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TB/DRIFT + OROGENY
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Age of the Earth: Creation.com
Young Earth Evidence
HTML http://qdl.scs-inc.us/?top=4741-4760-5079-9754-11383-12775
HTML http://creation.com/age-of-the-earth
101 evidences for a young age of the earth and the universe
by Don Batten
Published: 4 June 2009(GMT+10)
Young Earth Evidence from Human History and from BIology
Young Earth Evidence from Geology
Young Earth Evidence from Radiometric Dating
Young Solar System Evidence from Astronomy
Additional Sources
-
HTML http://creation.com/the-principle-of-least-astonishment
Rapid reversals in paleomagnetism undermine use of
paleomagnetism in long ages dating of rocks and speak of rapid
processes, compressing the long-age time scale enormously.
- The pattern of magnetization in the magnetic stripes where
magma is welling up at the mid-ocean trenches argues against the
belief that reversals take many thousands of years and rather
indicates rapid sea-floor spreading as well as rapid magnetic
reversals, consistent with a young earth (Humphreys, D.R., Has
the Earth's magnetic field ever flipped? Creation Research
Quarterly 25(3):130–137, 1988).
- Magnetic reversal pattern mid-ocean ridges
Along the mid-ocean ridges, the detailed pattern of magnetic
polarisation, with islands of differing polarity, speaks of
rapid changes in direction of Earth's magnetic field because of
the rate of cooling of the lava. This is consistent with a young
Earth.
---
4. Continental Drift & Orogenesis
__SUPERCONTINENT BREAKUP
- SHOCK DYNAMICS
=========================Postby Lloyd » Tue Dec 08, 2015 8:47 pm
__SUPERCONTINENT BREAKUP
- High Speed Continents. Gordon said: I have difficulty
accepting the friction-free mechanism of the SD. Gordon, have
you read up on long runout underwater landslides that Mike
referenced? Why would that not apply to sliding continents? Mike
said a similar long runout landslide was seen on Mars. And why
could not the continents have slid on the Moho layer? Charles
says that layer is plasma about one meter thick. Wouldn't plasma
be nearly frictionless? Charles says racetrack playa rocks also
slide due to electrical levitation of the rocks during windy
episodes. Those are very low friction events. In my last reply
to Mike I asked what it is, if anything, that might make it
impossible that the continents could have moved apart in more
than 26 hours. So I hope to find out if he has a strong argument
for that or not.
__CONTINENTAL DRIFT
[the drift episode], which I take to be 5 months based on the
record. It is funny to hear you describe the 5 months as too
slow!! And besides, the biblical record directly states that the
period of the "matar" ended at the 150 day mark. I don't think
you can be so confident about the lack of friction in the Moho,
and sheer inertia considerations stretch the imagination to
accept your speeds. The slowing of the drift toward the end, due
to the friction that also produced the Andes and Rockies, etc.
is consistent with the formation of the volcanic chains after
the uplift. The hot spot under the Hawaiian chain is also
consistent with the Pacific being squeezed from both sides
during the drift event.
__- 6. CONTINENTAL DRIFT
LK: Do you agree with Walter Brown's Hydroplate theory as the
explanation for rapid continental drift?
I don't see much plausibility for the underground chambers of
water. Do you?
GW: I taught from a standard text written back in the late 70s
that made the claim that enough water is outgassed in volcanic
eruptions to account for all of the world's oceans. I've been
influenced by that statement, and can go with chambers or levels
or layers or fissures/vents from the mantle or any other means
by which water may have erupted out. But in my flood view, the
water that already existed in the early seas is practically
sufficient to have done the flood work via tsunami-type action.
LK: I don't think it would be possible for underground chambers
of water to exist 10 miles down, because the rock is plastic,
according to the Kola borehole findings. It became too plastic
to drill through at 7 miles. I guess things could've been
different before the flood.
Brown's Hydroplate theory explains continental drift as
underground water chambers ten miles deep caving in and the
pressure blowing out at the ocean ridges, which were previously
part of the supercontinent.
CC: I don't see the evidence of large amounts of water coming
out of the mid-ocean ridges.
LK: Gordon, have you done or seen calculations that support the
Hydroplate theory?
- Do you agree with Brown's idea about underground chambers
filled with water that caved in and sprayed water and rock
through the spreading centers?
- What's wrong with Fisher's theory that continental drift
occurred within a 26 hour period?
- If continental drift took 5 months, the continents would have
moved at only 1 mph or less. Where would the force be applied to
the continents for that lengh of time?
GW: I'm intrigued by it [Hydroplate theory?]. It would fit my
model well if further confirmed. I'm not requiring the cave-ins
but it's a good idea. I go with inertia after the initial
drift-ignition event, Friction and inertia in some mix after
that.
CC: I go with Fischer's theory of an impact that generated the
momentum. I also favor rapid mountain building, instead of
gradualism, just because one cannot say that the crust is oh so
plastic, and then say that mountains could have been gradually
built up -- if the crust was that plastic, the leveling process
would have kept up with the mountain building, so clearly, the
moutain building was on a faster pace.
GW: Good point, it is also for this reason I don't believe
subduction is required to explain boundary mountains and
trenches.
CC: I have a totally different idea of subduction. I don't think
(like the mainstream) that the oceanic crust is falling because
it is cooler -- it's actually warmer than the mid-ocean ridges.
But I don't go with the "all over in an instant" model of
Fischer's. Rather, I think that the impact event got things
moving, but then I think that each earthquake in the subduction
zone causes the next one. The energy sources that heat up the
crust result in expansion. When traction is re-established after
the rupture, the cooling then exerts a tensile force on the
crust, pulling it toward the fault. This is why the rifts form
in the back arcs.
LK: CC, have you written anything yet about earthquakes during
the continental drift event?
CC: Do you mean in the initial event (i.e., Fischer's "bad day
in Madagascar" event)?
LK: I mean during the entire episode of continental drift,
mostly the Americas moving from Africa and Europe to about 3,000
miles west.
CC: No, I haven't treated that at all -- I think that Fischer
has the right bacic idea, and until/if/when I've done a great
deal more studying, I couldn't expect to improve on his work. I
just don't think that it was all over in 26 hours -- I think
that the initial impact got things going, but then the
heating/cooling process at the faults helped keep things going.
LK: So the earthquakes you were talking about above are the
current ones that do very minor continental drifting.
CC: Yes -- it's just a couple of centimeters at a time for a
"normal" earthquake, is that right, Gordon?
GW: Yes, Charles, with some noteable exceptions: the
quake/tsunami in Japan, the quake tsunami in Indonesia, the 1964
Anchorage quake/tsunami, et.al.
CC: OK, so I can see how the momentum, which when averaged out
is just millimeters per year, could have been initiated by an
impact event. But I don't believe that the event could have
accelerated the continents to the speed that Fischer says, nor
do I see what could have brought them to such an abrupt stop.
LK: I like Mike's explanation of fluidization as being involved.
He said it's like landslides along continental slopes, where the
rock slides horizontally for long distances [on the seafloor].
GW: I'm dubious on fluidization as the mechanism... heat
increases friction and vice-versa. Am I just plain wrong about
heat and friction?
Regardless, I believe that friction between the cont plate and
ocean plates of the Pacific caused the slowdown and the
mountain/trench building orogenies.
LK: Heat reduces friction and there may be ionization too.
- Gordon, that's what Mike says too, that friction is what
caused the continents to slow down and heat up, causing mountain
building.
CC: In my model, the lithosphere slides on a frictionless Moho,
which is a thin (1 meter) layer of supercritical fluid, which is
compressible, and frictionless. So tectonic motion doesn't
require mantle plumes, nor the energy sufficient to fight
friction at the crust/mantle boundary.
[LK: Mike referred to the Moho too.]
**CC: But this doesn't mean that the continents could have
shifted thousands of kilometers in a day in my model. Mountains
have roots, and moving the continents rapidly WOULD have forced
friction. So in my model, electric currents in the Moho keep it
molten (or rather, supercritical), but when mountain roots start
pressing against the mantle, the tectonic motion has to wait for
the electric currents to melt the rock. (I'll elaborate on that
if you want.)
GW: Mountain roots are originating at the same time as the
buildup, due to isostasy.
CC: Yes, but what I'm saying is that irregularities in the
underside of the crust match up with complementary
irregularities in the mantle. Then, for plate shifting to occur,
one and/or the other has to undergo deformation. My problem with
that is that it would take more energy than seems available. So
I'm saying that the Moho is 1 meter thick, and hot enough to be
supercritical. And it has an electric current in it. If plate
shifting occurs, the irregularities don't match up quite so
well, and that 1-meter gap gets reduced. The bad news is that
the crust starts to run the risk of "running aground" as it
shifts on the mantle.
[LK: You mean running aground during the major continental drift
event?
CC: No -- I'm talking about the minor events, as we see today.]
The good news is that the reduced gap forces more electric
current through a smaller area, which produces more heat. So
suppose there used to be a consistent 1-meter gap between the
crust and the mantle. But then the crust shifted. Now the
irregularities (e.g., mountain roots) result in there being only
a 1/2 meter gap between the crust and the mantle. But then that
heats up, and melts the rock, re-establishing the gap, and
preventing the [ship-wise] "grounding".
LK: Charles, wouldn't the supercontinent have had a root in the
mantle with the Moho between them there too?
GW: ??why?
CC: Yes.
LK: So if a water chamber were down there, it wouldn't blow out
at the thicker part of the supercontinent, would it? Or wasn't
it so thick? Did there have to be a weakness in the
supercontinent for the Americas to split off?
GW: But due to the aplasticity of the crust the mountainforming
"front" end is also more brittle, with many fissures and faults,
thus we see the subsequent formation of the volcanic chains at
those locations. Thicker but weaker, that's why I noted above
that the roots are of the same nature as the mountains, with the
notable difference that due to the same forces you are referring
to much melting is occuring there, producing magmas and the like
which extrude into the weak upper crust.
CC: Hang on right there...
I also have a totally different idea on volcanoes. I don't think
that high pressure magma can get forced up through cracks in the
crust. Rather, I think that cracks in the crust, which are
common around faults due to the inelastic deformation, enable
electric currents. A microfracture just 1 nano-meter wide can
drop the electrical resistance of granite, from over 2
mega-ohms, down to about 300 olms. The result is an electric
current, and then can melt the rock, due to ohmic heating. And
I'm convinced that such electric currents, between the surface
and the Moho (or at least between the ground table and the Moho)
are what open up magma tubes. If it were not for that, there
wouldn't be the concentration of heat into a tubelike structure
that could create such a vent, since heat propagates outward
radially. And high-pressure rock is a fair thermal conductor.
(Cooler rock is a poor conductor.) But what we're seeing is a
vertical shaft, from the Moho to the surface. This is not a
characteristic of thermodynamics, but it IS a characteristic of
electric currents.
- The significance of this is huge. Take the worst case scenario
-- Yellowstone. There is no known way to prevent volcanic
eruptions, much less at supervolcanoes. But what if it is an
electric current that is generating the heat to pressurize the
magma chamber? All we have to do is go about 100 km away, and
drill a bore hole about 5 km deep, which will attract all of the
telluric currents in the area, because it will fill up with
highly conductive ground water. With no electric currents
flowing through the magma chamber at Yellowstone, it will cool
down, and eventually freeze over -- problem solved. A bore hole
5 km deep would cost about 20 million dollars to drill, which is
within reach for humankind. So there's a practical way to
prevent a mass extinction event.
GW: I'm not concerned so much with the mechanism; what you are
saying is plausible. But the geography shows that generally
volcanoes form not in the heights of the mount ranges [some
exceptions] but on the lowland adjacent to the ranges
CC: Volcanoes occur where there is crustal deformation. I'm
saying that the deformation creates the microfractures that
enable the flow of electric currents. So under a given stress,
it would make sense that the mountains do not undergo
deformation, since they're thicker. A rigid material will always
fail where it is thinnest. So the crust next to the mountains
gets the deformation.
GW: I'm ok with that explanation.
CC: BTW, I'm saying that this is the same mechanism that causes
earthquakes -- tectonic pressure causes crustal buckling, and
then currents can flow through the microfractures. The current
heats the crust, which causes more tectonic pressure, which
increases the buckling. Thus it's a positive feedback loop,
resulting in a rapid increase in pressure, which causes the
rupture. The surface heating prior to the rupture cannot be
explained as deformation, since it's elastic.
====================postby Lloyd » Sat Apr 02, 2016 9:37 pm
__CONTINENTAL DRIFT CENTURIES AFTER THE GREAT FLOOD
- Continental Drift During Or Long After the Flood?
- Gordon, I think you stated earlier on this thread that an
unusually large impact off east Africa caused months-long rapid
continental drift, which caused the Great Flood and mountain
uplift during the latter phase of the Flood. Is this correct?
- But weren't there a lot of plants and animals, including
mammoths, suddenly frozen in the Arctic after the Flood? How
could they have survived in the Arctic during and shortly after
the Flood? Why would the Flood not have drowned all of them and
buried them under sediment? And would it not have taken a few
centuries for life to return to the Arctic after the Flood?
- Do you agree that the Flood had to occur on the
supercontinent, before it split up, because the rock and fossil
types on opposite shores of the Atlantic Ocean match up well? If
the Flood had occurred after continental drift ended, the rock
and fossil types on opposite shores would not line up well at
all. Right? If continental drift took several months to get the
continents to near their present locations, they would have been
moving under 2 miles per hour. Long runout underwater landslides
move much faster than that when they move horizontally on the
seafloor. Don't they? If they moved too slowly, friction would
quickly stop them. Right? Same with continents. Moving too
slowly, the friction would not allow them to move so far.
- So, for those reasons, Mike Fischer's and Baumgardner's
suggestions for the sequence of catastrophes seems most
reasonable to me. Baumgardner implied that a large body orbited
the Earth 5 or 6 times during the Flood on a long ellipse, which
raised very high tsunamis once a month laying down sediment
deposits each month with unconformities between them. Fischer
puts the impact, continental drift and mountain uplift a few
centuries after the Flood, when plants and animals have had time
to repopulate the Arctic and then drift movement toward the pole
resulted in the sudden freezing. If drift had taken a few months
time, animals would have had time to leave the Arctic before the
continents moved into the bitter cold region. Am I overlooking
something important?
- By the way, Gordon, your info about climate being universally
warm from the Cambrian down to the early Pleiocene, after which
seasons set in, seems very significant. I'm glad to know about
that.
____________________Postby webolife » Mon Apr 04, 2016 2:33 am
- From Cambrian UP to the Pleistocene.
- I'm ok with the Madagascar impact suggestion, but I wasn't the
one who made it. The months long drift episode works for me,
although I'm friendly toward additional small "spurts" of drift
after the main flood events; the other timelines don't fit well
in my model.
- The friction issue is problematic, but speed doesn't help the
problem, rather exacerbates it I think. There are too many
unknowns to feasibly evaluated the various theories, even for
standard continental drift timelines... we have a
fingernail-growth slow rate today, due most reasonably to
"braking" friction. How things happened before that [and how
fast] is conjectural... I'm happy with the several months.
__SEAFLOOR MAGNETIC STRIPING
Webpage: Fossil Magnetism Reveals Rapid Reversals of the Earth's
Magnetic Field:
HTML https://answersingenesis.org/astronomy/earth/fossil-magnetism-reveals-rapid-reversals-of-earth-magnetic-field/.<br
/>Since Continental Drift occurred during the Great Flood and
largely caused it, the magnetic reversals on the seafloors must
have occurred rapidly too ...
__OROGENY & VULCANISM
- The idea that vulcanism occurred after the flood subsided, 5
months after the impact, is interesting. I suppose with all the
heat built up from the continental sliding, vulcanism and
mountain uplift and subsidence would have been natural. ...
====================postby Lloyd » Thu Mar 31, 2016 10:47 pm
__OROGENY CENTURIES AFTER THE FLOOD
- The Great Flood
In the thread, Archaeological Find Challenges Standard Geology
at
HTML http://www.thunderbolts.inf
o/forum/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=16219&p=112560#p112559
- Gordon, Oard says there are 3 Creationist theories about the
endpoint of the Great Flood:
1. Permian/Precambrian; 2. Cretaceous/Tertiary; 3. End of
Cenozoic. Do you agree with #3?
- I'd like to have a handier way to represent all of the "time
periods" in the geological column. So, starting at the top, I'd
like to refer to the Cenozoic as 1, Mesozoic: 2, Paleozoic: 3,
Proterozoic: 4, Archean: 5, Hadean: 6. The divisions I then
number as 1a Quatenary, 1b Tertiary, 2a Cretacious, 2b Jurassic,
2c Triassic, 3a Permian, 3b Carboniferous, 3c Devonian, 3d
Silurian, 3e Ordovician, 3f Cambrian, 4a Precambrian.
Conventional dates are:
1: 0-2Myr; 66M; 2: 144M; 208M; 245M; 3: 286M; 320M; 360M; 408M;
438M; 505M; 4: 570M etc.
- Oard says the 2nd school of thought thinks "Cenozoic strata
would be post-Flood" and it accepts the "dam-breach hypothesis
for the origin of the Grand Canyon" in the late Cenozoic. "Great
tectonic uplift occurred during the Cenozoic ... the post-Flood
period". He adds that it provides no evidence for uplift being
post-Flood, but I think there's great evidence for that, which
I'll get to below.
- But first I have another question. I think you said you don't
think Noah's ark necessarily landed on Mt. Ararat, but may have
landed near it. In that case the mountains could have uplifted
later. Could they not?
- Here's my thinking on why mountains must have uplifted a few
centuries after the flood, which I partly discussed earlier in
this thread. Mammoths and other mammals froze very abruptly in
the Arctic and the likeliest cause was rapid continental drift,
which moved the northern continents northward into the Arctic.
Many mammoths and other animals and trees seem to have been
washed into the Arctic Ocean by a flood that swept over Siberia,
probably due to the continental drift. The drift was most likely
caused by a huge impact off east Africa, which provided the
horizontal compressive forces necessary to uplift mountains.
Grand Lake and Hopi Lake formed during the continental drift
event during mountain uplift and they drained catastrophically
sometime later, forming the Grand Canyon.
____________________Postby webolife » Sat Apr 02, 2016 1:09 am
- Agreements... Most of Oard.
- Cenozoic sometime around the Pliocene/Pleistocene. Remember
that a stratum is not directly indicative of an exact time
relationship, but of event. Prior to sometime in the Pliocene
all fossils down to the Cambrian indicate a tropical or
subtropical clime, afterward, we see diverse climate divisions,
indicative of a line of demarcation between evidence of a
pre-flood world and the world which followed, due to what I dare
to presume was a geologically rapid change in both the
atmosphere and the topography. The arctic was not climatically
identifiable prior to this time as indicated by the warm weather
fossils found in the upper latitudes. It developed later.
Continents drifting northward, which is likely, encountered
colder climes than in its original position. This may very well
have initiated the rapid cooling that started the glaciation and
froze some of the mammoths.
"Harar" used after the flood description probably indicates
mountain ranges, and Ararat is derived from that term. That
being said, the mountain ranges arose in connection with the
drift, but it is virtually certain that volcanoes rose up after
the mountain ranges.
- Flaws...
- Using terms like "most likely" for something which is pure
speculation.
Assuming that drift [and therefore orogeny] occurred sometime
after the flood, rather than during or in the end times of the
flood. This, if presumed to have happened in a relatively short
time-frame, would have resulted in more cataclysmic deformation
and transformation of the earth than the flood it was alleged to
have followed.
__TIAHUANACO. [During Supercontinent Breakup] Titicaca, at
12,000 feet altitude, is the highest navigable lake in the
world. 4,000 years ago Titicaca was on sea level. At 11,500
feet, a whitish streak runs along the side of the mountain range
for over 300 miles, composed of the calcified remains of marine
plants, formerly on the seashore. In fact, many lakes up in the
Andes region are completely salt. A watermark of salt along the
Titicaca lake shore now runs at an angle to the water level. On
the beach of this lake high in the mountains, there are
seashells as well as traces of seaweed. Even today, various sea
creatures (including sea horses) survive in the lake. Only a few
intermediate surf lines can be detected, so the elevation could
not have proceeded gradually.
-Traces of a sizeable city lie at the southern side of the lake.
Of 400 acres of ruins, only about ten percent have been
excavated. endless agricultural terraces, now abandoned, rise as
high as 18,400 feet above sea level, and continue up under the
snow. Such an abundance of cornfields must have supported a huge
population. After the disaster, the populace lay buried in
gullies that had become mass graves, covered by silt.
-The remains of an ocean quay is known as the Puma Punka, near
the stadium of Tiahuanaco. One of the construction blocks from
which the pier was fashioned weighs an estimated 440 tons. One
wharf is big enough to take hundreds of ships.
-The Subterranean Temple, the Kalasasaya [and] the Akapana are
precisely oriented to the cardinal directions of the PRESENT
DAY. Tiahuanaco’s buildings are not oriented to the pre-Flood
axis, but are exactly oriented to the compass points of today’s
post-2345 BC world, with its new axial tilt. The depictions
among the ruins of Tiahuanaco of numerous now extinct animals
are readily explainable.
-The construction and use of reed boats on Lake Titicaca are
identical to the reed boats of ancient Egypt. Many of the
building blocks in Tiahuanaco are held together by large copper
clamps shaped like an I. Others (now dismantled) were held
together by silver rivets, similar to the Egyptian ruins on
Elephantine Island on the Nile. Copper trepanning instruments of
Tiahuanaco (for opening the cranium) were identical to those
used by the Egyptians – as were the methods used! They point to
direct contact between Tiahuanaco and ancient Egypt, as
contemporary civilizations. A French engineer came upon an
ancient carved rock hidden by dense jungle close to a river,
which recorded the journey of an early Egyptian priest to what
is now Bolivia (the land of Tiahuanaco). The inscription gave
directions to silver and gold mines.
-Mountain Forming Witnessed. Various tribes of the Americas
witnessed new mountains being raised and others flattened (Karl
Brugger, The Chronicle of Akakor. 1977). A recent example was
during an earthquake off the northern tip of Sumatra on December
26, 2004, the sea bottom in the Straits of Malacca uplifted
almost 4,000 feet in only about 3 minutes. The depth was cut
from 4,060 feet to 105 feet (Star newspaper, Kuala Lumpur,
January. 13, 2005, quoting a report in the shipping journal
Portsworld). Sonar images from British navy ship HMS Scott
showed the massive uplift of a large area 10 kilometres wide and
up to 1.5 kilometres high (4,800 feet plus).
_4) =========================Postby Lloyd » Wed Dec 16, 2015
7:45 pm
__NO OROGENY WITH GREAT FLOOD
Gordon, are you open to the possibility, as Mike Fischer
concludes, that mountain uplift and the Ice Age did not occur
till a few hundred years after the Great Flood? The deaths of
Arctic animals by sudden freezing, due to continental drift
moving two continents near to the north pole, and causing
mountain uplift at the same time, seems to require that the
Flood, which deposited nearly all of the fossil-bearing strata,
occurred enough time earlier for the animals to have repopulated
the Arctic region while it was still warm. I know you say Noah
was said to have witnessed mountain uplift, but could that have
been minor hills, or conflation of stories?
_4) =========================Postby Lloyd » Fri Nov 27, 2015
1:08 pm
__SUMMARY
... The Asteroid Bombardment caused the breakup of the
Supercontinent and the rapid movement of the continents apart to
near their present positions. The movement of continents largely
caused the Great Flood tsunamis. The Great Flood caused
Extinctions and Fossil formation. The slowing of Continental
Drift by friction caused Mountain Uplift and Vulcanism. Receding
Flood waters caused massive Erosion and the heated oceans caused
evaporation and snowfall at higher latitudes, which was
Glaciation in the one and only Ice Age.
_4) FOREWORD
OVERVIEW
I think the following is a rather objective analysis of others'
findings on Solar System Chronology.
. Origin.
The Earth and the Moon are of indeterminate ages.
>6k. Supercontinent.
A collision with an asteroid partly formed a supercontinent on
Earth and possibly also formed the Moon over 6,000 years ago.
The land had no mountains. Earth was shrouded in a much thicker
atmosphere.
>6k. Precambrian Strata.
A close encounter with the Moon or an asteroid caused tsunamis
that formed pre-Cambrian sedimentary rock strata on the Earth
without fossils, also over 6,000 years ago.
6k+. Life.
Life originated on Earth at least 6,000 years ago. Dinosaurs
dominated the supercontinent. The climate on the supercontinent
centered on the equator was warm.
5k. Great Flood.
A close encounter with a large body caused tsunamis that formed
sedimentary rock strata about a mile thick containing fossils on
the supercontinent about 5,000 years ago. Many large meteors
impacted the Earth. The dinosaurs were mostly wiped out. Much of
the atmosphere was lost.
5-4.5k. Mammals.
The supercontinent became dominated by large mammals after the
flood.
4.5k. Conflagration.
Large meteors hit the Yucatan, Hudson Bay and possibly Siberia.
They caused a conflagration and deposited ash and glass debris
about 4,500 years ago.
4.4k. Supercontinent Breakup.
A very large meteor hit the supercontinent north of Madagascar
about 4,400 years ago. The impact broke it apart and the
continents slid over the Moho layer to near their present
positions in a short time. This flooded large areas and killed
most of the large mammals. The northern continents were pushed
north and Antarctica south into freezing climates. Mountains and
volcanoes formed on the continents.
4.4-. Ice Age.
Volcanoes and hurricanes put a lot of dust in the air, which
cooled the air and caused precipitation of heavy rain and snow.
Glaciation covered much of Europe and North America. This lasted
a few hundred years.
4.4-4.2k. Resettlement.
Humans migrated and started bronze-age civilizations in Sumer,
Egypt, India, China and possibly Brazil about 4,200 years ago.
Myths and religions commemorated the former Golden Age.
>6k-4.4k. Golden Age.
Venus, Mars and Earth were planets of Saturn until about 4,400
years ago, when the system destabilized and broke up, causing
major impacts on Earth, the Moon and other bodies.
_4) GEOLOGY BACK TO THE DRAWING BOARD
Good news and bad news: the bad news is that society has been
increasingly corrupted by corporate profit-making and
exploitation, using fraud and other deception.
This Catastrophic Geology is not based on Religious Beliefs. The
U.S. started out as a place to practice the Christian ideal of
sharing love for all and that has never gone away, but it has
come to have much less influence on the public. The Christian
ideal was never very pure though either, as it was mixed with
irrational fear of God instead of being pure love. Now corporate
greed has become the dominant influence in the U.S. Not that
profit-making is a bad thing; it isn't. Some, like John Stossel,
say greed is a good thing. That's shallow thinking.
Profit-making isn't greed, but is merely meeting one's needs.
Greed is an addiction to wanting more than one needs, which
results in shortages and thus makes it harder for others to meet
their own needs.
Nearly all our institutions have become corrupted by corporate
greed, even including science and health care. Since the purpose
of "everything" has become to make maximum corporate profit,
instead of to help everyone, a great deal of fraud has entered
into these institutions. The good news is that we now have an
opportunity to re-evaluate all of the claims of the
institutions, find and highlight all of the fraudulent claims
and move forward with new findings that will benefit all.
In this paper I will start with re-examining the history of the
solar system. The history of health care, politics and economics
would probably have more immediate benefit for the public, but
I'll write about that later. Better understanding of the history
of the solar system should have benefits for the public as well,
since it should lead to better means for humanity to colonize
space, i.e. the rocky bodies in space.
The first space work priority should be protecting Earth from
asteroid and meteor impacts and cleaning up near space so
satellites and spacecraft can orbit Earth or travel away from
Earth without colliding with space junk. Next should be setting
up bases on the Moon and then on Mars, and later inside
asteroids, comets and other moons. Later, Venus should be made
habitable by causing some icy asteroids to crash onto it. Earth
itself can also harbor a lot more life in the Arctic and
Antarctic and on the oceans and even in near space.
- By the way, the Bible very likely is wrong about some things,
although the errors may be mostly innocent transcriber errors.
But it's apparently not very wrong about the Great Flood. It may
be wrong or misunderstood about Noah's Ark.
2. Sedimentary Rock Strata & Fossil Formation.
Religious geologists in the 1800s probably had naive ideas about
the Great Flood. The Bible gives the impression that constant
heavy rain for 40 days caused the flood and the waters calmly
rose up until they overtopped the highest mountains and all the
land creatures drowned.
- More recent religious geologists have come up with much better
ideas. The flood was more likely caused by tsunamis and the
tsunamis were likely caused by a large asteroid or the Moon
coming close enough to Earth to cause huge tidal waves for
several months. And tall mountains likely did not exist yet, so
the tsunamis did not need to be so high.
- An amateur religious geologist friend says that the Bible
mentions that "matar" fell during the flood and he thinks the
matar means meteors and the fountains of the deep were meteor
splashes in the oceans.
- If the flood waters rose calmly just from rain and maybe
underground waters, the sedimentary rock strata and fossils
would not be well explained, but if tsunamis caused the flood,
that would explain the strata and fossils very well. The
tsunamis would have brought mud and sand from the continental
margins onto the land, burying animals and plants and forming
strata containing fossils.
- Antibiblical geologists are now stuck with the most
implausible arguments for strata and fossil formation. They must
imagine there were some mountains of pure sand, other mountains
of pure clay and others of pure lime, that took turns eroding
away so as to deposit in broad, shallow seas first, e.g. a
stratum of sand that became sandstone, then a stratum of lime
that became limestone, then a stratum of clay that became shale
or mudstone, and repeating that process numerous times, with
each stratum taking thousands of years to form, usually without
mixing with any of the other mountain erosion materials. This
slow sedimentation was somehow supposed to bury all of the
organisms that are now fossils. They solve the problem by
ignoring it and seldom mentioning it. I'll go into details later
in section [1-2c].
__Get pictures of strata__
#Post#: 219--------------------------------------------------
GLACIAL CATACLYSM - Chapman
By: Admin Date: October 23, 2017, 9:10 am
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Glacial Cataclysm
HTML http://www.readbag.com/chapmanresearch-pdf-glacial-cataclysm
Granitic and sedimentary rocks … were dredged up from the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge from a depth of 3,600 ft. They exhibited deep
scratches and striations similar to those stones in “drift”
formations commonly attributed to glacial action. However, in
the same area there were found “some loosely consolidated mud
stones”.... Together with many other geological and topographic
formations on the bed of the Atlantic these mud stones were
formed not underwater but in the open air, and must … date from
a time when that portion of the ocean floor was above sea level.
Firstly, numerous marine shells, often of currently-existing
species, lie at high elevations on several islands in Arctic
Canada. They should have been pulverised had ice-sheets ever
crept across those territories, for in no instance do they
appear to have been deposited where they are now found since
alleged Ice Age times.
Secondly, among the most telling details in this category are
the numerous enclaves of unglaciated territory within regions
which, glacialists long argued, supposedly lay under thick,
continuous ice-sheets, not once but on several successive
occasions.
… Initially it might be considered reasonable to expect the end
of an Ice Age to herald warmer conditions, but widespread
investigations have shown that the reverse actually happened:
temperatures generally fell as the effects attending the
termination of the Younger Dryas episode were experienced
globally. Sea-surface temperatures, for example, dropped in the
North Atlantic, in the western North Pacific, in the South China
Sea and even in the tropical Sulu Sea between the Philippines
and northern Borneo, where marine cores indicate a “pronounced
cooling of surface waters during Younger Dryas times” in tandem
with an increased summer monsoonal regime in central China. Late
Pleistocene sediments in deep-sea cores obtained from the bed of
the central North Atlantic contain the remains of planktonic
foraminifera, which collectively exhibit faunal patterns [that]
show a former mixing of top and bottom ocean-water layers ten
times faster that the speed … of glacial and interglacial
episodes.... [Similar patterns were found in cores from the
Caribbean basin.] … Effects of changes like these were
widespread [as] around Hudson Bay, across Atlantic Canada and in
the northeastern USA, and occurred even as far south as South
America and Antarctica.
Particularly interesting and certainly perplexing is the
well-established fact that many allegedly glaciated hills and
mountains in the northern hemisphere are scored and striated
from top to bottom on their northern sides only. In North
America this remarkable condition is quite common. … Of further
relevance is the fact that deposits of gravel and other “drift”
materials sometimes occur only on the northern and north-western
flanks of hills, in some instances showing every indication of
having been actually plastered up against the hillsides with
great force. Many cases of this occur on both sides of the
Atlantic. In Labrador, for example, “erratic” boulders have been
rammed into hillsides apparently with much violence.
Large “erratic” boulders in the Sahara Desert, on the
Mongolian plains, and in subtropical Uruguay constitute a
parallel anomaly. And when it is discovered that it is possible
to produce rock striae like those usually attributed to ice
action by such dissimilar agents as drift-sand, fast-moving
[flows from volcanoes], snow, mudslides and high pressure
grit-charged steam, we are obliged to seriously question.
The carapace of a tortoise twenty feet long was found [in the
Siwalik Hills north of Delhi]. The Etephas ganesa an elephant
species found [there], had tusks about fourteen feet long and
over three feet in circumference.
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