocean
__78 --- The great dinosaur extinction controversy by C. Officer
and J. Page
80 --- AAPG European Conference, Athens/IGC 33 Oslo
--- No. 42 Mar. 2007
--- Climate change is nothing new!
--- Borneo-Vanuatu Geanticline and the tectonic framework of
Southeast Asia and the Indian Ocean
--- The enigma of the Dead Sea Transform legend built on
automatic citation. Part 1
__ --- Glaciers and ice-sheets: modern problems and tectonic
associations
--- The recent successful M6.4 Indonesia earthquake prediction
__ --- Rivers, anticlines and alleged isostasy
--- Schellart-Lindley debate
--- Geology of Jeju Island
--- Unstoppable global warming
__ --- The chilling stars: a new theory of climate change
--- Geological framework of the Levant, Volume2: Levantine
basin and Israel
--- Igor Rezanov
--- No. 41 Dec. 2006
6 --- Precursor of the largest earthquake in the last 40 years
__16 --- New Britain Trench, Papua New Guinea: an extensional
elements in a regional sinistral strike-slip stem
29 --- Geoid tectonics: Chapter 2. The case for polar wander
42 --- Northern Mid-Atlantic Ridge: Where is the spreading?
45 --- The geodynamic meaning of the deep earthquakes: First
clues for a global perspective for foldbelts
54 --- Mountain uplift, climate and isostasy
56 --- Neotectonic mountain uplift
58 --- Bushy-Blairy global warming
72 --- Voyage of discovery
74 --- Celestial climate drivers: a perspective from four
billion years of the carbon cycle
__74 --- Frontiers in Earth sciences: New ideas and
interpretations
76 --- Consolidation – the expanding hemispheric ring
__76 --- Subduction and overthrusting
--- No. 40 Sep. 2006
1 --- We are on the web!! – www.ncgt.org
__5 --- Geoid tectonics: How polar wander shapes the Earth
14 --- Mountain uplift, climate and isostasy
17 --- Neotectonic uplift of Bulgarian mountains
19 --- The Great Southern Java Earthquake on July 17, 2006 and
its tectonic perspective
__27 --- Tectonic forcing function of climate – revisited: Four
elements of coupled climate evidence of an electromagnetic
driver for global warming
35 --- Anthropogenic global warming doctrine
39 --- The twisted Earth
41 --- Tectonic papers
42 --- Terra non firma Earth: Plate tectonics is a myth. J.
Maxlow
44 --- Ivan Vasilievic Kirollov
--- No. 39 June, 2006
2 --- Where is subduction under the Indonesian Arc?
12 --- Neotectonic mountains uplift : some further instances
__23 --- Origin of the primary tectonic structures, part 2
__28 --- Australia and the Pacific: similar shapes of two
terrestrial tectonic features of different size and lithosphere
argue for their origin by one wave mechanism
31 --- On the recent catastrophic Java earthquake (May 26, 2006)
and Merapi Volcano eruption: Their forerunners
37 --- Abstracts and figures from “Tectonic process and its deep
factor in the continental margin of East Asia and the Pacific
Ocean”, Chikyu Kagaku, v. 30, no. 3, 2006
44 --- AAPG European conference; Oslo IGC33
--- No. 38 Mar, 2006
__3 --- Gulf of California electrical hot-spot hypothesis :
climate and wildfire teleconnection
9 --- Earth’s evolution sages, Part 2
__13 --- Wave structures in the Saturnian system
__16 --- Origin of the primary tectonic structures of the Earth
and planets
17 --- Comments on recent papers on Sumatra-Andaman earthquake
19 --- Stamping out dissent
21 --- Refereed journals: Do they insure quality or enforce
orthodoxy?
27 --- Organized opposition to plate tectonics: The New Concepts
in Global Tectonics group, Jour. Sci. Exploration, v. 20, no. 1,
2006
32 --- Terra non firma earth: plate tectonics is a myth
33 --- The growing and developing earth
__34 --- Galaxy-Sun-Earth relations: The origin of the magnetic
field and of the endogenous energy of the Earth
37 --- Asia Oceania Geosciences Society; IGC32 proceedings
volume download
--- No. 37 Dec, 2005
4 --- Forerunners of the catastrophic Kashmir Earthquake (8
Octobver, 2005) and their geological significance
__17 --- Further inferences on structure in the mantle from deep
earthquake patterns
20 --- Early sialic crust of the continental frame of the
Pacific Ocean
28 --- Abstracts of papers in “Earth dynamics beyond the plate
paradigm”. Boll. Soc. Geol. Italiana, spec. vol. 5, 2005
33 --- Prof. Yukinori Fujita by Y. Suzuki
--- No. 36, Sep, 2005
1 --- See facts as they are, precisely and comprehensively
2 --- Volcanic eruptions, great earthquakes and tsunamis:
Warning techniques to master the deadly science
12 --- Earth's evolution stages
20 --- “Earth dynamics beyond the plate paradigm”, Boll. Soc.
Geol. Italiana, spec. vol. 5, 2005
__20 --- Geological structure and origin of the Pacific Ocean
24 --- E.S.T. (Tim) O'Driscoll written by I. Campbell
--- No. 35 June, 2005
1 --- Our battle continues
3 --- On the recent Sumatran earthquakes and their forerunners
8 --- The geodynamic meaning of the Great Sumatran Earthquake:
Inferences from short time windows
__23 --- Equatorial mid-Atlantic ridge. A sea floor spreading
anomaly
__27 --- Mars and Earth: Two dichotomies - one cause
29 --- The Earth's decelerated rotation and regularities in
orientation of its surface lineaments and faults
__33 --- Continental crust in the North Atlantic; Where is the
Moho?; Origin of the primary tectonic structures of Earth and
planets, mantle rotation; Magmatism in India through time
--- No. 34 Mar, 2005
1 --- IGC 2004-Urbino International workshop to discuss some new
concepts in global tectonics, University of Urbino, Italy, 29-31
August, 2004
6 --- On the nature of seismic focal zone
__21 --- Plate subduction is not the cause for the Great
Indonesian Earthquake on December 26, 2004
27 --- Earthquake patterns from Sumatra
__32 --- The geodynamic significance of the Earth axis
displacement during the Sumatra Earthquake
__34 --- What will be penetrated by drilling at the base of the
oceanic crust?
__40 --- A.K. Dubey paper on GPS and Himalayan orogenic belt;
C.D. Ollier paper - Mountain building and climate; N.C. Smoot
book, Tectonic globaloney
--- No. 33 Dec, 2004
2 --- Plate tectonic "theory" is slowly and inevitably dying
3 --- Recent devastating earthquakes in Japan and Indonesia
viewed from the seismic energy transmigration concept
__13 --- Granitic rocks: A new geological meaning
16 --- Y. Suzuki, Introduction to seismotectonics of the
Japanese Islands
--- No. 32 Sep, 2004
1 --- Two historic NCGT meetings successfully held in Italy!
2 --- Development of geotectonic hypotheses in the 20th century
9 --- The volcanic intepretation of Chicxulub, Mexico
15 --- A new interpretation of the origin of the Wadati-Benioff
zones in the Mediterranean region
25 --- Latest Mt. Stromboli eruption as predicted by Blot; Deep
earthquake precursors in Japan
__26 --- V. Sanchez Cela, 2004 - Granitic rocks; Friedrich and
Leduc, 2004 - Curvilinear patterns of oceanic fracture zones
--- No.31 June, 2004
2 --- IGC 32 and Urbino Workshop programs
5 --- Criticism of Hess' model of the oceanic crust
10 --- Volcanic eruptions predicted by energy transmigration
phenomenon - A case of Mt. Stromboli Volcano, Italy -
__15 --- Illustrating concepts in global tectonics with world
maps with constant scale natural boundaries (CSNB)
19 --- Comment on the Pacific basin
20 --- V.V. Orlenok (Ed) - Oceanization of the Earth: an
alternative to Neomobilism. Collected scientific works
25 --- W.B. Agocs written by I. Kis
No. 30 Mar, 2004
IGC Florence news
__Disproof of subduction
__Deep tectonic zones and structure of the Earth's interior
revealed by seismic tomography
The geological cycle and the conservation of continents
No.29 Dec, 2003
__Energy transmigration from deep to shallow earthquakes: a
phenomenon applied to Japan - toward scientific earthquake
prediction-
__N.C. Smoot book, "Tectonic globaloney"; Chicxulub crater;
Pushing gravity by M.R. Edwards; Subduction fails to check out;
Global wrench tectonics by K. Storetvedt; and others
No.28 Sep, 2003
Great discoveries in science
Earth Climate Research Institute; Report of NCGT Niigata Forum
(Y. Suzuki)
Middle America Trench
The Leinster-South Wales-London-Brabant deep fracture or
lineament: History, mineralization and some implications
__The geological cycle and tectonic explanations
__Deep structures of orogenic belts
L.W.D. Bridges - our expanding Earth: The ultimate cause
No.27 June, 2003
__Geological structure and origin of the Pacific Ocean
Deep earthquakes and deep-seated tectonic zones. Part 5,
Discussion
More on earthquake patterns
__I.A. Rezanov: Vassiliev & Choi book - "Geology of trenches and
island arcs in the Pacific Ocean"
No.26 Mar, 2003
__Geologic history of continents and oceans
An analysis of earthquake patterns
Deep earthquakes and deep-seated tectonic zones. Part 4,
Southwest Pacific
__Cenozoic Earth contraction
__A. Ribeiro - Soft plate and impact tectonics; J.C. Grover,
Volcanic eruption and great earthquakes; A. Gavrilov - Fault
systems of Japan and Okhotsk Sea regions
No.25 Dec, 2002
__Earth contraction tectonics
Deep earthquakes and deep-seated tectonic zones. Part 3,
Southeast Asia
Global stress field of the Earth, its variations and prediction
of earthquakes
N.C. Smoot & B.A. Leybourne - Central Pacific Megatrend; N.C.
Smoot & D. R. Choi - North Pacific Megatrend
No.24 Sep, 2002
Deep earthquakes and deep-seated tectonic zones. Part 2, South
America
__Controversial aspects of plate tectonics and possible
alternatives
The oceanic environment under polar wander
__Overview of two websites that present interpretations
different from strict plate tectonics
__Geology of the deep-water trenches and island arcs of the
Pacific by B.I. Vassiliev and D.R. Choi; Geological map of the
world by B.A. Jatskevich (ed.), 2000; Origin of oceanic crust by
I.A. Rezanov; and others
No.23 Jun, 2002
__From geosyncline to fold mountain: The role of geoid stress
__Deep-seated faults and deep earthquakes in the northwestern
Pacific
A surge-tectonic 'Wobble"
Pacific paleobiogeography and expansion models
__Report on New Concepts in Global Tectonics conference, La
Junta, CO, Otero Junior College, Colorado, USA, May 5-11, 2002
Smoot, Choi & Bhat book, "Marine geomorphology"
No.22 Mar, 2002
__Crust and upper mantle structure and global geodynamics
On the state of stress in the Earth's crust - further note -
Quantification of an Archaean to Recent Earth expansion process:
A review of current research
Lithostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy and tectonics of the
Siwaliks between Ramnagar and Tanakpur areas, southeastern
Kumaun Himalaya
Complicated high relief of central Asian highland
On the deep process of the circum-Pacific tectogenesis
Late Neogene N-S trending upward bending of the crust in the
central part of the Honshu Arc, Japan
Reply to Peter James
__N.C. Smoot - Earth geodynamic hypotheses updated; I. Perin -
Earth's hemispheric ring; M. Keith - Evidence for a plate
tectonics debate; N.C. Smoot, D.R. Choi & M.I. Bhat - Active
margin geomorphology
No.21 Dec, 2001
__Dual geospheres: oxidic carapace: hydridic interior
Reply to Paul Lowman review
Fingernails, GPS and Pacific basin closure
__Comments on "Political correctness in science" by Peter James,
NCGT Newsletter, no. 19, p. 6-15
Reply to Bob Tuttle comments
J.K. Reed - Plate tectonics - a different view; N.C. Smoot and
B.A. Leybourne - Central Pacific Megatrend; S. Tassos - The
trembling Earth
NCGT Symposium in Colorado, USA; Tokyo forum for mountains 2001
No.20 Sep, 2001
On the immovable musings of mobilists
__Expanding hemispheric ring
Basic logic principles of analysis and synthesis of geotectonic
hypotheses
The Neotectonic Period
A geotectonic model of South America referring to the
intermediate-deep earthquake zone
Plate tectonics: "A paradigm under threat", by D. Pratt, Jour.
Sci. Expl., v. 14, no.3
No.19 June, 2001
Nature and problems of the crust and mantle - an overview
__Political correctness in science
Recent advances in geophysics
Some comments on the structure of the east coast geosyncline,
New Zealand
__"The Origin of mountains" by Cliff Ollier and Colin Pain
New concepts in global tectonics (Himalayan Geology, vol. 22,
no. 1, 2001)
G. Chen - Diwa Theory: Activated tectonics and metallogeny
No. 18 Mar, 2001
Some comments on the structure of geosynclines and how they work
Gravity data-evidence of downwelling on ridge
__Impact structures
No.17 Dec, 2000
Active volcanism and seismicity in the Japanese Islands in the
last several years
On the state of stress in the Earth's crust: Inferences from
reservoir induced seismicity
The morphostructural evolution of the world continental margins
- consequence of an expanding Earth
__A new concept of the Earth's rotational tectonics as an
alternative to plate tectonics and the rest
D. Pratt - Plate tectonics: A paradigm under threat; N.C. Smoot
- Orthogonal intersections of megatrends in the Western Pacific
Ocean basin; V. Sanchez Cela - Densialite: A new upper mantle
No.16 Sep, 2000
Major global changes in the development of the Earth during the
Phanerozoic
__A coarse analysis of the alleged processes of subduction
Equatorial Atlantic magnetic and bouguer anomaly profiles
correlation, depth and structure analysis
Geotectonic development of the Beppu-Shimabara graben in central
Kyushu, Japan
Earth expansion book reviews
__C. Ollier & C. Pain - The origin of mountains; V.V. Orlenok -
Principles of geophysics
No.15 June, 2000
Basin evolution
From Diwa to crustobody
__Subduction does not exist: From seismic data interpretation
__C.D. Ollier - Geomorphology and mountain building
No.14 Mar, 2000
The Darwin Phoenix Rises yet again
__No geochronological evidence for flood basalt-hotspot links
On the state of stress in the Earth's crust
__Study of tectonics by estimation of work done on rocks
Trinidad to Surinam aeromagnetic profile and its analysis
Comment: Surge theory weighs in on the balance of evidence in
the debate on global warming
Oceanization/basification: A discussion
Crustal stress state and Earth expansion
An expanding vs. a contracting Earth
Review of EOS reviewers' comment on B.A. Leybourne paper
No.13 Dec, 1999
Neogene events and modern world
Precambrian structures in South America: Their connection to the
Pacific and Atlantic Oceans
Crust composition defines its motion
New Zealand-Antarctica magnetic spread and inter-profile
correlation - depths and structure
__Hydrogen as the driver of global tectonics
Earth expansion: Myths and misconceptions
An appeal for using some sense
Earth expansion: problem with building block
Van Hinte, Jan & Ruffman - Paleozoic microfossils from Orphan
Knoll, NW Atlantic; H. Sheth -
__Flood basalt and large igneous provinces from deep mantle
plumes
No.12 Sep, 1999
Unrecognized failure of a critical test of strict plate
tectonics, the trench region offshore of Guatemala
Geology of East Pacific: Middle America Trench
Time for re-evaluation of expanding Earth theory
Comments: Some unresolved issues in global tectonics
Earth expansion: To subduct or not to subduct
No.11 June, 1999
My friendship with Art Meyerhoff
__Evidence of a planetoid collision with Earth during the
Palaeozoic/Mesozoic (P/M) boundary, and implications for
expected evidence on Mars
Oceanward propagation of the blind decollement beneath the
Kodiak shelf, offshore of Kodiak Island, Alaska, Part III
Subduction on an expanding Earth
Ocean lineaments and major structures in Central America
Analyses of Antarctica airborne magnetometer profiles
Diwa tectonics in Russia
Review of Oldroyd review -The rejection of continental drift
theory and method by American earth science
No.10 Mar, 1999
Tsukuba Symposium Report
Deformation of the giant through of the forearc, the Kodiak
Island region of the eastern Aleutians, Alaska, Part II
__Alternatives to plate tectonics
__Evaluation of lava and magma flow
__Surge theory vs. plate theory: El Nino has the last word - a
theoretical discussion of the driving force behind El Nino
Organization of the journal
No.9 - Dec, 1998
A lot more discussions???
Entry 1. Geoid tectonics
Entry 2. WNW-ESE Pacific lineations
Geology of the southeast Pacific. Part 2. Earthquakes and
crustal structure, Peru Trench
__On some recent developments in paleomagnetism
The symmetries and similarities in the structure and development
of mobile belts
Production of great arcuate troughs and their subsequent
deformation; a case study, the Aleutian Island Arc, Part 1
Tsukuba-98 NCGT Symposium, Japan. Nov. 20-23, 1998
M. Hoshino, 1998 - The expanding Earth.
No.8 - Sep, 1998
Fatal flaw – who are the cuplrits?
A competition in Geotectonics: Just how realistic is your
tectonic model?
Multibeam bathymetry and the public
Geology of the Southeast Pacific: Part 2. Seismic stratigraphy
of the continental margin and paleoland off central Peru
Global tectonic and volcanic activity of the last one million
years
Tectonics, structure, geodynamics and geological nature of the
West Pacific active margin, Part 2
Muslimov and Lapinskaya (Eds) - Petroleum potentials in the
crystalline basement.
Memorial to Bruce D. Martin, by P.D. Lowman
Tsukuba-98 NCGT Symposium, Japan. Nov. 20-23, 1998
No.7 June, 1998
Beloussov versus Sengor and Burke
__High latitude origin for fissure basalts
Implication of surge tectonics, gravitational teleconnections,
and Milankovitch series
Geology of the Southeast Pacific. Part 1. Submarine ridges and
basins tied to the South American Precambrian Shield
Tectonics, structure, geodynamics and geological nature of the
West Pacific active margin, Part 1
Book review: Our evolving planet: Earth history in new
perspective
International symposium on New Concepts in global Tectonics
<NCGT-98 Tsukuba>. Second circular
No.6 - Mar, 1998
Can El Nino be controlled by tectonic vortex structures and
explained with surge tectonics?
__Mechanism of vortex gravity/density oscillation
Forces and stresses on plates
__Endogenous escape and photolytic loss of the planet water
The myth of plate tectonics
F.C. Wezel book, Geology as the science of global environmental
change
No.5 - Dec, 1997
Global theories; more than just theories
Ophiolites: Another paradox
Geoid tectonics
__Magma floods, microplates, and orthogonal intersections
Earthquakes, earth rotation, the excess elliptical bulge and
earth expansion
Geological structure of Northeast Honshu, Japan in contradiction
to the plate tectonics
__A rotational geospheric dynamic model of the Earth: Part 3
No.4 - Sep, 1997
Rift and rifting
On the origin of submarine valleys
Subatomic behaviour: The profound effects of transmutations
Importance of critically testing the megathrust, Aleutians
Earthquakes at convergent margins
Earth expansion versus plate tectonics, or approaching reality
verus mental artefacts
Geodetic proof of Earth expansion
__A rotational geospheric dynamic model of the Earth: Part 2
Overview of the history of one man's challenges to strict plate
tectonics
No.3 June, 1997
Is isostasy a real phenomenon?
Prof. K. Storetvedt presented wrench tectonics at the 12th
Tectonic Colloquium in Tokyo
No collision of the Izu Peninsula with the Honshu Arc due to
subduction of the Philippine Sea Plate!
Geology of the oceans around Australia. Part 1, Oceanic
lineaments: continuation from the continent; Part 2, Dredging
results; Part 3, Deep sea drilling results
Contraction theory revisited
The drift of the Earth's subcore and tectonic evolution
A complete killer hills - compacting Earth model. Part 2
A myth called plate tectonics
__A rotational geospheric dynamic model of the Earth - Part 1
Study of the Earth has just begun!
No.2 - Mar, 1997
Some fundamental questions
Geological map of the Pacific Ocean and adjacent areas
Some fundamental problems of the Earth's structure and evolution
Paleo-Ulleung Land and its implication in the formation of the
Japan Sea
Plate tectonics: everything goes and nobody knows
A synthesis of major objections to mobile plate tectonics
A complete killer hills - compacting Earth model of the planet -
Part 1
Himalaya
No.1 - Dec, 1996
Theme and aims of the Newsletter
Report on the "Theories other than plate tectonics" session at
the 30th IGC, Beijing, August, 1996
The challenge of cultural renaissance and the need for continual
renewal
Report from Japan
The suppression of the compressional rift model
K.M. Storetvedt: Our evolving planet: Earth history in new
perspective
#Post#: 125--------------------------------------------------
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204 New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal, V. 4, No. 2, June
2016. www.ncgt.org
Critical analysis of the plate tectonics model and causes of
horizontal tectonic movements
Arkady Pilchin
Universal Geosciences & Environmental Consulting Company
205 Hilda Ave., #1402
Toronto, Ontario, M2M 4B1, Canada.
arkadypilchin@yahoo.ca
Concluding remarks
All of the above leads to the following conclusions:
The main problem with the plate tectonics model is
underdevelopment of its every part, from the model’s inception
until the present day.
The outright dismissal of the geosynclinal model and all other
fixist models is not justified and was a mistake.
Convection throughout the entire mantle or in any mantle layer
of any significant thickness is highly unlikely, because it
violates physical laws.
The main forces postulated for plate tectonics are too weak for
any significant tectonic activity, and cannot be involved in
such tectonic processes as obduction, orogenesis, lithosphere
uplift, or even subduction. In general, their application
violates physical laws by ignoring the effect of friction and
strength limits.
Plate tectonic forces are incapable of generating any
significant force in a horizontal or upward direction.
The plate tectonics model of the formation of new lithosphere in
spreading centers violates a number of physical laws; it is
unclear how it would be possible, with a buildup of only about
1 cm long, ~50 km deep and thousands of kilometers wide
increments of new lithosphere per year, for it to independently
separate into the main oceanic layers (including the peridotite
layer) in underwater conditions, and over millions of years
form solid oceanic plates thousands of kilometers long.
One of the main problems with sea floor spreading is the
inconsistency between the total lengths of mid-ocean ridges
(the total length of the mid-ocean ridge system is ~80,000 km
and the continuous mountain range is 65,000 km) and the total
length of trenches (30,000-40,000 km). Whereas, according to
the plate tectonics model, the total length of trenches should
be twice as long (~130,000-160,000 km) as that of mid-ocean
ridges.
Any oceanic lithosphere plate (slab) with a thickness of ~50 km
is composed of three main layers: brittle upper layer with
temperatures of less than ~573 K; elastic middle layer with
temperatures within the range of ~573-873 K; and plastic lower
layer with temperatures of >~873 K, and it cannot be considered
rigid.
It is clearly shown in the paper that under no circumstances
would the average density of an oceanic lithosphere plate be
denser than rocks of the upper mantle, and the formation of
negative buoyancy is not possible.
The formation of eclogite requires rocks of the upper
continental crust to be delivered to depths of about 64 km or
more, but even if the entire crust of any region were
completely transformed to eclogite, it would still not be enough
to form negative buoyancy by even 0.01 g/cm3.
An oceanic plate has an average geothermal gradient of ~50-86
K/km, and a temperature of about 1573 K (or 1603 K) at the
point of contact between the lithosphere and asthenosphere, so
technically it cannot be considered cold.
Numerous problems of the plate tectonics model are mentioned in
the paper with corresponding references.
The formation of ultrahigh pressure (UHP) rocks cannot be
accomplished under lithostatic pressures alone, and requires
the involvement of gigantic (mostly horizontal) forces. This
cannot take place within a subduction zone.
Analysis of the causes of formation of significant overpressure
shows that only the decomposition of rocks (primarily
serpentinization of the peridotite layer) can generate gigantic
forces capable of horizontally moving oceanic plates; causing
obductions, subductions, orogenies, or uplift of lithospheric
blocks; forming serpentinite and ophiolite thrusts; and more.
Analysis of the focus depths of earthquakes on continents
clearly shows that the absolute majority of them take place at
shallow and very shallow depths, and almost all of them within
the temperature range of the serpentinization process (~473-773
K). This also shows that continental subduction is not possible.
It is shown that serpentinization of the oceanic peridotite
layer may cause formation of either obduction or forced
subduction of an oceanic plate near the continental margin (see
Fig. 1), or away from the continental margin (see Fig. 2).
From all of the above, it is clear that plate tectonics is an
inconsistent model violating numerous physical laws, and is
based on a large number of incorrect postulates and
assumptions. Given all this evidence, the plate tectonics model
is shown to be a dead end in geology that has unfortunately run
its course for too long.
-----
New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal, V. 4, No. 4, December
2016. www.ncgt.org 615
Late Permian coal formation under Boreal conditions along the
shores of the Mongol-Transbaikalian seaway
Per Michaelsen
Department for Management of Science and Technology Development,
Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang
University,
Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
per.michaelsen@tdt.edu.vn
Discussion and conclusions
Epicontinental seaways have played an important role in terms of
providing accommodation space and the depositional conditions
for accumulation of significant economical deposits of coal and
hydrocarbons. Although these seaways are virtually absent from
Earth today, they are the dominant source of much of our
information about marine biodiversity of the past (Harries,
2009).
It is highlighted here that the pan global Permian coal measures
are unique in the evolution of the Earth, not matched in any
period before or since (Carey, 2000). Substantial global
extensional tectonic events during the Permian created the
necessary accommodation space for significant peat
accumulations, and subsequent burial and preservation. In
Mongolia, the Permian system is widely distributed, not least
in the South Gobi Basin, where very significant coal resources
have been preserved. Extensive field work in the South Gobi
Basin since 2005 indicates that coal deposition and
preservation were controlled by an interaction of orbital
climatic forcing of the depositional processes, and somewhat
complex syn-tectonic faulting. Faulting resulted in the
development of relatively deep, fault bounded sub-basins that
were the locus for substantial tracts of peat accumulation (e.g.
Tavan Tolgoi coal field with potential 10Bt of coal).
The Permian system is an important part of Mongolia’s geological
evolution with the two marine basins (i.e. SMB and PMTB) and
the controversial collision between the North China block and
Mongolia. According to recent work by Eizenhöfer et al. (2014),
from the Late Permian to Early Triassic double-sided subduction
led to the closure of the so-called Paleo-Asian Ocean,
resulting in collision and forming the controversial Solonker
Suture Zone. Intriguingly, the up to 1,000m thick Late Permian
coal measures in the South Gobi Basin does not contain tuffs,
Late Permian coals are developed proximal (c. 25-30km) north of
the postulated suture zone, and the Early-Middle Triassic
deposits within the South Gobi Basin are characterized by very
limited structural deformation. It is also noted that the
coal-bearing strata within the study area does not contain any
tuffs. Detailed studies of the Late Permian Platypus Tuff Bed
in the Bowen Basin by Michaelsen et al. (2001) showed that the
tuff is well preserved over 100’s of kilometers of strike
length. Unfortunately, such tuff marker beds are absent in the
Late Permian deposits in Mongolia.
Evidence of sea-level rise and fall is well displayed in Permian
strata on a global scale (e.g. Ross and Ross, Hansen et al.,
2000 and Michaelsen and Henderson, 2000a; Rampino et al., 2000,
Isbell et al., 2003, Shao et al., 2007 and Li et al., 2016).
Interestingly, Haq et al. (1987) identified a total of 119 Early
Triassic to Quaternary sea-level cycles, however of these only
19 (15.9%) began with major sequence boundaries. In this
context the base of the Late Permian coal measures in the study
area (i.e. implied by the FA6 shellbed), might well represent a
major regional extensive sequence boundary.
The sedimentary record documented in this study strongly
indicates that the Late Permian coal measures developed along
the shores of a boreal seaway during frequent sea-level
changes. These sea-level changes are also evident by the
lithologs from three logged sections of the boreal seaway by
Manankov (2004) and Manankov et al. (2006) (Figure 1). The
Adatzag section (shown by the number 1 north of Mandalgobi on
Figure 1) appears to contain a total of eight cyclothems with an
average thickness of c. 100m, and spans over c. 7My from the
Sakmarian to Artinskian. Each cyclothem thus represent a time
span of c. 1My and as such might represent tectonic pulses.
Observing that every seaway is unique, the general architecture
of the PMTB is considered here to be somewhat comparable to the
relatively narrow seaway developed along the western Norwegian
seaboard during Early-Middle Jurassic times (cf. Martinus et
al., 2014). However, these Jurassic seaways were interconnected
and developed in a greenhouse world with elevated temperatures.
In contrast, water circulation within the narrow and relatively
shallow PMTB might have resulted in low oxygen levels in some
parts, hence the relatively rare macrofossils observed within
the study area. Alternatively, the high sedimentation rates
might have prevented the Permian fauna to colonize the area.
The two underlying stratigraphic units (P2 cn1 and P2 cn2) are
characterized by a high sandstone/mudstone ratio, dominated by
marine sandstone. However, the drillhole record (DH2 and DH28)
shows several horizons with common organic debris. This
suggests that the peat-forming plants were around and colonized
the area but did not have sufficient time to accumulate
significant thickness.
Marine macro fossils are rare in the sedimentary record, with
only one horizon at the base of the coal-bearing unit. However,
bioturbation is very common in the Late Permian stratigraphic
units both below and above the coal measures.
The coal deposits within the study area are considered here to
be time equivalent to the coal-bearing part of the Late Permian
Tavan Tolgoi Group in the South Gobi Basin, and as such
representing a peat mire ecosystem developed close to the
Permo-Triassic boundary. Significantly, the vast majority (c.
95%) of peat-forming plants became extinct at this boundary
(c.f. Michaelsen, 2002). Work is currently in progress to
firmly document and establish the location of the Permo-Triassic
boundary in the study area.
-----
6 New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal, V. 4, No. 1, March
2016. www.ncgt.org
ARTICLES
Deep-seated processes in the tectonosphere of geosynclines
Vadim Gordienko
Institute of Geophysics, National Academy of Sciences, Kiev,
Ukraine
tectonos@igph.kiev.ua
CONCLUSIONS
The task we set for ourselves in this study has been
accomplished. We managed to explain on a quantitative level
(within the limits of real errors) the geological phenomena and
physical fields for two Alpine geosynclines (as well as for many
others -- see INTRODUCTION). It is essential to point out that
correlation between observed and estimated phenomena and fields
has been performed without resorting to adjustment of the
simulation parameters. This is precisely the way the author
explains the following:
1. Geothermometry data in crust and upper mantle.
2. Variation of thickness and folded structure of sedimentary
layer.
3. Age and contents of igneous rocks.
4. Distribution of heat flow data.
5. Seismic wave velocities in crust and upper mantle.
6. Gravitational effects of density anomalies in upper mantle.
7. Anomalies of electrical conductivity in crust and upper
mantle.
We have thereby shown that our hypothesis on deep-seated
processes can be applied to the most intricate -- geosynclinal
-- type of endogenous conditions.
---
New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal, V. 4, No. 3, September
2016. www.ncgt.org 361
ARTICLES
Deep-seated processes in the tectonosphere of continental rifts
Vadim Gordienko
Institute of Geophysics, National Academy of Sciences, Kiev,
Ukraine
tectonos@igph.kiev.ua
CONCLUSIONS
The purpose of the paper was to test the feasibility of applying
concepts of the advection-polymorphism hypothesis (APH) to
constructing models of deep-seated processes in the
tectonospheres of rifts and single-episode activation zones on
continents. Studies of the Hercynian rift (in the Dnieper-Donets
Depression) and of the Alpine rift (the Massif Central in
France), enabled us to explain, at a quantitative level,
geological phenomena and physical fields (within limits of
permissible errors). It is important to point out that agreement
between experimental and estimated data was achieved without
the need to adjust parameters of the models. Thus, we were able
to provide explanation for the following:
1. The data of geothermometry for the crust and upper mantle;
2. Evolution of the sedimentary layer thickness and crustal
thickness (the latter – at a qualitative level);
3. The age and composition of igneous rocks, the depths of magma
chambers and temperatures in them;
4. The observed distribution of the heat flow;
5. Seismic wave velocities in the Earth’s crust and upper
mantle;
6. Gravitational effects of density anomalies in upper mantle
rocks;
7. Electrical conductivity anomalies in the Earth’s crust and
upper mantle.
Procedures for the investigation of zones of single-episode
activations, which are currently in progress and which occurred
in geological past, have not yet been worked out in sufficient
detail, and it cannot be ruled out that the deep-seated
processes in question differ significantly and, in that case, we
will need to analyze more than one type of endogenous
conditions. Still, we did manage to identify, on the territory
of Ukraine, single-episode activation zones and to show that
associated with them are seismicity, anomalous helium isotopy in
subsurface waters, oil and gas presence, heat-flow anomalies,
seismic wave velocities in the subcrustal portion of the upper
mantle, electrical conductivity anomalies, negative gravity
anomalies in the mantle, and possibly, also reduction in the
Earth’s crust thickness.
-----
New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal, V. 4, No. 2, June
2016. www.ncgt.org 159
ARTICLES
Neotectonics of the Gulf Coast and active rifting and wrenching
of the United States: A tale of broken plate tectonics?
Ghulam Sarwar
Independent Consultant, Houston, Texas, USA
gsarwar45@gmail.com
Conclusions
It is clear that the landmasses of USA and that Mexico are
active and the basement underlying the mobile sedimentary cover
of the northern Gulf is also mobile, with the various transfer
faults accommodating differential movements among large crustal
blocks (Figs. 8 and 9). The Gulf Coast seems to be a “not so
passive margin” at present, and has been so for a long time.
Rifting and wrenching has already progressed to volcanic
activity in Neogene to Recent times in northern Mexico, Texas,
New Mexico (Fig. 8) and as far north as the American northwest.
The transfer faults of the Gulf Coast, Mexico and GOM seem to be
active and probably have been episodically active since the
Mesozoic rifting. If so, we need to change the plate tectonic
paradigm that fails to adequately explain the current
seismicity and active tectonics of the North American interior,
Mexico and the GOM (Figs. 8, 9 and 10; Hand, 2015). How can
intra-plate and continent-wide deformation result from
abstractions such as “low angle subduction, ridge push, slab
pull, mantle convection, or deep seated candle like plumes?”
Fig. 10. New seismic hazard map, released by the USGS on April
23, 2015, highlights earthquake risk zones (red to brown with
highest risk) that indicates areas with induced or human-caused
quakes (blue boxes on map; Hand, 2015). In north Texas and
adjacent Oklahoma, much of the recent and ongoing seismicity has
been linked to the tight shale production boom, involving
multiple “fracking” and reinjection of produced water under
pressure. Manmade seismicity, therefore, is only a relatively
modern phenomenon. Note smaller hot spots along the east coast
as well.
Remember, the so-called “intra-plate” movements are not just
confined to North America, but are also common in South
America, Africa, Asia, and Europe and even within the great
oceanic regimes. The conventional plate tectonic theory seems to
be at a loss to explain a lot of active deformation around the
planet and simply relies on model-driven thinking devoid of
convincing factual data.
The GOM forms an active tectonic link between the Caribbean to
the SSE and Mexico and western North America to the WNW.
Basement involved wrenching of the Gulf Coast is real and
constitutes a hither to ignored factor contributing to coastal
subsidence and land loss along the Gulf Coast (Sarwar and
Bohlinger, 2005; Dokka, 2006; Gagliano, 2008; Stephens, 2010).
-----
New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal, V. 4, No. 1, March
2016. www.ncgt.org 37
Is paleomagnetic data reliable?:
A critical analysis of paleomagnetism
Arkady Pilchin
Universal Geosciences & Environmental Consulting Company
205 Hilda Ave., #1402,
Toronto, Ontario, M2M 4B1, Canada.
arkadypilchin@yahoo.ca
Telephone: +1 416 221-0059
Concluding Remarks
The above analysis of paleomagnetic postulates and assumptions
and paleomagnetic sample selection allows to conclude the
following: the main postulates applied in paleomagnetism must
be revised, the main assumptions used in paleomagnetism must be
reconsidered, and the criteria and practices of sample selection
in paleomagnetism allowing collection of samples up to low
greenschist metamorphic facies (up to 573 -673 K) render those
samples unreliable, because of the transformation of ferrous to
ferric iron (TFFI).
The above analysis also allows to conclude that: paleomagnetism
completely ignores the role of stability of iron oxides in the
formation and preservation of magnetic properties of rocks and
minerals; TFFI is not taken into consideration with respect to
the change and preservation of the magnetic fraction of rock
samples; practices of thermal demagnetization (“cleaning”)
trigger TFFI each time the temperature is raised above ~473 K,
producing a self-inflicted change of magnetic fraction of
samples; blocking temperatures cannot prevent samples from
undergoing TFFI at temperatures within the range of TFFI; and
that in many cases use of samples not satisfying criteria of
sample selection is allowed in paleomagnetism. Lastly, Van der
Voo (1990) dismissed all paleomagnetic data of the 1950s-1960s
as unreliable, which should put to question all conclusions
made based on that data, including continental drift and polar
wandering.
The final conclusion of this paper is that paleomagnetism is
based on numerous false postulates and assumptions, and
unreliable sample selection that make its data and results of
its interpretation unreliable, as well as most if not all
conclusions made based on this data or its interpretation.
-----
New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal, V. 3, No. 4, December
2015. www.ncgt.org 489
DEGASSING AND EXPANDING EARTH: NEW MODEL OF
GLOBAL TECTONICS
Nina I. PAVLENKOVA
Institute of Physics of the Earth, RAS
ninapav@mail.ru
Conclusions. The degassing and expanding Earth's model of the
global tectonics.
The described geological and geophysical data give enable us to
suggest the degassing and expanding model of the tectonosphere
formation. The model yields the solutions to the following key
problems of global tectonics:
(1) How were the different crustal types (continental, oceanic,
and intermediate) created?
(2) How were the continents and oceans formed?
(3) What is the origin of the specific structure of the Pacific
Ocean with the tectonically active continental margin?
(4) What is the origin of the regular system of the mid-oceanic
ridges?
In this model, the Earth degassing is the main energy source.
The spatially irregular degassing results in the formation of
the different types of the lithosphere. The geochemical studies
show that the continental crust was formed from the mantle
material with the high fluid content (Lutz, 1980 and 1999). This
means that the thick continental crust was created in the
regions of the higher deep fluid flows; however, in the areas
of the weaker flows (Pacific area), the primary oceanic crust
was preserved, and only some separate spots of the transition
crust appeared.
The deep fluids are also vitally important for the depletion of
the continental upper mantle (Letnikov, 1999, 2000 and 2006)
and, as a result, to the decrease in its density (Kuskov at
al., 2014; Pavlenkova and Pavlenkova, 2014; Yegorova and
Pavlenkova, 2014). The latter yields the solution of the main
global tectonic problem, namely, how the continents and oceans
were formed? The increase in the thickness of the lower-density
lithosphere led to its uplifting with respect to the oceanic
lithosphere.
The clearly pronounced regularities observed in the structure of
the tectonosphere (regular round shape of the Pacific active
margins and the symmetry of the mid- oceanic ridge system
relative to the South Pole) are explained by the Earth’s
expansion. This ordering can be formed at two main stages.
Primarily, the Pacific active ring was formed; then, the
mid-oceanic ridges were developed as a result of the more
intense extension of the lithosphere in the southern hemisphere.
The suggested global tectonic model is consistent with some
processes described by the other geodynamic concepts: the
longtime connection of the deep mantle processes with tectonics
(endogenous regimes), the folding at the lithosphere plate
boundaries (plate tectonics), the intense magmatism (plume
tectonics), the rotation of some lithosphere blocks (wrench
tectonics), the mantle material flows along the weak zones
(surge tectonics), etc. However, all these motions are limited
in the scale and intensity: they should not destroy the
described regularities in the tectonosphere structure. The
Earth's degassing is a common energy source for all these and
many other processes (convection in the mantle, magnetic pole
mobility, etc.).
The degassing and expanding Earth's model is based on the large
factual data on the continental and oceanic lithosphere
structure and on the revealed global regularities in their
structure. The most important points of the suggested model are
(1) the primary origin of the old oceanic, continental and
transition crustal types due to the spatially irregular deep
fluid advection, (2) the formation of the tectonically active
Pacific ring and the mid-oceanic fracture zones as a result of
the Earth's expansion, (3) the formation of the continents and
oceans after the uplifting of the less dense depleted
continental lithosphere, and (4) the main energy source of the
tectogenesis is the Earth's degassing.
P.S. The main ideas of the suggested model (the Earth's
degassing and expansion) were previously described in the
fluid-rotation concept of global tectonics (Pavlenkova, 2005;
2012a & c). However, for explaining the paleomagnetic data, the
cited concept assumed the rotation of the mantle around the core
instead of the unrealistic large polar wander proposed by
Storetvedt (1997 and 2003). After Pratt’s articles (2013) and
the analysis of the extensive additional data (including the
last NCGT publications), it has become clear that the mantle
rotation contradicts the regularities of the main structural
elements of the Earth, especially the asymmetry of the Arctic
Ocean and the Antarctica; hence, the mantle rotation was
excluded from the new model presented above. The explanation of
the paleomagnetic data can be found not in the motion of the
lithospheric plates, or the entire mantle, or in the polar
wander, but in changes of the direction and intensity of the
deep fluid flows in the rotating Earth.
-----
New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal, V. 3, No. 3, September
2015. www.ncgt.org 263
ARTICLES
ENERGY BALANCE IN THE TECTONOSPHERE
Vadim GORDIENKO
Institute of Geophysics, National Academy of Sciences, Kiev,
Ukraine
tectonos@igph.kiev.ua; vgord@inbox.ru
CONCLUSIONS
The generalization of the data on radiogenic heat generation in
upper mantle rocks within the frameworks of the APH has made it
possible:
1. To identify three levels of the HG value (there may also be
intermediate levels) confined to continental Precambrian
platforms, geosynclinals belts, and oceans: 0.04; 0.06; and
0.08 μW/m3, respectively.
2. To reveal agreement between the total contemporary heat
generation in the crust and upper mantle for three types of
regions despite considerable differences in the distribution of
heat sources versus depth.
3. To show that for all platform regions (and possibly also for
Phanerozoic geosynclinal belts) radiogenic heat generation may
be used to quantitatively account for the heat flow, all
deep-seated processes in the tectonosphere over the known
history of the Earth, and the distribution of contemporary and
maximum temperatures in the crust and upper mantle.
4. To map out such parity for a period of geological history of
oceans where more comprehensive studies are hampered by lack of
information.
-----
334 New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal, V. 3, No. 3,
September 2015. www.ncgt.org
MOUNTAIN RANGES – A NEWCOMER IN EARTH HISTORY
Karsten M. STORETVEDT
Institute of Geophysics, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
Karsten.Storetvedt@uib.no
Concluding perspective
In this paper I have argued that broader regions of epeirogenic
uplift, with associated formation of mountain ranges through
surface erosion, are a recent phenomenon in Earth history.
Long-term accumulation of hydrous fluids at levels of the
topmost mantle – being in their strongly buoyant and reactive
supercritical state, is thought to be the principal driver of
the current tectono-topographic processes commencing some 5
m.y. ago. It is inferred that continental mountain ranges are
basically linked to the presence of prominent lithospheric fault
zones (formed at various stages of Earth history) along which
water-accelerated eclogitization processes would proceed
relatively fast; and because eclogite transformation implies a
reduction of rock volume by some 10-15 % (Austrheim et al.,
1996), the resulting fracture spacing will enable strongly
buoyant supercritical fluids to infiltrate higher levels of the
crust.
Prior to say the Middle Mesozoic the surface of the Earth was
apparently relatively featureless and the present continental
regions were dominated by shallow seas. By now the slow
internal degassing – presumably having been in a progressive
phase since early Precambrian time, was beginning to build up a
strongly gas/fluid infiltrated carapace (asthenosphere) with a
pressure that was sufficiently high to initiate reconstitution
of Earth’s outer brittle shell. In this process, the Moho
interface and a highly irregular lithosphere – including the
thinly crusted deep oceanic basins, finally came into existence
(Storetvedt 2003 and 2011). Consistent with the idea of a slow
degassing history and associated physico-chemical internal
disequilibrium, decades of seismic tomography has disclosed that
both core and mantle is characterized by anisotropy and
heterogeneity at various scales. Hence, progressive degassing
has led to gradual build-up of fluids and gasses in the outer
regions of the developing mantle.
The inferred degassing-associated reorganization of internal
mass is bound to have altered Earth’s moments of inertia
periodically which in turn would have given rise to changes of
planetary spin rate and intermittent events of polar wander.
These dynamical changes can be seen as the trigger of Earth’s
jerky tectonic history – explaining the presence of geological
time boundaries, with their geological, palaeoclimatic and
biological upheavals, the transgression-regression cyclicity,
etc. Inferentially, after each dynamo-tectonic pulse the crustal
fracture system had become progressively extended, intensified
and reactivated. Hence, the build-up of hydrostatic pressure
increase of the uppermost mantle would be bound to accelerate
transformation of Earth’s early incrustation. Thus, the global
tectonic upheaval during the Upper Mesozoic and Lower Tertiary
led to significant fluids- enforced changes of crustal structure
and global topography; hence, by the Lower Tertiary, the deep
sea depressions and the present dry land surface was largely ‘in
place’, but continental mountains were still tens of million
years away (Storetvedt, 2003 and 2011).
By the time of the Pliocene, beginning 5 m.y. ago, the long-term
evolution of the Earth’s crust/lithosphere had paved the way
for significant fault-controlled continental epeirogeny with
subsequent development of modern mountain topography often
associated with adjacent basin formation; this linkage is
thought to be connected with differentials in the tectonic
break-up system of the crust. For example, the Alpine range is
surrounded by the western Mediterranean deep sea basins, the
continental Po plain and the Molasse depocentres. In the case of
crust-cutting thrust/fault zones in continental fold belts,
buoyant uplift powered by super-critical hydrous fluids has
apparently been the dominant factor, while basin formation has
been prevalent where the lower crust has been more evenly
fractured enabling effective sub-crustal eclogitization and
subsequent delamination – leading to variable degrees of
isostatic subsidence. Furthermore, basin development inevitably
increased the hydrostatic pressure of the surrounding uppermost
mantle and thereby giving an extra impetus to pressurized
volatiles beneath adjacent rising continental regions.
In their study of global synchronism in Pacific arc volcanism,
Cambray and Cadet (1994) found that major pulses of volcanic
activity took place in the Middle Miocene as well as during
Pliocene-Quaternary times. These findings agree with the
evolutionary pattern discussed above. The dynamo-tectonic
pulsation that powered rising mantle fluids would naturally be
in phase with the eustatic sea-level changes as well as being
responsible for time-equivalent volcanism along deep seated
fault zones such as the Benioff zones circumscribing the
Pacific.
-----
New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal, V. 3, No. 3, September
2015. www.ncgt.org 357
ON DISCOVERY OF A NEW PLANETOLOGICAL PHENOMENON: TECTONIC
COUPLING OF PLANETS AND THEIR SATELLITES
Gennady G. KOCHEMASOV
kochem.36@mail.ru
Conclusion
The observation of impressive parallels of important tectonic
and morphological features on surfaces of solid and gaseous
planets and their satellites (Earth - Moon, Mars - Phobos,
Pluto – Charon, Saturn – icy satellites) proves that external
structuring forces are responsible for these phenomena. They are
recognized as orbital forces due to celestial body movement in
keplerian orbits. The observations make dubious some
planetologic and geologic tectonic hypothesis such as plate
tectonics and importance of the earlier giant impacts.
-----
New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal, V. 3, No. 2, June
2015. www.ncgt.org 155
CELESTIAL BODIES: RELATION BETWEEN UBIQUITOUS TECTONIC DICHOTOMY
AND UNIVERSAL ROTATION
Gennady G. KOCHEMASOV
Kochem.36@mail.ru
Conclusion
The key question of planetology (in a wider aspect, astronomy) –
rotations of celestial bodies is resolved in connection to this
property with their ubiquitous characteristics - tectonic
dichotomy. Tectonic dichotomy (first theorem of the wave
planetology) is a consequence of distorting bodies. Keplerian
ellipticity of orbits requires, according to the Le Chatelier
principle, its opposing neutralizing action. Thus, mass
redistribution and rotation are called to create and level
angular momenta of distorted hemispheric segments.
-----
New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal, V. 3, No. 2, June
2015. www.ncgt.org 187
EVOLUTION OF THE TECTONO-MAGMATIC PULSATIONS IN THE EARTH’S
HISTORY
Valery ERMAKOV
Institute of the Physics of the Earth, RAS, Moscow, Russia
ermak@ifz.ru, ermakov.v@gmail.com
Conclusions
1. The Darwin Rise has no unified tectonic basis and
morphological features, therefore it does not exist in nature,
but exists only in literature.
2. MCT with various sizes are typical and important elements of
morphostructural fabric of the Pacific Ocean floor.
3. The long lasting deep focal systems have developed in
pulsating and inherited regime during Late Mesozoic- Early
Cenozoic. They form the tectonic basis of large rises of the
Pacific Ocean bottom. Each plume arch-block rises consists in
hierarchical groups of multitude of volcanoes.
4. The focal and fault systems are connected with deep and
crustal energy centers and channels ensuring a delivery of
magma, gases, fluids and hydrothermal migration. Therefore they
represent the most adequate tectonic basis for mineralogenic
forecast and division of ore districts of oceanic bottom
-----
NCGT Journal, V. 3, No. 1, March 2015. www.ncgt.org 29
A LUNAR “MOULD” OF THE EARTH’S TECTONICS: FOUR TERRESTRIAL
OCEANS AND FOUR LUNAR BASINS ARE DERIVATIVE OF ONE WAVE
TECTONIC PROCESS
Gennady G. KOCHEMASOV
Kochem.36@mail.ru
Conclusion
The traced correlation between fundamental tectonic features on
Earth and Moon – their Oceans and Basins concerns not only
their relative sizes but also a regular mutual disposition of
very different cosmic bodies. What is common between these
bodies; they share the same circumsolar orbit. Axes of rotation
– present and past – show decisive role in layouts of
fundamental wave-born tectonic features. Taking these
observations into account, one conclusion may be drawn: It is
time to thoroughly revise existing geological and
planetological tectonic concepts.
#Post#: 126--------------------------------------------------
NCGT 3:1 PJ/CAT.
By: Admin Date: February 17, 2017, 11:03 am
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NCGT Journal, V. 3, No. 1, March 2015. www.ncgt.org 71
ESSAYS
MASSIVE CHANGES IN CLIMATE & SEA LEVEL
(Excerpt #1, abridged from an unpublished monograph,
EXTINCTIONS: the Pattern of Global Cataclysms)
Peter M. JAMES
Dunalley, Tasmania 7177, Australia
petermjames35@gmail.com
ABSTRACT: Examples of climate change over Recent and Pleistocene
times are demonstrated to occur at rates far in excess of those
available under the mobile plate tectonics model. Polar wander,
probably accompanied by recognizable precessional variations,
is proposed as a genesis. Both phenomena generate immediate
responses from the earth's water veneer and are demonstrated to
cause massive changes in sea level. Evidence of very low sea
levels is available from DSDP results and the ubiquitous
submarine valleys. Elevated sea levels are indicated from wave
cut platforms and events like the Missoula "floods", the
existence of tablazos, the Lake Titicaca enigmas. In the
subsequent essay, these factors will all be demonstrated to
provide a nexus with extinction events throughout pre-history
and back over geological time.
Keywords: rates of climate change, polar wander, precessional
wobble, massive sea level changes, extinctions
1 Introduction
here is no question that there have been dramatic changes in
climate over geological time. Sequences such as polar ice caps
covering what are now tropical latitudes and glacial sediments,
interbedded with coal seams/coral reef deposits, have been
recorded in all parts of the globe. The extreme climate changes
involved have obviously occurred at rates far in excess of the
rates at which continents are alleged to drift. A couple of
examples should suffice.
Antarctica is normally taken to have been under its polar ice
cap for most of the past 15 million years. Not so long ago,
however, fossilised wood was found in the Trans Antarctic
Mountains, at 1,800 m elevation, in sediments only 2 or 3
million years old, New Scientist, 2/6/89. Trees growing in the
mountains of Antarctica would indicate it was then much warmer,
with a latitude something like 40º less than it now occupies. A
forty degree change in latitude over a period of 2 to 3 million
years would indicate a rate of change of well over a thousand
kilometres per million years: about fifty times faster than
continents are alleged to "drift". But if this is taken in
conjunction with other contemporary evidence of climates in the
northern Hemisphere, another possibility enters the equation.
When the aforementioned trees were growing in the Antarctic
mountains, cold water foraminifera were being deposited off the
coast of Oregon, (Borehole DSDP 35, among others). That is, the
north west Pacific was quite a bit colder than today.
The pattern of a warmer Antarctic and a colder Oregon would fit
a mechanism of a polar shift quite happily: a North Pole
migrating forty degrees from its present position towards the
northwest Pacific and a South Pole migrating a similar distance
up into the Indian Ocean.
Nearer our own time, the late Pleistocene Ice Age is taken to
extend from c 20,000 to 12,000 years ago in the North America,
with a slightly later onset in northwest Europe and an
extension of a couple of thousand years more. This Ice Age is
normally spoken of as a global phenomenon, in which case it
would have a global genesis, such as an earthly encounter with
the shadow of a meteor swarm, or a simple variation in the
sun's radiation. These possibilities lie somewhat outside the
scope of the author's cognizance but the following comments are
offered. If a meteor swarm lay inside the Earth's path around
the sun, then one would expect this sort of astronomical
cooling to be a frequent and regularly spaced event. On the
other hand, if variations in the sun's radiation was the cause,
this would imply, first, a decrease in radiation extending over
a couple of thousand years to kick off the ice age; second,
only a few thousand years later, a turn around to an increase
in radiation to melt the expanded ice sheets; thirdly, a
cessation in this radiation cycle when the ice sheets resumed
their former size. In such a scenario, it might be questioned –
even if the waxing and waning of the ice sheets had been a
straightforward process - whether a body as large as our
permanent star could produce a reversible change in radiation
with such rapidity. When considered in light of the fact that
the Ice Age was not just a simple waxing and waning of the ice
sheets but one of numerous fluctuations, Dawes and Kerr (1982),
Frenzel (1973), the solar variation postulate becomes even less
attractive.
So let us take a different view of the possible cause. During at
least one part of the Ice Age, evidence for a centre of ice
indicates a North Pole located at Baffin Island. And for some
of the same Ice Age period Siberia was warmer than today. If
the two events were quasi-simultaneous, they could both be
explained by a simple shift in the Pole, not by any change in
the areal extent of the ice cap, Figure 1.
Figure 1 The centre of ice with the North Pole at Baffin Island,
c 15,000 BP, compared with today's ice cap.
When conditions only a few thousands of years ago present
conundrums of this type, how much more difficult, then, to
determine the simultaneous climatic conditions in different
parts of the globe, tens of millions of years ago? In view of
these potential Gordian Knots, let us begin a synopsis of past
climatic changes during the period we know most about, the last
millennium, in an attempt to determine whether we might find
some clues to support the above suggestions that changes in the
mode of spin of the Earth are a prime cause of climate changes -
at least in the absence of any modern day anthropogenic input.
2 The Most Recent Two Millennia
During the most recent period of Earth history there have been
modest but recognisable climate changes recorded in the
Northern Hemisphere. Initially, around the time of William the
Conqueror, England was warm enough to allow the conquering
Normans to plant grape vines: a horticultural practice that was
not again possible in England until the later decades of the
20th Century. The same warm period was also well enough
established to give the Scandinavians confidence to cross the
seas and colonise Iceland, Greenland, and even the north
eastern corner of North America. In Greenland, communities with
dairy farming and other agricultural ventures were established.
However, the balmy days were not to last. Prolonged cold weather
is taken to have commenced in England by the 16th Century. In
1536, Henry VIII travelled down an ice covered Thames on a
horse-drawn sleigh, from Hampton Court to Greenwich. Twenty
eight years later, Queen Elizabeth was able to walk out onto the
thick ice of the Thames, at London. The cold spells continued
on through the 17th C and 18th C and sometimes into the early
part of the 19th C, gaining for the period the name of Little
Ice Age, LIA.
During the LIA, the North Sea was sometimes available for
passage by foot on the ice. The LIA was also famous in England
for "Frost Fairs" that were held when the frozen surface of the
Thames was considered thick enough for crowds to venture safely
out upon it. The first recorded Frost Fair was in 1607-08 and
ice was again thick enough for similar events in 1684, 1739-40,
1788 and, for the last time, in 1813-14.1 In other words,
although the winters may have been exceptionally severe, the
thick ice production on the Thames
1 Apparently, the Frost Fairs came to an end one year when the
ice cover broke up prematurely and large fragments floated out
to sea with people still upon them.
NCGT Journal, V. 3, No. 1, March 2015. www.ncgt.org 73
does not appear to have been constant. Indeed, even before the
LIA, the Thames had frozen over on a couple of other, possibly
exceptional, occasions: an early event in 250 AD has been
recorded and another in 923 AD, the latter one when England
should have been preparing for warmer times. In the once warm
Greenland, the LIA was infamous for its freezing over of the
Scandinavian settlements that had been developed there four or
five centuries earlier.
Despite the variations, one could nonetheless conclude that
northwest Europe was generally colder in 16th to 19th
Centuries, colder than in William the Conqueror's time and
colder that today. The historical records at Rye, once a small
port on the English Channel, reveal an affinity between the
above climate changes and sea level changes which, at first
glance, could be interpreted as the result of waxing and waning
of Arctic ice.
The history of Rye, located on Figure 2, goes something like
this:- In the 11th Century, during the warming of northwest
Europe, when the Scandinavians were settling in Greenland and
William the Conqueror's heirs were planting vines, the town of
Winchelsea had been located to the south of Rye, on a shingle
barrier. This barrier was eroded in a storm surge of 1250 AD,
and Winchelsea was eventually submerged in 1280. About this
time, sea water had risen up to cover the land as far inland as
Appeldore, some 15 km to the north of Rye, and a sea crossing
was necessary between Rye and Lydd, where an airport is now in
use. The river on which Rye was originally situated had its
mouth at New Romney, some 17 km to the east, but this was
changed to its present position in 1290 and, a century later,
much of the Brede valley, behind the relocated Winchelsea, was
under water
Figure 2 Present location of Rye, southern England, almost on
the English Channel
Thus, high sea levels were associated with the medieval warming
period. But things were about to change. In the 1440s
viniculture was abandoned because of the cooler weather. By
1596, nearing the height of the Little Ice Age, the channel of
the Rother River, through Rye, had silted up and was too
shallow for ships. The harbour was abandoned at the end of the
17th Century and, by 1730, the channel was all but gone. In
1635, some 20,000 acres in the district were reclaimed from the
sea and more land was reclaimed sixty years later. These
episodes of sea level retreat thus correspond with the cooler
period which could be said to be explained by waxing of the
Arctic ice sheet. One might even contend that this periodic
freezing recorded in north west Europe and Greenland was of
wider proportions. Work on the Great Barrier Reef, off the
north east coastline of Australia, by E. Henty of the
Australian Institute of Marine Science, discovered evidence of
colder weather in the antipodean coral reef growths at the same
period as the Frost Fairs. Thus, the first impression is of a
global cooling event.2
Or it would be, if not for a single instance recorded from
outside the northwest Europe region and its antipodes. By luck,
ship’s logs from four Spain-to-Chile voyages in the late 16th
and early 17th Centuries, were recently located in Seville by
Maria de Rosario Prieta (1993). Between 1578 and 1599, only a
few decades after Queen Elizabeth walked out onto the frozen
Thames and only a decade before the first Frost Fair, the
weather in the Straits of Magellan was recorded as being warm
and balmy. Winds were from the
2 In 1931, however, the pendulum was found to be swinging back
again. The sea level in the English Channel was rising again
and, in the 1960s, the rate of rise was measured as 2mm per
year. This again corresponds with evidence of warming but
predates any serious global warming set off by human efforts.
north east, instead of the normal freezing winds from the west,
and glaciers in Patagonia were calving to produce ice bergs in
the Straits, seen as another, unusually warm, phenomenon. Thus,
the contemporary weather in Patagonia was the complete opposite
of the well documented LIA changes in northwest Europe.
Introducing the idea of polar wander again provides a helpful
explanation for this contradiction. If one were to suggest that
the Little Ice Age was associated with some migration of the
North Pole down towards the North Atlantic, then the South Pole
would have migrated up into antipodean regions, like Australia.
In this manner, colder conditions would have affected both
regions. In South America, however, this same hypothetical polar
shift would have distanced the South Pole away from Patagonia,
thus making it warmer. On this basis, one could conclude that
the unusual climate changes recorded over the last thousand
years do not point to any solar phenomena, but rather to some
change in the mode of spin of the Earth. And, if so, there is
more to it. On a majority of occasions during the LIA, the
Thames had not frozen. This point needs to be cleared up as the
variations between the frozen and the unfrozen Thames appear to
have taken place too frequently to be accounted for by polar
wander, alone. One possible solution for rapid climatic
variations might be sought in the introduction of another
change in the Earth's mode of spin: changes in magnitude of
precession. This proposal is treated in some detail below, based
on early astronomical research at Alexandria. But the point for
the moment is that precession could take place more quickly
than polar migration and such wobbles would impose their own
fluctuations on the general global weather patterns. It is
unfortunate that most of the LIA period came before the
Observatory was set up at Greenwich, otherwise we would have
direct confirmation, or not, of the above sorts of change.
Prior to moving onto further astronomical topics, a brief
outline of some of the meteorological changes in the first
millennium AD is set out below to fill in the gaps in time.
During the first four and a half centuries of the first
millennium AD, Britain was occupied by the Romans but little
history comes down to us as a result of their stay.
Unfortunately, the natural history following Roman times is
largely restricted to dramatic meteorological aspects, such as
storms, floods, hurricanes and rain like blood. These were
tabulated up to 1000 AD and assembled by C.E. Britton (1937) in
Geophysical Memoirs,
Volume 8, No1, and include the following:- · In c 50 AD
(Caligula's reign?), there was a frost so hard that all the
rivers and lakes were passable from November to the beginning
of April. · In 68 AD, the Isle of Wight was allegedly separated
from Hampshire by inundations. (This sounds as
though some change in sea level was involved.) · In 134 and 153
AD, the Thames froze over for two and three months,
respectively, while in the middle of this, in 139, the river
was recorded as having dried up for two days. · In c 250 AD, the
Thames froze over for nine weeks and, in 291, most of the
rivers in Britain were frozen for six weeks. This occurred
again in 329 and again (for six weeks) in 525. · A drought with
scorching heat was mentioned in 605 AD while, in 684, a great
frost descended so
that lakes and rivers in Ireland were frozen as also the sea
between Ireland and Scotland, allowing "journeys to be made to
and fro on the ice". · In 695 AD, the Thames was frozen for six
weeks allowing booths to be built upon it. The first Frost
Fair, no doubt.
The next three centuries register more of the unusual climatic
events, from severe winters to hot summers, but no more
references to the freezing of the rivers in England, until the
one mentioned earlier, in 923, just prior to the warming of
England in preparation for the arrival of William the Conqueror.
What the above listings suggest, however, is a less than stable
climate for Britain in the first millennium AD and, hence, that
changeable weather might be a fairly normal and natural
situation. Whether this has been due to any form of polar wander
or changes in the rate or magnitude of precession cannot be
determined at this stage. Fortunately, we have more data from
observations made at Alexandria during the preceding
millennium. 3 The First Millennium BC
Eclipse Observations
The birth of natural philosophy in the first millennium BC is
traditionally taken to have been launched when
Thales predicted a total eclipse of the sun in Greece in 585 BC.
Thales had spent time in Egypt and had been exposed to Chaldean
(Babylonian) astronomy, so he obviously had information on
eclipse seasons, etc., sufficient to make his prediction.
However, while this eclipse did occur as predicted, modern day
back calculations show that it should not have been visible in
Greece. In this, it was one of the early maverick eclipses
recorded in that millennium, occurring on the right day but
(according to back calculations of modern astronomers) in the
wrong location.
Another example of this right day/wrong place comes from
Thucydides who recorded a total solar eclipse at Athens on
August 5, 431 BC, during the Peloponnesian War. Back
calculations agree that there was an eclipse on that day, but no
calculations can make the path of totality pass anywhere near
Athens. One celebrated British astronomer, J.K. Fotheringham in
1921, came up with the suggestion that maybe Thucydides was
drunk on that day and did not known where he was. Other maverick
observations include the one mentioned above, which was later
reported by Herodotus; one on March 20, 71 AD, reported by
Plutarch at Chaeronea; and another on November 11, 129 BC,
recorded as total in the Hellespont and 80% at Alexandria,.
This last event was at a time when the celebrated Hipparchus was
still carrying out his research at Alexandria, but even this
record has been discounted – again by Fotheringham - on the
basis that his own back calculations showed that no eclipse
should have been visible at Alexandria since one of August 15,
310 BC. Fotheringham went on to suggest, in this case, that
confusion over dates was the most likely explanation. How two
such distant events could have been confused at a place like
Alexandria, at that time, is another matter.
As an aside, maverick recordings are not restricted to the
Mediterranean. Similar observations come from the Far East. In
China, official records do not begin until the end of the Chou
Dynasty (c 950 BC, to use the Western calendar), but China did
have a well established code of legends from much earlier. The
dates of two solar eclipses reported from that early period, in
2155 and 2128 BC, are found to be confirmed by back
calculations. However, once again, the calculations reveal that
the second one should not have been seen in China.
The last known recording of a maverick total solar eclipse in
Europe, this one with stars visible, was observed in Germany on
May 8, 810 AD. The date of this eclipse is again confirmed by
back calculations but no set of calculations can make the sun
disappear on that day in Germany. So it must have left
Fotheringham with a puzzle. But the alternative, that of a
possible change in Earth behavior, does not appear to have been
considered. Yet it is not a great step to accept that eclipses,
observed first hand by people who were as reliable as any
present-day academic with his computer, do represent actual
events at specified locations.
In fairness, there is one excuse, maybe a rather lame one, for
modern scientific skepticism about right dates, wrong places.
Not all of the ancient eclipse recordings are maverick. An
eclipse of 763 BC, at Ashur, behaves as it should. Likewise one
in 240 BC and one again in 190 BC, at Rome. More than thirty
recordings of solar eclipses given in the Annals of Lu are found
to fit with calculations and locations, the more recent
discrepancies being one on June 19, 518 AD, another in 600 AD
and a third in 718 AD, which event is not so much earlier than
the last recorded maverick in Germany. Since then, things appear
to have settled down from whatever caused the maverick eclipses
in the first place.
Which brings us to an event observed at Babylon on April 15, 136
BC, and event that comes down to us with impeccable
credentials. Back calculations by modern astronomers again
confirm that there was a total solar eclipse on that day, but
the same set of calculations show that the path of totality of
this eclipse should not have passed anywhere near Babylon, but
at some point 4000 km to the west, Figure 3.
Figure 3. Total solar eclipse of April 15, 136 BC, observed at
Babylon when the path of totality should have been some 4000 km
to the west.
Attempts were made by Sir Harold Jeffreys at Cambridge - among
others - to explain this discrepancy as being related to a
slowing down in the rotation of the Earth. This approach again
leads to problems. Firstly, if all the maverick eclipses of
ancient times were the result of a slowing down in the Earth’s
rate of rotation, there should have been a pattern apparent in
the anomalies. But there is not; both maverick eclipses and
well behaved ones are interspersed over the centuries of
ancient times. Secondly, deceleration in the Earth’s rate of
spin is far too slow to explain the Babylon discrepancy. Modern
measurements of the rate of slowing down of the rotating Earth
are of the order of 2 milli-seconds per century. On this basis,
there would be no discrepancy worth worrying about in the path
of totality of the "Babylon" eclipse.
The rate of slowing down over geological time, determined from
the growth rings of fossil corals, is somewhat higher. In the
Devonian Period, 400 million years ago, fossilised growth rings
indicate something like a year of 390 - 400 days. A hundred
million years later, in the Carboniferous, the number of days
had reduced to 385. This represents a slowing down to today’s
rate of approximately 4 milliseconds, or one tenth of a second
of arc, per year. But even applying this rate to the Babylon
eclipse provides for a shift in the path of totality of little
more than 5 km, not the 3000 - 4000 km recorded.
Thus, we are surely dealing with something outside both the long
term and the present day “normal” behaviour of the Earth.
Within the spectrum of possible causes, the concept of major
wobble is very attractive. If there were transient increases in
wobble spanning the time of the above eclipses, there would also
be, according to the conservation of angular momentum,
transient slowing down in the rate of spin of the Earth.3 Such
a slowing down would obviously displace the path of the eclipse
totality by some unknown, but potentially large, amount. When
the wobble reduced once more to normal, the rate of spin would
speed up, to compensate, so that the maverick eclipses above
were generally able to occur on the right days, or near enough.
Latitude Fixes
The Alexandria astronomer, Hipparchus, was an inveterate
latitude fixer and what he discovered, not long before 128 BC,
was that his observations of star positions differed from those
made just over a century earlier by Eratosthenes. Under normal
precession conditions, the geographical shift in the star
positions, over that interval, would have been 1 - 2º. Not
great, but probably measurable. As a result of these findings
Hipparchus is credited with identification of Precession of the
Equinoxes, although precession was probably
3 The analogy of a spinning top is useful although not fully
accurate since a top is subject to friction at the “south
pole”. Nonetheless, most of us would have witnessed how the
rate of spin of the top slows when the top is precessing and
then speeds up again when the top assumes steady state spin.
the last thing on his mind. (Allegedly, the discrepancies
between his observations and those of Eratosthenes annoyed him
more than anything else.) The other thing that probably annoyed
him was that the latitudes he obtained from solar observations
– which are unaffected by precession - also differed from those
made by Eratosthenes. They also differ from the established
latitudes of today; some are lower, some are higher. (One
wonders whether he would have been annoyed had he known that
would happen.)
One example of the discrepancies:- Born in Marseille, Hipparchus
placed its latitude on the same latitude as Byzantium
(Istanbul, today). A parallel of latitude through both
locations is shown in Figure 4. The one by Hipparchus deviates
from today’s parallel of latitude by an angle of about 4º and it
would put the North Pole near the northern tip of Russia
(Bol’shevik Is), outside the limits of the modern permanent
pack ice and some 1000-1500 km from its present location.
If Hipparchus was correct in his interpretation, one could
suggest several explanations for the discrepancy. Let’s get the
first possibility out of the way: that associated with any form
of continental drift. The rate of movement implied by a shift
of the Hipparchus' North Pole to the North Pole of today is
about ten thousand times faster than any motion proposed for
mobile plates. A second explanation – and one favoured by many
modern astronomers – is that the maverick latitudes recorded by
Hipparchus and Eratosthenes are the result of faulty
observations.
Figure 4 The Mediterranean showing today's parallels of Latitude
(35º and 40º N) compared to that of Hipparchus, the top line of
Latitude, running from Marseille to Byzantium (Istanbul)
This claim of faulty observations is sometimes made despite the
fact that Hipparchus was probably the most celebrated
observational astronomer in Alexandria's history and most of
his other observations have been taken as satisfactory. A third
explanation is that the mode of spin of the Earth was subject
to some form of change during the period - whether an increased
but transient form of precessional wobble or whether some other
form of polar wander is an open question.4 Here, fortunately,
we are able to call on the findings of Copernicus, just over a
millennium and a half after the Alexandrian data.
Copernicus, a monk in Poland in the 16th C, was a former
professor of maths in Rome, where the astronomical data from
Alexandria and also that from many centuries of observations
made at Babylon were kept. Copernicus was given possession of
the data, to find out what it all revealed. There was,
allegedly, growing gossip from the Middle East on the topic of
heliocentricity and it obviously would have been in the
church's interests to muzzle such gossip. So one might now
wonder whether it had been Rome's intention for Copernicus to
come up with the firm conclusion that Aristotle and Ptolemy
were correct: the Earth did really
4 The sorts of change in the Earth's mode of spin, interpreted
by the author though analysis of the sun-worship alignments of
megalithic monuments in N.W. Europe, James (1993), suggests
that significant changes in precession were probably involved.
Incidentally, a similar conclusion was reached in a study of
megalithic monuments in Siberia, Gregoriev (2011).
stand at the centre of the universe. But, if that was the
intention, it all came unstuck. Copernicus turned out to be as
honest as he was conscientious and he found that what had been
preached for a millennium and a half was incorrect; the centre
of our part of the universe was the sun, not the Earth. That
finding was, indeed, a burn-at-the-stake number at the time but
Copernicus avoided punishment, firstly by dedicating his book
to the Pope and, secondly, by not allowing its publication
until after his death.
Copernicus, in his research, identified that the phenomenon
Hipparchus had noted was indeed Precession of the Equinoxes and
a century later Newton was able to explain it as being caused
by the differential pull of the sun and the moon on the Earth’s
equatorial bulge. Precession of the Equinoxes has since been
accepted as immutable, but it seems to be less known – or less
mentioned - that Copernicus also identified changes in this
rate of precession. From the time of Eratosthenes (3rd C BC) to
Ptolemy (2nd C AD), the rate of Precession of the Equinoxes was
more than 30% slower than from the time of Ptolemy until late
in the 1st Millennium AD. Indeed, this fits the proposal given
above on the role played by the conservation of angular
momentum: the slower precessional period would have occurring
during the same period as the maverick eclipses and maverick
latitude fixes were recorded at Alexandria. Moreover, the
post-Ptolemy rate up until about the time of the last maverick
eclipse in Germany was marginally higher than today’s.
Further discussion on the topic of precessional wobbles during
the second and third millennia BC is available in a study made
of the megalithic alignments of north west Europe by the
writer, James (ibid).
4 Distribution of the Earth's Water Veneer
The point of the above astronomical peregrination has been to
lead into the role that changes in the Earth's mode of spin
might play in the distribution of the Earth's water veneer.
Every point on the earth’s surface is subject to centripetal
accelerations, by dint of the Earth’s rotation. Points along
the equator experience the maximum and magnitude decreases with
the effective radius of rotation (latitude) to become virtually
zero at the poles. The centrifugal forces are, of course,
relatively minor in relation to gravity since we do not notice
any significant changes when crossing the latitudes. However,
the same need not be entirely true for the oceans. If the Earth
were a smooth spherical body, but otherwise identical to its
present shape, mass, and rate of rotation, the forces of
rotation would cause the water veneer to amass at the equator
and drain away from the poles. To a first approximation, this
effect can be quantified by equating the kinetic and potential
energy involved, neglecting secondary effects such as minor
changes in gravity with latitude, tidal and frictional effects.
The height to which a column of water would rise at any
latitude would thus be given by
Potential energy, m.g.h = Kinetic energy, ½ m.v2
Or h = v2 / 2g
Where h = height of water column
g = gravitational constant
v = angular velocity, ω . r
The term ω equals 2 π r per 24 hours where r is the
effective radius of spin: zero at the poles and a maxim at the
equator. If one inserts end values into the above equation, the
results are:
Height of a column of water at the pole: 0 km
Height of a column of water at the equator: 11.9 km
This variation in depth sounds large, but if the Earth were the
size of a 30 cm diameter desk globe, the difference would
amount to little more than the thickness of good quality
notepaper. Such a distribution of water on a spherical Earth
does, however, assume that there is adequate water to cover the
full surface area and, if so, the distribution would look
something like Curve A on Figure 5. The actual distribution of
the oceans is, of course, quite different and more orthogonal in
shape, line B.
It might be noted by inspection that the actual ocean volume
under line B is considerably less than under the hypothetical
Curve A. This means that, if the Earth were spherical, the
present ocean volumes would be insufficient to cover the whole
surface and the higher latitudes would probably be dry. Curve Ci
might then give a better illustration of this hypothetical
distribution of the water veneer on a spherical Earth. In
practice, of course, the Earth body itself should adjust to
these same rotational forces producing the equatorial bulge and
polar flattening and this would obviously play a large part in
producing the regular oceanic distribution indicated by Line B.
Figure 5. Relationship between theoretical distribution of water
on a spherical Earth. Curve A, with the actual distribution
something like Line B, indicating a much smaller volume. The
volume equivalent to Line B on the hypothetical spherical Earth
is shown as Curve Ci, and the effect of a hypothetical shift of
20 º in the poles on the distribution of the oceans is shown as
Curve Cii.
The “deficient” oceanic volume is important for the polar wander
model. For, if some form of polar wander were to take place,
changing the pattern of centripetal forces, there would be an
immediate response from the seas. Water would attempt to amass
at the new equatorial location(s) although nodal positions are
unlikely to be affected to any great extent. Water would also
tend to drain away from the new polar areas, so that the old
polar areas would suffer inundation. The effect can be roughly
predicted for a sphere, Curve Cii, but the Earth's major geoidal
features such as the equatorial bulge and the zones of polar
flattening, with the further complication of continental
bulwarks, makes the picture more complicated.
Nonetheless, even with the present shape of the Earth, the two
C-Curves suggest there would be an immediate – and significant
- response from the water veneer associated with any form of
polar wander. Possibly, in time, the major geoidal features of
the Earth body itself would adjust to the changes. It would no
doubt take longer for a new equatorial bulge and new polar
flattening zones to develop but, when this happened, one could
expect that ocean levels should more or less return to their
previous datum. How long this adjustment would take is a matter
for further consideration.
This explanation for massive sea level changes now needs some
observational back- up. Large scale lowering of sea levels in
the geological past is now likely to be covered by deep oceans,
so the most obvious place to begin a search for clues on sea
level lowering would be in the deep ocean environment where two
promising areas of investigation are available: the findings
from deep sea drilling program and the ubiquitous presence of
submarine valleys and abyssal sediment fans. Evidence of past
sea levels elevations could easily be removed by ongoing erosion
processes, but there are still clues available as set out
below. Firstly, let us deal with the case of massive sea level
lowering.
5 Deep Sea Drilling Results
Much of the DSDP program has been aimed at supporting plate
tectonics predictions so that information relevant to sea level
change is largely fortuitous. Nonetheless, boreholes drilled in
the deep ocean, hundreds of kilometres from land, have
recovered evapourites, coarse sediments, terriginous materials,
wood and even leaves. To date, all these items – except for the
evaporites - have typically been labelled the result of
turbidity current activity, despite the fact that this has
typically meant stretching the known principles of hydraulics
past breaking point. Selected boreholes are quoted below.
Borehole 156 (Galapagos area). Basalt met at a depth of 2.5 km
below the surface of the ocean was found to be oxidized,
indicating exposure to air, either by sea level change or
massive subsidence of the land in this locality. Or perhaps some
new way of producing oxidation of rock under deep water?
Incidentally, the exploration program associated with this
borehole revealed that the sea floor in this equatorial region
is deeply dissected and eroded in an east-west direction.
Borehole 240, recovered land detritus and reef material within
sand deposits in the upper stratigraphic units. This was
drilled in the Indian Ocean, some 500 km from the equatorial
African coast, in water of some 5 km depth.
Borehole 518 recorded an erosional unconformity at the
Miocene/Pliocene boundary, revealing that the region was then
either dry or at least a shallow water domain. It is now at
some 4 km depth and the unconformity is overlain by deep water
sediments.
Borehole 217, drilled in deep water on the 90º E Ridge,
recovered Cretaceous Age sediments containing dried out mud
cracks.
Borehole 661, drilled in the Atlantic off Africa’s north west
coastline, encountered a deposit of Cretaceous anhydrite.
Evaporites are indicative of a shallow, enclosed, tropical
basin and such deposits also occur in the Mediterranean which
is known to have been dry on a couple of occasions. Such
deposits have also been recorded the Red Sea. Now, they have
been found in the ocean depths.
6 Submarine Valleys
Underwater canyons and valleys are present in all the world’s
seas and oceans and almost ninety percent of them can be traced
back to existing drainage systems on land, although sometimes
the linkage is disturbed or lost where the former drainage
system crosses the continental shelf. Normally, however, it can
be picked up once more on the continental slope, from where a
majority of submarine valleys continue on down to the abyssal
plains. Here, in water depths that can range up to four
kilometres or more, large alluvial-type fans have been
deposited.
In their systems, submarine valleys exhibit most of the major
characteristics of terrestrial drainage systems: gorges cut in
the hard rock of the continental slopes; tributaries; distinct
bedding; incised drainage patterns in the surfaces of the
alluvial fans. All these features would normally be seen as the
result of gravitational forces and hydraulic gradients that are
in operation only above sea level. Indeed, according to Shepard
and Dill in their classic tome on Submarine Valleys and Other
Sea Valleys (1966), the most logical explanation to fit all the
submarine valley features would be a drowned river origin: that
is to say, valleys formed in the manner of normal terrestrial
rivers and then subsequently submerged. However, they jibbed at
the idea of such massive drops in sea level.
Many oceanographers also jib at the idea of massive sea level
changes and look for alternative explanations such as turbidity
currents, despite the fact that no one has ever successfully
demonstrated how an intermittent and superficial turbidity
current, acting under water without the power of hydraulic
gradients, is able to erode a massive canyon in hard rock.
There is another problem with the turbidity current premise.
Turbidity currents are currents supercharged with sediments,
which sediments they tend to drop on the run, as it were, as
their velocity reduces after leaving the continental slope.
This process produces graded deposits: initially gravels or
gravelly sands, grading out into sands and then into silts as
one progresses out from the base of a continental slope.
However, sediments deposited in the abyssal fans typically
exhibit defined bedding planes, as found in terrestrial
streams.
Examples of submarine valleys are given below to illustrate the
above arguments, starting with the submarine valleys of the
Mediterranean Sea, which is known to have been dry on a couple
of occasions, the last time being dated at around five million
years ago.5 The Mediterranean therefore provides no problem with
regard to a drowned river origin. Canyons in the Mediterranean
are also quite frequent, with some significant ones being
extensions of the Rhone. Another occurs beneath the mouth of
the Nile, running from
5 Although Greek mythology does speak of a more recent occasion
when Hyperion, the sun god, was persuaded to let his
incompetent nephew drive the sun chariot across the sky. The
unruly steeds became uncontrollable and the chariot crashed to
earth, causing the Mediterranean to boil dry and the Ethiopians
to turn black.
the ground surface near Memphis and deepening down to the base
of the Mediterranean at some distance out to sea. This canyon
is now infilled to form the Nile Delta.
Precipitous canyons are present around the island of Corsica,
beginning not far above present sea level as little more than
notches in the present-day rocky coastline. That is, there is
no potential here for any turbidity current activity. Below sea
level, however, the notches develop rapidly into canyons in the
hard rock and, in this form, continue down to the base of the
sea at several kilometres depth. The sediment loads of shallow
water materials, such as sea grass, have been spilt out onto
the sea floor as a small fan deposits.
The morphology of the drowned Mediterranean canyons can now be
compared with other submarine canyons present in the major
oceans, where the removal of the much larger bodies of water is
less easy to explain.
The east coast of Sri Lanka has several canyons, the largest
being the Trincomalee Canyon extending off the country’s
largest river, the Mahaweli. This canyon runs a twisting,
precipitous course in a V-shaped valley that has cut its way
down through hard pre-Cambrian granites and quartzites to a
final oceanic depth of around 4-5 km, some 60 km out from the
land. Now, the Mahaweli ("Big Sand") River has the potential to
carry a reasonable sediment load and hence an origin related to
turbidity currents has sometimes been proffered to explain its
impressive gorge in hard rock. But the Trincomalee Canyon is
not alone on the east coast of Sri Lanka. There are several
more canyons to the south, each of similar magnitude and each
eroded into hard rock. But, in these instances, there is no
major river at the head of the canyons and no potential for any
large sediment load to call on, if one were considering a
turbidity current origin. The logical solution is to accept
that, at some stage in the geological history of the region,
the sea level in this part of the Indian Ocean was four
kilometres lower than it is today. This is not as absurd as it
first sounds.
Travelling east into the Bay of Bengal, supporting evidence for
the above interpretation is to be found in the Bengal submarine
system. This voluminous system extends out from the mouth of
the Ganges River, firstly as discrete canyons in the rock of
the continental slope, then as a meandering and braided network
of valleys incised in a huge sediment fan, which stretches
south for a distance of 2,500 km from the Ganges mouth, Figure
6.
Figure 6. The submarine valley system of the Bay of Bengal.
Elongate shaded areas represent incised channels in the
sediment fan.
The presence of coarse layers within the predominant silts of
the fan indicates that there have been four major pulses of
sedimentation, ranging in age from the Cretaceous, though the
Miocene and Pliocene, to the Quaternary. The youngest deposit,
of Pleistocene Age, is overlain by deep sea ooze. This, in
itself, is a prime example of changes in the relative
elevations of land and sea.
The present-day ocean depths over the length of the fan increase
from about 3 km in the north to almost 5 km in the south. This
represents a sea bed gradient of less than 1 : 1000. Attempting
to explain the origin of this extensive and almost flat
sediment fan by turbidity current activity is beyond any known
principles of hydraulics: particularly when one is asking the
turbidity currents to deposit their extensive sediments in
horizontally bedded sequences. The turbidity current origin
becomes even less attractive when one is asking deep ocean
currents to erode major channels in the surface of the fan,
under water, at gradients of 1 : 1000, or less. If the above
objections to are not enough to reject the idea of a turbidity
current origin, the proposal can be seen as even more fatuous
when DSDP Borehole 217, located on the 90 º Ridge, recovered
Cretaceous muds with drying cracks.
Examples of abyssal fans in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans
further confirm the drowned river origin.
The Congo submarine valley, at 6º S, begins some 20 km up from
the mouth and can be traced some 400 km out to sea. Features of
this system include major underwater tributaries and a sediment
fan at depth containing, as in the case of the Bengal fan,
incised channels, with the added feature of levees and sand
grains with hematite coatings. Admittedly, the hematite
coatings could have been formed before the sands were
transported out into the ocean. However, twigs have also been
recovered from these same deep sea sediments, which does suggest
that the upper levels of the sediment fan are quite recent as
well as being terrestrial in origin. The base of the Congo
abyssal fan is Cretaceous in age, as is the Bengal fan, and
rests on evaporite deposits, which presents another indicator of
shallow water that was itself drying out.
The submarine valley systems off either coastline of North
America are also instructive with regard to origin. Starting
with the west coast, submarine valleys occur from Canada to the
Mexican border: the Quinault, Grays, Willapa, Colombia,
Astoria, Delgada et al. All are unequivocally sited off the
mouths of terrestrial streams, except possibly the Delgada,
which is located just south of Cape Mendocino where a branch of
the San Andreas Fault is tangential to the coast. The Deep Sea
Drilling Program nonetheless found fresh water diatoms and wood
of Pleistocene age in 4.5 km depth of water on the distal parts
of this Delagda fan. Again, the structure of all these canyons
appears to be independent of the size of the counterpart
terrestrial stream, on land. Sharp contacts between beds of mud
and sand are again typical, a situation that once more rules
out a turbidity current origin.
The Eel Canyon, of northern California, has poignant example of
terrestrial behaviour: a detour around a sea floor high, as a
normal terrestrial stream might do, Figure 7.
Figure 7. The Eel submarine valley detours around a
topographical high.
The largest canyon on the west coast, one which rivals the Grand
Canyon in relief, begins in Monterey Bay, Figure 8. It is
joined on its descent to the abyssal plain by two large
tributary canyons related to The Carmel and the Santa Cruz
Rivers. These tributary canyons form hanging valleys at the
junctions, a probable indication vertical movements associated
with the San Andreas Fault, Martin (1992). The Monterey Canyon
also crosses a major feature sympathetic to the main alignment
of the San Andreas Fault, as shown on the figure. At this point
the canyon contains Pliocene age sediments. One would think
that, if the San Andreas Fault has been moving as a transform
fault since the Pliocene – at the ongoing rates imputed to it
by plate tectonics dogma - there should now be a large kink in
this canyon’s trace, with a displacement of a couple of hundred
kilometres. There is no obvious indication of any such lateral
movement.
Figure 8. Monterey Canyon. Both the Soquel and Carmel junctions
occur as hanging valleys and weathered granite occurs near the
Carmel junction, at 2km depth. Large gravels are present in the
distal fan.
At almost 2 km depth, weathered granites are exposed in the main
canyon wall, Martin (64). At 3 km depth, near the far end of
the canyon’s sediment fan, gravels up to 7 cm in diameter have
been deposited. Again, one could not realistically expect these
to have been moved by deep sea currents which seldom attain
velocities in excess of one knot. Nor, indeed, is such a
deposit concordant with the activity of turbidity currents from
the distant continental slope.
*
On the opposite coast of North America, there is a similar
sequence of submarine canyons in the Atlantic Ocean although
those of the Atlantic are typically longer than those of the
Pacific. For instance, the Amazon Canyon continues up almost as
far as Puerto Rico while one of the world's largest examples is
to be found in the Bahamas: a length of some 200 km with side
walls several kilometres in height at the surprisingly steep
inclinations of 9 - 12º. Its valley floor, at depths of 4 – 5
km, is flat and not composed of deep sea oozes as might be
expected, but of cobbles and boulder deposits interbedded with
sands. The sands sometimes exhibit current bedding, typical of
shallow water deposition.
The Hudson Canyon contains sedimentary sequences ranging down
though the Recent and Pleistocene to the Pliocene/Miocene
transition. Cobbles, gravels and shallow water shells have been
found along the channel floor, now at 3.5 km depth. The longest
of the North Atlantic features is the Mid-Ocean Submarine
Valley, which starts off between Canada and Greenland and
continues down the abyssal plain. Shallow water Tertiary
deposits are present along its length, overlying Cretaceous
sediments that appear to have been deposited in sequences. DSDP
Borehole 185 encountered Pliocene beds resting unconformably on
older sediments along this feature.
A final example comes from Hawaii. Here, submarine canyons are
to be found off the precipitous and rocky coastline, as in
Corsica. And, as in Corsica, there is no obvious source of
sediment to produce turbidity currents. The canyons are
typically located below erosion notches in the steep basalt
terrains and they continue at relatively constant gradients of
100 metres per kilometre to depths of almost 2 km. Sequences of
discrete clay beds, overlain by gravels and subsequently by
coarse sands, have been recovered from depths of 1 km, together
with shallow water shells. Pleistocene reefs have also been
found at depths of 2 km on the Hawaiian slopes. Elsewhere, it
has been argued by the author that subsidence of a sea mount is
not a factor to be considered in explaining occurrences of this
nature.
*
Further evidence for large sea level changes comes from
Barbados, where a Tertiary coal deposit is overlain by
globigerina ooze. That is, in order to produce conditions for
the deposition of the proto-coal formation, a once shallow and
subtropical freshwater environment existed during the Tertiary.
This zone then found itself in a deep ocean environment for a
period long enough to allow the deposition of ooze. After its
spell at the bottom of the ocean, the area was then "uplifted"
above sea level once more. All this happened in the last 10 –
12 Ma. Barbados lies close to the Caribbean Plate boundary and
this is sometimes used as a self-sufficient explanation for the
massive environmental changes. But, if land subsidence/uplift is
proposed, it would mean complete reversibility in the crust, at
an on-going rate of at least 1 mm per year, the sort of rate
measured for local uplifts in active volcanic regions. There is
really no evidence for preferring oscillation of the land over
the simpler oscillation in sea level - except a long standing
prejudice against the latter. A similar geological situation
has been recorded in Indonesia, where deep sea radiolarian ooze
again occurs above sea level, sandwiched between shallow water
Tertiary sediments. Thus, the Barbados case is not unique.
7 Elevated Sea Levels
On a model of sea level change related to the mode of spin of
the Earth, one should expect that if there were low sea levels
in one part of the globe there should be compensatory high sea
levels in another part. Evidence of high sea levels is,
unfortunately, less likely to be preserved owing to the normal
erosion processes on land. Often, it is the case that many
ambiguous inferences of high sea levels tend to be dismissed.
For instance, on the Malayan Peninsula, erosion platforms at
elevations of 200m or more in post-Tertiary granites have been
reported by the geological survey, but this is seldom quoted
and, as often, is dismissed. Elevated beach strands and gravel
beds occur at numerous locations around the world but tend to
be explained by isostatic uplifts - or, more often these days,
tend to get tainted by the claim of "tsunami" if the site is in
view of a body of water. This has been the fate of elevated
wave cut platforms on the east coast of Australia and also in
the north west of the country.
A similar wave cut feature at 300m elevation in Hawaii has also
been claimed as the product of a tsunami, which is stretching
the bounds of credulity. For, a start, it would be the
experience of most people who have visited the sites of tsunami
events, that these leave little or no geological trace of their
passing, at least not in the form of semi-permanent features
such as wave cut platforms in rock. Additionally, the highest
tsunami waves recorded during events like Krakatau are around
30 m and this in shallow waters. Out in the open ocean, nothing
more than around 10% of this height has ever been recorded.
On the Canadian prairie, there is a different situation. The
Saskatchewan Gravels are difficult to explain by any other
mechanism than a high sea level stand. The age of the gravel
deposition has been suggested as tertiary, Hunt (1990), but is
not known with any certainty. The gravels have been deposited up
to a kilometre and a half above the present day sea level and
occur with the configuration of a very long beach strand that
extends from just below the Canada-USA border (to the south
east off Medicine Hat, at Lat 48º, Long 109º) and stretches
north to cross the Alberta-Saskatchewan border at Lloydminster
(east of Edmonton). From there, the strand bends slightly
northwest, passing through Fort Vermilian and it continues for
another couple of hundred kilometres to the Arctic Circle. The
"gravels" are immediately recognisable, comprising a
predominance of spherical pre-Cambrian quartzite cobbles, like
startlingly white cannon balls.
The total length of the broadcast exceeds a thousand kilometres
and there is a gradual drop in elevation (approximately 1 :
1000) to the north, that is, towards the Pole.6
The broadcast has been explained by one authority, Hunt (ibid),
as the result of massive a tsunami following a major meteorite
impact. However, as already mentioned, the geomorphology better
fits an origin of continued wave action at a high sea level,
forming a long beach strand. Incidentally, the same white cannon
balls are also to be found on the western side of the Rocky
Mountain Cordillera, in Canada, notably near Revelstoke where a
huge accumulation of white cannon balls has been heaped up
beside a river bend. So perhaps there are other factors
involved. The author has also found scattered evidence of the
same white cannon balls in road cuttings south from Revelstoke,
as far down as the USA border, at approximately Long. 119.5º.
Perhaps the best examples of high wave-cut platforms are to be
found along the Pacific coastline of South America. Termed
tablazos, these monolithic-type structures stand as isolated
coastal plateaux extending from Peru to Tierra del Fuego. The
features were first recorded in scientific literature by Charles
Darwin and have been subsequently discussed by Sheppard (1927)
and others. Horizontal marine sediments cap most tablazos
6 Interestingly, the strand line of what was once presumably a
horizontal lake surface of Lake Titicaca, now exhibits a
gradual drop in elevation (approx. 1 : 2500) towards the Pole -
according to today's geodetic standards.
and these have been variably dated from Pliocene to Recent, De
Vries (1988), Cantalamessa and Di Celma (2004). Tablazo
elevations in excess of 300 m occur in the north but the
elevations gradually decrease in height to the south. This
inclination has been attributed to uneven uplift of South
America. But, the view of isostatic readjustment has been
refuted quantitatively by the writer, James (2007), and in
South America it also lacks any convincing evidence in the
profiles of the rivers on either the east or west coastlines.
Charles Darwin, when in Patagonia on the Atlantic side of South
America, was interested in the wide, almost horizontal, pampas
plains that would be periodically truncated on their eastern
side by steep cliff faces sometimes approaching a hundred
metres in height. He surveyed one alignment and estimated an
overall elevation drop, from the foothills of the Andes to the
Atlantic Ocean, of less than two hundred metres: an average
slope of the order of 1:5000 to 1:2500. Shells of Recent
appearance were common on the flat pampas surfaces and Darwin
presumed that the "steps" (or relic sea cliffs) had been formed
as a result of uplift of the land. The assumed uplift would
make it slightly less than the elevation of the Tablazos on the
other side of the Andes, but there is no reason to assume that
this is the result of land uplift any more than it is to assume
the topography was formed by a slowly subsiding sea level,
after a period of sea level elevation. The latter explanation
is again suggested to be more fitting when it comes to very much
larger changes in the land/sea relationships, posed by Lake
Titicaca and the associated Altiplano, and also by the Great
Missoula Floods. These two enigmatic phenomena have been
treated in detail by the author elsewhere, James (2011) and
(2008) respectively, and are not pursued herein.
AUTHOR'S NOTE. The above essay is intended to pave the way for a
following submission on what might be labelled "global
cataclysms": a prime mechanism of extinction events.
#Post#: 127--------------------------------------------------
NCGT 1:1 to 2:4
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NCGT Journal, Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2014. www.ncgt.org 14
ARTICLES
GENERALIZED GEOTECTONIC HYPOTHESIS OF
VLADIMIR V. BELOUSSOV
Lidia IOGANSON
Institute of Physics of the Earth RAS, Russia
ioganson@bk.ru; iogan@ifz.ru
NCGT Journal, Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2014. www.ncgt.org 20
ON PLATE TECTONICS
Vadim GORDIENKO
Institute of Geophysics, National Academy of Sciences, Kiev,
Ukraine
tectonos@igph.kiev.ua vgord@inbox.ru
CONCLUSIONS
There are more than enough facts (their number can be easily
increased) to give a negative assessment of the hypothesis
under question. Nevertheless, PTH has become extremely popular.
In one of his last publications Beloussov offers a clue to
solving this riddle.
“….all obstacles have been removed. All sorts of movement or
spin of plates of any size are possible…. At any place and at
any time zones of spreading, subduction, or obduction can
emerge and vanish again… A researcher can determine at will the
convenient size of plates, their shape, direction, and time of
their movements or rotations. At the same time, he or she feels
completely liberated from bothering why and how those plates
formed and why they drift.”
“These conditions of total free-for-all… are certainly creating
ideal settings for ‘explaining’ any structural situation. This
circumstance is precisely what makes the plate tectonics
hypothesis so attractive. It hypnotizes one and makes one feel
satisfied with the finality of his judgments. From the eternal
quest and constant qualms, scientific creativity transforms
into quiet and simplified labeling of phenomena according to
standard requirements. It is certainly hard to deny such mental
comfort to oneself” (Beloussov, 1991, p. 10).
It is also possible to add the power of authority to the above.
This author repeatedly heard that PTH is correct because Khain
himself recognizes it. Avsyuk, who wrote a preface to a book
under the title “Controversial Aspects of Plate Tectonics and
Possible Alternatives” is telling a story of how Mercury’s
revolution period was determined. It was established by
Schiaparelli in 1889 as equal to 88 days and to the period of
orbital movement. Supporters of the famous astronomer
corroborated this result again and again for 75 years with the
help of new observation data obtained with increasingly more
sophisticated equipment. After radio-astronomical methods were
applied, the actual revolution period was set at 55 days, and a
re-examination of these data adjusted the period to 50-60 days
(Avsyuk, 2002). The force of authority is enormous, but it was
already clear to Bacon (1214 -1294) that “there are three
sources of knowledge: authority, rational thinking, and
experience. Authority, however, is not enough if you do not have
a logical basis without which it leads you to accept things on
faith rather than understanding. …. And rational thinking alone
cannot distinguish sophism from real proof, unless it can
justify its conclusions by experience.” (History…, 1981, p.
58-59). Bacon was a Franciscan friar and professor of theology
at Oxford University, and he spent 12 years behind bars for
admonition of his colleagues’ ill behavior, thereby slurring
the authority of the Church. Seven hundred years have passed
since then. Our contemporaries, who occasionally admit making up
their results to fit PTH, provide as an excuse, apart from the
opinion of
NCGT Journal, Vol. 2, No. 4, December 2014. www.ncgt.org 46
acknowledged authorities, also fear lest they would not
otherwise get grants, would not be allowed to publish their
articles in prestigious journals that might reject their
articles if the notion “geosyncline” was mentioned there. In
fact, people with normal geological education also experience
ethical problems. Geologists from generations that grew up
during the period of PTH domination did not get enough
information from their teachers about simplest geological facts
and methods of their analysis. It is only by working
independently that they can reach a professional level (we are
not talking about individual problems in resolving many of
which modern geology has been developing rapidly and
successfully), but far from everybody holds such inspiration.
Characteristics of human nature that facilitated the contraction
of the plate tectonics bacilli by the majority of members of
the worldwide geological community are far from ideal.
Consequently, recovery will be a long process.
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85 NCGT Journal, v. 2, no. 4, December 2014. www.ncgt.org
WHY FOUR HIGHEST VOLCANOES OF THE ROCKY PLANETS ADORN THEIR
DEEPEST PLANETARY WIDE DEPRESSIONS:
EARTH, MARS, VESTA AND MOON
Gennady G. KOCHEMASOV
kochem.36@mail.ru
Conclusion
The highest volcanic features of terrestrial planets adorn their
largest hemispheric basaltic depressions of the wave origin, so
called fundamental wave1 or 2πR “oceanic” features. The
heights and massiveness of these volcanic edifices increase in
the outward from Sun direction and correlate with amplitudes of
warping planetary bodies waves. Thus, there is a causal
relation between these waves stressing in forces and resulting
expelled from the underlying mantle silicate volcanic material.
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56 NCGT Journal, v. 2, no. 1,March 2014. www.ncgt.org
ORIGIN OF OCEANS: SPREADING VERSUS
PRIMARY OCEANS MODELS
Alexey V. KHORTOV1, Alexander E. SHLEZINGER2 and Gleb B.
UDINTSEV3
1 OJSC “Soyuzmorgeo”. Chief Geologist of OJSC “Soyuzmorgeo”
Address: 38 Krasnogvardeyskaya street,
Gelendzhik 353461, Krasnodar Region, Russian Federation. E-mail:
akhortov@mail.ru
2 Geological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences. Chief
Research Worker of Geological Institute, Russian
Academy of Sciences. 7 Pyzhevsky per., 119017, Moscow, Russian
Federation. E-mail: rima@ginras.ru
3 Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry,
Russian Academу of Sciences. Member-
correspondent of RAS, Chief Research Worker of Vernadsky
Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical
Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences. 19 Kosygina St., 119991,
Moscow, Russian Federation.
E-mail: geokhi.ras@relcom.ru
Abstract: Spreading model of modern ocean origin isn't supported
by geological and seismic data on their structure. In
accordance with the existing information on magnetic anomalies
and the deep offshore drilling data, a model of primary oceans
can be proposed. It is based on the assumption of lateral
heterogeneities appearing due to irregular crystallization at
the end of pre-geologic stage and resulting in origination of
early pre-oceanic and pre-continental areas. The primary oceans
model provides better conformity with geological and seismic
data than the spreading model of modern oceans origins.
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NCGT Journal, v. 2, no. 1,March 2014. www.ncgt.org 97
DISCUSSION
Global Tectonics: Prediction and Confirmation
Peter M. JAMES
P.O. Box 95, Dunalley, Tasmania, 7177. petermjames35@gmail.com
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New Concepts in Global Tectonics Journal, v. 1, no. 4,
www.ncgt.org 23
ANALOGY BETWEEN LOWLANDS OF EARTH AND MARS, EARTH AND MERCURY,
AND A GLANCE AT TECTONIC GRANULATIONS:
A SEVERE BLOW TO THE PLATE TECTONICS FROM THE COMPARATIVE WAVE
PLANETOLOGY
Gennady G. KOCHEMASOV
IGEM of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 35 Staromonetny, 119017
Moscow, Russia
kochem.36@mail.ru
Conclusions
Interplanetary comparisons as a useful instrument for making
theories of morphotectonic evolution of planets insist on a
doubtful role of “plate tectonics”. Such large negative
terrestrial morphotectonic units as oceanic basins interpreted
by this tectonics as forms created by the plate motions exist
also on other planetary bodies (Mars, Mercury and Moon), where
there are no plate tectonics. The Indian Ocean has its
counterpart on the Moon in the South Pole-Aitken basin
(Kochemasov, 2012). The Pacific on Earth and Vastitas Borealis
on Mars are analogous features as well as Arctic basin and
mercurian northern plains. The tectonic granulations on
comparable in size metal-stone Mercury and icy Titan witness a
fundamental role of wave structuring caused by elliptical
keplerian orbits.
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46 NCGT Journal, v. 1, no. 4, December 2013. www.ncgt.org
DISCUSSION
Response to: Global theories and standards of judgment by
Karsten Storetvedt. NCGT Journal, v. 1, no. 3, p. 56-102.
Irfan TANER
Iskenderun, Turkey. irfantaner@hotmail.com
SURGE TECTONICS
Surge Tectonics is based and formulated on the discovery of
low-velocity zones (7.0 - 7.8 km/s P-wave velocity) underneath
or within all different geologic features (mid-ocean ridge,
rift, fold belt, fracture zone and many others) (Meyerhoff et
al, 1996, p. 69). Most of these low-velocity zones are
connected to the asthenosphere which is itself a low-velocity
zone within the upper mantle. Examples of these zones from many
different geological features by different scientists are
presented in Meyerhoff et al., 1996.
The second discovery in Surge Tectonics is the relationship
between the magma flow and faults-fractures-fissures. These
structures are developed in response to the magma flow in the
crust. This relationship is described and illustrated in detail
(Meyerhoff et al., 1996, p. 102-115).
D
NCGT Journal, v. 1, no. 4, December 2013. www.ncgt.org 47
These two important discoveries together with their associated
processes fit nicely with the statement quoted by Storetvedt
(2013) on page 57: "Observing an underlying pattern nearly
always means observing an important aspect of nature - the
information that exists behind a curtain of overprinted
secondary processes mixed up with pre-determined opinions. In
this respect, Eric Schumacher (1973, p. 154) hit the nail on
the head when he wrote:
Although we are in possession of all requisite knowledge, it
still requires a systematic, creative effort to bring [it] into
active existence and to make it generally visible and
available. It is my experience that it is rather more difficult
to recapture directness and simplicity than to advance in the
direction of ever more sophistication and complexity. Any
third-rate engineer or researcher can increase complexity; but
it takes a certain flair of real insight to make things simple
again."
CONCLUDING REMARKS
I was necessarily brief in discussing these vast topics. A more
detailed discussion with supporting data are included in
Meyerhoff et al. (1996).
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2 NCGT Journal, v. 1, no. 3, September 2013. www.ncgt.org
FROM THE EDITOR
Earthquakes and surge tectonics
As some of you may be aware, in February of this year the
International Earthquake and Volcano Prediction Center (IEVPC)
warned of possible strong earthquakes in Yunnan, South China
(www.ivepc.org). This was based on various signals we had
detected from the region since late last year. In accordance
with our prediction, an M6.6 quake occurred on 20 April 2013 in
Sichuan near the predicted area. More than 150 people died.
Immediately after the quake, Chinese National TV interviewed
John Casey, Chairman of the IEVPC, at the head office in
Florida, and broadcast it in real time throughout their country.
The second quake (M5.8) occurred on 31 August 2013 in
northernmost Yunnan. Since then the region’s
seismo-electromagnetic activities have been gradually abating.
Our comprehensive geological-seismological analysis conducted
for this particular prediction confirmed a very interesting
fact: the presence of a live surge channel occupying the Yunnan
and Sichuan region (originally described by Meyerhoff et al.,
1992 & 1996). Since the 1970s it has hosted a series of strong
earthquakes along a major NE-SW tectonic belt that connects to
the Tan-lu Fault in North China and, further northwards, a deep
tectonic/seismic zone in the Okhotsk Sea. Along the
Myanmar-South China segment of this tectonic zone, three major
earthquakes have occurred since late last year – an M6.8 quake
in central Myanmar in November 2012 (IEVPC colleagues
successfully predicted it with pinpoint accuracy), an M6.6 in
Sichuan in April 2013, and an M5.8 in northernmost Yunnan in
August 2013. Their geological significance in relation to the
Yunnan surge channel is discussed on pages 45-55 of this NCGT
issue.
The Yunnan surge channel develops on the axis of the northern
end of the Borneo-Vanuatu Geanticline, which has been heavily
oceanized in the SW Pacific and Southeast Asian region. As
stated in my article in this issue (pages 45-55), the
Borneo-Vanuatu Geanticline is a trunk surge channel through
which the energy derived from the superplume in the SW Pacific
migrates northward, and the process occurring in the Yunnan
surge channel can be regarded as an incipient stage of
oceanization.
The IEVPC’s continuing successful earthquake predictions are the
result of combining the right seismo-tectonic model with medium-
and short-term signal detection tools. The new earthquake model
is based on thermal energy derived from the Earth’s outer core,
its transmigration along deep fracture systems and surge
channels, trap structures, geological history represented by
orogenic events, and local and regional geology. Thermal energy
(or perhaps more properly, thermal-electromagnetic energy)
transmigration is the heart of the IEVPC’s working model. Hence
a good knowledge of local and regional geological structure is
essential in predicting in which direction the generated energy
will flow, particularly in areas where strong deep earthquakes
have occurred. In this context, surge tectonics is instrumental
in our prediction approach.
Earthquakes as well as volcanic activities cannot happen without
heat input into the upper mantle and the crust. Like
hydrocarbons, migrating or flowing thermal energy accumulates in
structural highs with effective seals in the upper mantle. We
therefore assume that earthquake belts have underlying channels
through which thermal energy can flow – they are often developed
in ancient or young orogenic/mobile belts that form structural
highs in the mantle.
As a practising field geologist, I am convinced that surge
tectonics is a comprehensive and workable tectonic concept that
can explain most of what we observe at the Earth’s surface and
in its interior, although some updates are needed to incorporate
new data that have appeared since 1996, when the most recent
version of surge tectonics was published. In this issue Karsten
Storetvedt presents a critique of surge tectonics and a defence
of wrench tectonics (p. 56-102), to which David Pratt (p.
103-117) and Arthur Meyerhoff’s children (p. 117-121) reply.
Another response by Taner et al. will be published in the next
issue. We welcome this open debate in the pages of the NCGT
Journal.
References
Meyerhoff, A.A., Taner, I., Morris, A.E.L., Martin, B.D., Agocs,
W.B. and Meyerhoff, H., 1992. Surge tectonics. In:
Chatterjee, S. and Hotton, N. III (eds.), New Concepts in Global
Tectonics, Texas Tech Univ. Press, Lubbock. p. 309-409.
Meyerhoff, A.A., Taner, I., Morris, A.E.L., Agocs, W.B.,
Kamen-kaye, M., Bhat, M.I., Smoot, N.C., Choi, D.R. and
Meyerhoff-Hull, D. (ed.), 1996. Surge tectonics: a new
hypothesis of global geodynamics. Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 323p.
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NCGT Journal, v. 1, no. 3, September 2013. www.ncgt.org
11
ARTICLES
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF SOME ASTROBLEMES INDICATING DIRECTIONS OF
COSMIC BODY TRAJECTORIES
Konstantin K. KHAZANOVITCH-WULFF1, Anna V. MIKHEEVA2 and
Victor F. KUZNETSOV3
1 Independent cycle researcher, Planetology branch of RGS,
S.-Petersburg, Russia, ojb37@mail.ru
2 Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical
Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
Novosibirsk, Russia, anna@omzg.sscc.ru;
3 Independent researcher, Ridder, Kazakhstan, kyz_rid@mail.ru
6. Conclusions and recommendations
1. The distribution of klippen zones around astroblemes is an
important indicator to the direction of a ballistic trajectory
of CB (cosmic body) entry, and can be used to reconstruct this
process. It is likely that this is possible only for the CB,
which had a shallow (less than 30o?) path of entry into the
Earth's atmosphere and oblique collision of the surface.
2. The revealed regularities in the distribution of klippen
zones are, most likely, due to the shock wave motion, which is
in agreement with the direction of a moving cosmic body, the
place of its fall and explosion.
3. Determining the location of the cosmic body ballistic
trajectory is an important feature to identify diatreme fields
of the same age in the zone of energy (electric) action on the
Earth’s surface and Earth’s interior on the side of the
asteroid.
4. The major ultrabasic alkaline pipe formations on the eastern
slope of Anabar anteclise can probably have age of analogs to
the Popigai event, which should be taken into account in the
process of geological exploration surveying.
5. The task of geological exploration organizations should
consist in identifying real causes of the existence of the
negative gravity anomalies Popigai 3 and 4.
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20
NCGT Journal, v. 1, no. 3, September 2013. www.ncgt.org
ATMOSPHERES OF VENUS, EARTH, AND MARS: THEIR MASSES AND
GRANULATIONS IN RELATION TO ORBITS AND ROTATIONS OF THE PLANETS
Gennady G. KOCHEMASOV
IGEM of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 35 Staromonetny, 119017
Moscow, Russia
kochem.36@mail.ru
Conclusions
Intensive cosmic investigations of the last 50 years involving
Earth and many others celestial bodies clearly prove that in
the Solar system there is a consequence of bodies with
regularly changing tectonic granulations. These granulations
are inversely proportional to orbital frequencies of planets.
These frequencies (oscillations) make solid bodies to outgas
and produce gaseous envelops – atmospheres. Their masses are
proportional to the oscillations frequencies. Wave structuring
of atmospheric masses- granulation is a replication of the solid
body tectonics. Bodies with two orbits – satellites in
structures of their shells (including the Titan’s atmosphere)
show influence of processes of wave modulations.
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NCGT Journal, v. 1, no. 3, September 2013. www.ncgt.org
45
AN ARCHEAN GEANTICLINE STRETCHING FROM
THE SOUTH PACIFIC TO SIBERIA
Dong R. CHOI
International Earthquake and Volcano Prediction Center
Canberra, Australia
dchoi@ievpc.org
(The Borneo-Vanuatu Geanticline was found to connect to the
Siberian Craton via the East Asia Reflective Axial Belt in
China. This super antilinal trend forms one of the most
outstanding Archean structural elements on the Earth’s surface
together with the “North-South American Superantilcine”, an
antipodal counterpart in the western hemisphere)
7. Conclusions
This paper described one of the most outstanding geological
structures seen at the Earth’s surface; a global-scale,
deep-rooted geanticlinal structure extending from the South
Pacific to the Siberian Craton. It was formed in the Archean
and, together with the antipodal N-S American Geanticline,
undoubtedly affected the structural and magmatic development of
the Earth. Together they place constraints on global tectonic
models.
The Yunnan surge channel sits on the axis of the Geanticline. It
is one of the most active surge channels today, characterized
by strong energy discharge (earthquakes) and active rise in the
Cenozoic. These activities can be regarded as the early stage
of the oceanization process.
The existence of such large-scale, deep-rooted, Archean-origin
geological structures on opposite sides of the globe, both
without large horizontal dislocation, means that no large-scale
horizontal movement of the crust and mantle as claimed by plate
tectonics has occurred since Proterozoic to Cenozoic time.
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NCGT Journal, v. 1, no. 2, June 2013. www.ncgt.org
3
ARTICLES
NEGATIVE GRAVITY ANOMALIES AS THE TAILS OF ASTROBLEMES
Konstantin K. KHAZANOVITCH-WULFF 1 and Anna V. MIKHEEVA2
1 – Planetology Branch of the Russian Geographical Society,
ojb37@mail.ru,
2 – Institute of Computational Mathematics and Mathematical
Geophysics, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,
anna@omzg.sscc.ru
Discussion of data
Thus, the gravitational trace behind the Popigai astrobleme is
not unique. Similar formations are also noted for other
astroblemes: Janisjärvi Beyenchime-Salaatian, Kamensk, Karla,
Puchezh-Katunki, Kogram, El'gygytgyn, Steinheim, Wanapitei,
Kaluga and Chicxulub. It is possible that the following more
careful investigations will increase this list. By now, it is
possible to draw the main preliminary conclusion:
gravitational traces of astroblemes are one of their genetic
elements.
However, what is their material expression? It is possible to
assume that there is a rock density decrease as a result of the
energy influence of a falling MB onto the near-surface areas
under its trajectory. What is a mechanism of this decrease? The
formation of deconsolidating (low density) rocks, for example,
tuffisites, in the diatremes fields located near Popigai (as
the Ortho-Yarginsk field) can be one of such causes.
However, there are no diatremes on the other sites of the
Popigai "tail" of the lower values of gravity. The influence on
the Earth’s surface of the shock waves (from the explosive
phenomena during the body flight through the atmosphere), which
can be considered as a second possible cause, remains
hypothetical, as well.
Still there are more questions than answers, but it is obvious
that the inquisitive researcher's thought has to get into this
"prohibited zone" and the offer its explanation. The
cosmogenic-gravitational structurization hypothesis according to
Troshichev, undoubtedly, needs special attention from
researchers and favorable conditions for its following
development. More simply is to continue pretending that all
geological processes have been already known to us and can be
explained from the stand-points of existing geological views.
The questions: “with what factors the linear strip zones of
negative values of gravity are connected and why were such
zones formed as "tails" before certain astroblemes, are waiting
for answering.
However, the data obtained can be an additional basis for
definition of the MB trajectory direction along with other
morphological elements of astroblemes, which have been already
considered by the authors in their previous paper (Khazanovitch
et al., 2013).
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40
NCGT Journal, v. 1, no. 2, June 2013. www.ncgt.org
CRUSTAL STORMS OF CONTINENTAL/PLANETARY SCALE
Earth's battery and Earth's electrocardiogram, internal state,
structure, and time variation, endogenous energy production and
release, the role of solar modulation, and the "French
Revolution" jerk
Giovanni P. GREGORI
IDASC - Istituto di Acustica e Sensoristica O. M. Corbino (CNR),
giovanni.gregori@idac.rm.cnr.it
IEVPC - International Earthquake and Volcano Prediction Center,
HTML http://ievpc.org/index.html
S.M.E. - Security, Materials, Environment, s.r.l. – Roma,
info@sme.ae.it; www.sme- ae.it
ICES - International Centre for Earth's Sciences
11. Planetary seismic paroxysms – Conclusion
The present state of planetary geodynamics can be illustrated as
follows. This model derives from several decades of thought,
and its full justification - according to geodynamic
observational evidence - is discussed in great detail through
the whole volume 2 of GPG8, with several cross-references to a
wide fraction of volume 3 of GPG8.
No brief or simple account can be here given. For instance, the
way has not been either simple or straightforward, by which the
“chain” of cause-and-effect has been envisaged, along the
connection between the Kerguelen superswell, the Red Sea,
Arabia, Anatolia, Aegean Sea, Caucasus and the Carpathians.
Several observational data contributed to arrive to such a
conclusion.
NCGT Journal, v. 1, no. 2, June 2013. www.ncgt.org
61
According to common sense, and according to seemingly very
reasonable physical arguments, this appears to be one possible
credible explanation. But, nobody is depositary of “absolute”
truth. Science is made of proposals and discussions, and “all”
possible explanations ought to be considered and compared one
another.
The model here envisaged appears to be just the simplest
possible explanation that can fit very closely with the several
direct and indirect observational evidences reported in a huge
amount of geodynamic and geological literature. The reader may
like to check, in every case history of her/his concern, how
this model actually fits with the observations of her/his
concern.
As far as the description is concerned which is here given, I
can only humbly apologize with the reader for being incapable
to synthesize in a few pages a very large amount of literature,
topics and discussions.
Africa is the seemingly most strongly anchored continent on the
mantle. Indeed, its (thermal) lithosphere is > 400 km deep,
while in other continental platforms it is in the range 200 -
250 km and in the Easter Island region it is < 30 km.
The strongest loading tide is caused by the Pacific Ocean water.
It pushes on Eurasia, causing its westward drift, relative to
Africa. A huge "megashear" is well known to run from Morocco,
slightly south of Gibraltar, through Far East. In reality, even
a mega-alignment of geomagnetic anomalies (not here shown) can
be detected, which is further extended until northern China and
Japan.
The Mediterranean is located along this megashear. A very
efficient hinge occurs roughly very close to the very stable
Messina Straights, between the African lithosphere (Sicily) and
the Italian peninsula. The resulting conspicuous friction
causes a large amount of friction-heat that is released by a
security valve, which is likely to be identified with Etna
(this hypothesis also results consistent with its isotopic
chemism).
The Italian peninsula is rotated counterclockwise, and this is
responsible for its seismicity (a huge amount of the literature
is available about the seismicity of the Italian region, and it
is distinct from the literature dealing either with the
Balkanic peninsula or with the Aegean region; no specific list
can be here given).
This rotation of Italy is the final stage of a former well known
process that formerly determined the opening of the Gulf of
Biscay, then the detachment of the Balearic Islands, of
Sardinia, and finally of Corsica, which happened when the
Italian peninsula hit against the mainland of Europe. This
process left in the trail all submerged volcanoes of the
Tyrrhenian Sea, etc.
The westward drift of Eurasia (combined with the northward
motion originated by the Pekeris force; see below) caused,
within its trail, the formation of island arcs. The consequent
kinetic effects on the lithosphere originated local friction
heat that is responsible for island arc volcanism. Compared to
other kinds of volcanism, the typical features of this kind of
volcanism appear very singular. For sure, island arc volcanism
displays no association with geomagnetic phenomena.
The “Pekeris force” is a concept that derives from consideration
of the observed figure of the Earth, which appears to be
excessively flattened. If the Earth is a fluid, a poleward
"Pekeris force" ought to be observed that tends to reshape it,
and it can be shown to have two maxima at 45°N and 45°S
latitude, respectively. Refer to Jeffreys (1976), or, for
thermal contraction, to Bott (1971), Collette (1974), and
Turcotte (1974).
The Pekeris force is poleward. Therefore, it is opposite to the
better known Pohluchtkraft. This implies an intrinsic conflict
or dichotomy. If the mechanism is according to a floatation
rationale - as it is assumed by plate tectonics and isostasy –
the floating upper layer of the Earth ought to experience the
Pohluchtkraft. Instead, if the rationale is in terms of a solid
body that slides on a solid surface (such as according to WMT),
the shallower Earth’s features have to experience a "Pekeris
force". Hence, they ought to move poleward. Observational
evidence in several respects objectively seems to deny the
needed support for plate tectonics.
In addition, the deep Earth interior is much different compared
to every more or less generalized fluid model. That is, space
and time-gradients of the endogenous heat flow appear to
justify the great observed complication of geomorphology, to be
associated with the largely inhomogeneous pattern implied by the
sea-urchin spike distribution.
In addition, note that the "Pekeris force" acts along a
meridian, while the tidal pull acts along a parallel. This fact
results much helpful. Moreover, the Coriolis acceleration leads
to the formation of the (often controversial) geodynamic spiral
structures that have been (correctly) envisaged by several
authors in the literature.
The Arctic polar cap is presently ongoing a large release of
geothermal heat, being responsible for several very unusual
climatic phenomena (not here discussed). This is certainly to
be associated with the ongoing process of uplift of an Arctic
superswell.
Another well-known superswell is roughly identified with the
Kerguelen Island. But it extends through a large fraction of
the Indian Ocean, until the Red Sea. This causes a northward
sliding of India, the uplift of the Tibet Plateau, while the
aforementioned westward sliding of Eurasia determines the
well-known left-faulting of this huge area.
The area of the Sunda archipelago, New Guinea, Philippines,
Borneo, Moluccas Sea, Banda Sea, etc. is the result of a very
complicate multi-faceted interaction between island arc
formation in western Pacific and in the Indian Ocean, and the
northward sliding on the slope of the Kerguelen superswell.
The Anatolian peninsula rotates counterclockwise. The Aegean Sea
and the North Anatolian Fault are just a consequence in this
geodynamic labyrinth. The effect of this push by the Kerguelen
superswell is likely to be even responsible for the uplift of
Caucasus and for the formation of the singular pattern of the
Carpathians.
Compared to the Pacific Ocean's, the loading tide by the Indian
Ocean water is less intense. In addition, Africa is strongly
anchored on the mantle. Moreover, the loading tide by the
Pacific Ocean does not affect Africa, due to the breakwater
action by Australia.
The Atlantic superswell (see Figure 4) effectively pushes
westward both North and South America, while the loading tide
by the Atlantic Ocean water further favors the westward push.
As far as the Pacific side of the Americas is concerned, the
Hawaii superswell is far away. Hence, its opposing action is
comparably weaker, compared to the strong action exerted by the
Easter Island superswell, which is, maybe, the presently hotter
geothermal region of the world. No details can be here given
(reported in volume 2 of GPG8).
In any case, the seismic activity in the Andes must be expected
to be much stronger compared to the Rocky Mountains.
Note that California is the result of the northward push by the
Easter Island superswells, which is effectively extended until
the Galàpagos region and behind it.
In the southernmost Atlantic region, the Atlantic superswell
afforded to uplift the southern tip of South America that, in
addition, experiences the loading tide by the entire circum
Antarctic Ocean. The result has been the formation of the Scotia
island arc.
Consider this very general planetary framework, and specifically
consider the megasyncline running from the Pyrenees through the
Sunda archipelago, Borneo, etc.
An increase of the release of endogenous energy has to be
expected to be associated with a comparably more rapid uplift
of superswells, hence with an increase of planetary seismic
activity.
This explains the long-distance correlation between earthquakes
that occur in different parts of the world. But, it has also to
be mentioned that seismic teleconnection has to be expected to
occur through the serpentinization phenomenon (Judd and
Hovland, 2007). This item, however, cannot be here discussed.
Therefore, it is not surprising that an increase of seismic
activity is eventually observed - by a matter of a limited
number of days - within some large area, e.g. from southern
Iran through New Guinea and even eastward of it. This is the
result of the geothermal activation of some huge segment of a
large megasyncline that is suffering by some larger activation
along its longer extension.
Whether this interpretation is excessively speculative or not,
this is a synthetic, "simple" and "beautiful" model. It
unavoidably relies on some consistent amount of speculation.
But, it is a starting framework for research and discussion. It
can be either confirmed or denied by observations.
Monitoring instant spacetime changes of crustal stress by means
of acoustic emission (AE) appears to be a crucial tool in order
to discriminate between realistic and credible guesses, and
physically unreliable inferences.
-----
NCGT Journal, v. 1, no. 2, June 2013. www.ncgt.org
81
A NEW BASIS OF GEOSCIENCE:
WHOLE-EARTH DECOMPRESSION DYNAMICS
J. Marvin HERNDON
Transdyne Corporation
11044 Red Rock Drive, San Diego, CA 92131 USA
mherndon@san.rr.com;
HTML http://www.NuclearPlanet.com
Abstract: Neither plate tectonics nor Earth expansion theory is
sufficient to provide a basis for understanding geoscience.
Each theory is incomplete and possesses problematic elements,
but both have served as stepping stones to a more fundamental
and inclusive geoscience theory that I call Whole-Earth
Decompression Dynamics (WEDD). WEDD begins with and is the
consequence of our planet’s early formation as a Jupiter-like
gas giant and permits deduction of: (1) Earth’s internal
composition, structure, and highly-reduced oxidation state; (2)
Core formation without whole-planet melting; (3) Powerful new
internal energy sources - proto-planetary energy of compression
and georeactor nuclear fission energy; (4) Georeactor
geomagnetic field generation; (5) Mechanism for heat emplacement
at the base of the crust resulting in the crustal geothermal
gradient; (6) Decompression- driven geodynamics that accounts
for the myriad of observations attributed to plate tectonics
without requiring physically-impossible mantle convection, and;
(7) A mechanism for fold-mountain formation that does not
necessarily require plate collision. The latter obviates the
necessity to assume supercontinent cycles. Here, I review the
principles of Whole-Earth Decompression Dynamics and describe a
new underlying basis for geoscience and geology.
4. Conclusions
The present paper is based on just one-month data set, but we
can summarize the following important conclusions.
1) As for an isolated EQ (in the period after March 10), there
is a clear correspondence between the local propagation anomaly
(as the shift in terminator time but not exceeding the 2σ
criterion) and an EQ, and the lead time is just a few days as
in the case of the 1995 Kobe EQ (Hayakawa et al., 1996). Even
though the EQ M was smaller than 5.0 (but shallow depths of ~10
km), we could observe a clear corresponding local precursor.
2) The main aim of this paper is the integrated effect of an EQ
swarm (a succession of EQs) onto the ionosphere, which is found
to last for several days and whose temporal evolution is quite
similar to the daily sum of the number of EQs or daily sum of
the total energy release of EQs on one day.
3) The best indicator to characterize the effect of an EQ swarm
is considered to be the daily sum of total energy release of
all EQs on each day.
When considering the seismic effect in subionospheric VLF data,
we have to pay attention to the geomagnetic activity which
would have a significant influence onto the ionosphere (e.g.,
Rozhnoi et al., 2004) during the period of our interest. During
the period of March 2-10 when we observed an anomaly in te, is
found to be geomagnetically very quiet because the daily sum of
Kp index (ΣKp) amounted only up to 19. Furthermore, during
the remaining days of March, the maximum ΣKp is only 27
(on March 29), so that this month is considered to be relatively
geomagnetically quiet. This is probably the reason why we had a
clear one-to-one correspondence between the local propagation
anomaly and an EQ with smaller M as is summarized as Point (1)
because there are no significant factors such as geomagnetic
activity in the VLF data which might disturb the lower
ionosphere. Since the geomagnetic activity during the EQ swarm
is extremely quiet, Points (2) and (3) are considered to be
really the seismogenic effect.
Hayakawa et al. (1996) have first presented the use of shift in
terminator time for the Kobe EQ so as to find
seismo-ionospheric perturbations, and then this VLF/LF analysis
method was extensively used as a further statistical study by
Molchanov and Hayakawa (1998). Then, Maekawa and Hayakawa
(2006) have found that this terminator time method is
especially useful for the east-west propagation path. This is
the reason why we have used the propagation from the VLF Omega
(Tsushima) to CHF in this paper, and the shift in terminator
time provides us with the information of seismo-ionospheric
perturbations.
The purpose of this paper was to investigate the effect of a
succession of EQs (so-called EQ swarm) onto the ionosphere. An
EQ swarm is characterized by the occurrence of a few (or
several) EQs on one day and its prolonged activity for several
days (or weeks). Even though the maximum M of EQs on one
particular day is not so large (less than 6), we think that a
succession of EQs would work additively and then have some
significant effect on the generation of seismo-ionospheric
perturbations. First of all, as is found in this paper, a
detailed comparison of the temporal evolutions of VLF
propagation anomaly (shift in terminator time) and EQ activity
during our EQ swarm indicate a surprising similarity. Then, the
maximum shift in terminator time is exceeding the 2σ
criterion as found for an isolated large EQ (with M›6) as in
Molchanov and Hayakawa (1998). Once the ionospheric
perturbation is formed by an EQ, it is expected to last ,at
least, one day or so, so that it seems that the occurrence of
successive EQs works additively in the sustaining and
enhancement of seismo-ionospheric perturbations. These results
might suggest clearly the integrated effect of an EQ swarm on
the generation of seimo- ionospheric perturbations.
As is already known, there have been proposed a few possible
hypotheses for the generation of seismo-ionospheric
perturbations; (1) chemical channel (radon emanation, electric
field generation or positive-holes) and (2)
atmosphericoscillation channel. Some more details of each
hypothesis are given in several papers in the books by Hayakawa
(2009 and 2012). The integrated effect in subionospheric VLF
perturbation as found in this paper would be of some use in
discussing which mechanism is more plausible
-----
108 NCGT Journal, v. 1, no. 2, June 2013. www.ncgt.org
Continental rocks discovered from Rio Grade Ridge, South
Atlantic
News articles appeared on the discovery of continental rocks in
various media in early May 2013. Some excerpts are as follows:
large mass of granite has been found on the seabed off the coast
of Rio de Janeiro, suggesting a continent may have existed in
the Atlantic Ocean, the Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science
and Technology and the Brazilian government announced.
A Brazilian official said the discovery of the granite — which
normally forms only on dry land — is strong evidence that a
continent used to exist in the area where the legendary island
of Atlantis, mentioned in antiquity by Plato in his
philosophical dialogues, was supposedly located. According to
legend, the island, host to a highly developed civilization,
sunk into the sea around 12,000 years ago. No trace of it has
ever been found.
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