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       #Post#: 43--------------------------------------------------
       TB/IMPACTS
       By: Admin Date: January 23, 2017, 11:02 am
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       3. Impacts
       « on: January 22, 2017, 09:43:24 pm »
       =3. NCGT AUTHOR SAYS BLOWOUTS, NOT CRATERS
       The Atlantic and its bordering continents, p. 45
       NCGT #64 September, 2012. www.ncgt.org
       As can be seen from Fig.9b, the Yucátan region of southern
       Mexico is located at around the intersection of the inferred
       deep mantle section of the Benioff belt and the Caribbean-North
       American tectonic boundary. Within the wrench tectonics
       paradigm, this tectonic junction would form a natural escape
       route for upper mantle gases and volatiles. Hence, during the
       Alpine tectonic revolution, when left-lateral displacement along
       the Motagua-Cayman Trough seems to have been at its peak, the
       tectonic motions are likely to have generated significant
       hydrostatic pressure increase in the regional asthenosphere
       giving rise to gas blow-outs at the intersection of the two
       major fracture zones. Therefore, the major Chicxulub Crater of
       northern Yucatan, dating from around the K/T boundary, is likely
       to represent a kind of pressure valve for release of
       ‘over-pressured’ mantle gas. It is important to stress that
       cratering – along with volcanism, tectonism, biological
       catastrophes etc. – is commonly observed at geological time
       boundaries. In other words, cratering seems intimately
       associated with the tectonic pulses building up Earth history
       (see also below).
       -----
       _3) [1-2b] - 5 MONTH BOMBARDMENT - 5 MONTH BOMBARDMENT -
       ASTEROID BOMBARDMENT - 7. ASTEROID BOMBARDMENT
       __5 MONTH BOMBARDMENT
       - Can you explain though how Earth could get hit by asteroids
       for 5 months? Did the Earth move through the asteroid belt? ...
       __5 MONTH BOMBARDMENT
       ... I believe a large planetoid or comet came into tidal
       proximity to the earth causing widespread upheaval and accretion
       of mass to the earth in the form of the "matar" -- the Chicxulub
       was just one of many; in my imagination, the body would have
       broken up and send bits tumbling to earth.
       =========================Postby Lloyd » Sun Nov 08, 2015 3:35 pm
       - Asteroid Bombardment
       - Webb said: Astroblemes ... can be associated stratum by
       stratum with the geologic column from the Cambrian forward ...
       [but none] in the Pre-Cambrian
       - It would be good to have a table of astroblemes with
       coordinates and strata locations. Here's a list in French:
  HTML http://www.astrosurf.com/luxorion/impactlistecrateres2.htm.
       =========================Postby Lloyd » Sun Nov 08, 2015 6:34 pm
       __ASTEROID BOMBARDMENT
       - Looks like this site may be the best list online of global
       astroblemes etc:
  HTML http://www.wondermondo.com/Best/World/ListImpactCraters.htm.
       It
       shows Ages attributed to each crater, which I assume means what
       strata they are located in. I looked through the numbers a bit
       and they seem to cover a long period of Ages, which I think
       means most of the sedimentary strata on the continents, as
       Gordon said.
       _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Postby webolife» Sun Nov 08, 2015
       9:31 pm
       - The list does include some Precambrian aged sites, which is
       convenient since in my scenario, the initial "matar" impacts
       would have been on the "Precambrian" pre-flood supercontinent.
       ... long epochs are the backbone of the standard model, yet
       virtually all the [non-existent] evidence for them lies in the
       hiatus between otherwise conformable strata!
       _4) [1-3] The Supercontinent Breakup & Orogenesis
       __IMPACT: GULF OF MEXICO
       - Would you like to discuss the opening of the Gulf of Mexico
       more? I took a train ride from California to San Antonio, TX and
       from there north a couple weeks ago. I mostly noticed that
       mountain ranges were somewhat parallel to the Rio Grande at
       least from New Mexico through southern Texas.
       _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Postby webolife» Sat Nov 07, 2015
       4:55 pm
       I visualize the Gulf of Mexico as an astrobleme, although it is
       not a requirement of my earth history. By relation the Chicxulub
       event must have happened subsequently, since it overlaps the rim
       of the Gulf "crater". Putting the continents back together as
       Pangea, the gulf area is near in the central rift area of the
       opening of the fountains of the deep. I've heard the sky as deep
       or ocean theme but disagree with it. The fact of the "matar" or
       meteors/asteroids/planetoids or whatever is that we find them
       [their astroblemes] associated with every major stratum, so it
       is natural to expect they occurred the whole time of the
       flooding depositional sequence
       __YOUNGER DRYAS
       --------------------Postby Grey Cloud » Sat Dec 12, 2015 5:56 pm
       ... Just been watching this:
  HTML http://cosmictusk.com/an-extraordinary-podcast-on-the-ydb-event-hancock-and-carlson-on-joe-rogan
       - The cosmictusk site which I've only recently come across
       majors on the Younger Dryas. Lot of interesting geological stuff
       in the video. Well worth the watch IMO even if it's only to
       disagree with.
       __WORLD CONFLAGRATION
       - C.Smith, I took a very short peek at the Kloosterman paper so
       far, and it's intriguing. It looks like a conflagration was
       world-wide, instead of just mostly in North America and Europe.
       Rick Firestone and others have been finding there was an impact
       that likely caused that conflagration, but they haven't
       mentioned it being worldwide, that I know of. But this paper
       talks about the same soot layer and the same time period of
       about 12,000 years ago. I think those datings are way off; they
       should be about 4,000 years ago, I guess.
       __IMPACT
       - Something Hit the Earth (See
  HTML http://newgeology.us
       )
       AXIS RECOVERY (4,355 YEARS): summer solstices at Stonehenge,
       Amen Ra, Eodoxus show an exponential curve of recovery of the
       earth’s axis after a sudden change. The earth’s axis had once
       been almost upright, but it had suddenly changed to a 26½
       degrees tilt, from which it had been wobbling back to its
       present mean tilt of 23½ degrees (Science Magazine, May 15,
       1970). Dodwell concluded that something "struck" the earth at
       that time, 2345 BC.
       =========================Postby Lloyd » Wed Nov 04, 2015 9:51 pm
       __IMPACT
       ... Jonathan Gray ... mentioned that the Earth appeared to have
       gotten hit by something some 4,000 years ago, which moved its
       axis from 90 degrees, the vertical axis position, to 26 1/2
       degrees less than 90 and which has more gradually come back to
       its present position of 23 1/2 degrees less than 90. I don't
       think Gray mentioned what might have hit the Earth at that time,
       but that's where Mike Fisher comes in with his newgeology.us
       site. He determined what did hit us and where and how big it was
       and that it broke up the supercontinent, producing rapid
       continental drift. Webb has said that rapid continental drift
       took some months to move the continents to near their present
       positions, but Fisher says it took only 26 hours [&] occurred
       about 10,000 years ago ...
       __IMPACT
       Lloyd, Think i've read where you were proposing a cataclysmic
       impact east of Madagascar ?
       Here is a "recently published" gravity map of the Indian Ocean
       from new satellite data. Obviously their time frames and
       tectonic dynamics are center -mainstream, but the image detail
       is impressive.
  HTML http://eoimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/images/imagerecords/87000/87276/triplejunction_gis_2014_lrg.png
       article-
  HTML http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=87276&src=eoa-iotd
       --------------------Postby Grey Cloud » Wed Jan 20, 2016 7:40 pm
       Grey Cloud has read many native American stories, N,S and
       Central; many of them flood stories, many of them sunken
       (is)land stories; many of them etiological; none had dates. Grey
       Cloud also recalls that very many of these peoples did not
       originate anywhere near where they resided in historical times
       or the present. e.g (off the top of my head) the Apache are said
       to have originated somewhere near the 46th(?) parallel. Way up
       north anyway. Grey Cloud has much respect for Gitche Manitou,
       Tirawa, Wakan Tanka and all the rest. Grey Cloud's nickname is
       not entirely frivolous.
       And lest we forget, the Americas form a large part of the
       world's surface but they are not all of it so even if all the N
       American stories related to the same event it would still not
       prove a global deluge.
       Lovely story from the Lenape there. Creation myth with
       destruction myth tagged on the end, similar to the Sumerian.
       Lots of motifs common to creation myths generally, e.g. 4
       pillars (grandfathers, four elements and their associations (so
       much for Empedocles inventing them according to the experts),
       world carried on the back of a turtle as per India (and Terry
       Pratchett).
       P.S. The Skidi/Pawnee are a personal favourite.
       --------------------Postby Roshi » Fri Jan 22, 2016 3:39 am
       China even has a date for the great flood:
  HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Flood_%28China%29
       The Great Flood of Gun-Yu, also known as the Gun-Yu myth
       (traditional Chinese: 洪水),[1] was a major flood
       event that continued for at least two generations, which
       resulted in great population displacements among other
       disasters, such as storms and famine. People left their homes to
       live on the high hills and mounts, or nest on the trees.[2]
       According to mythological and historical sources, it is
       traditionally dated to the third millennium BCE, during the
       reign of Emperor Yao.
       It was during the reign of Emperor Yao that the Great Flood
       began, a flood so vast that no part of Yao's territory was
       spared, and both the Yellow River and the Yangtze valleys
       flooded.[7] The alleged nature of the flood is shown in the
       following quote:
       “ Like endless boiling water, the flood is pouring forth
       destruction. Boundless and overwhelming, it overtops hills and
       mountains. Rising and ever rising, it threatens the very
       heavens. How the people must be groaning and suffering!
       Even a map:
       A depiction of the system of the zhou, or "islands" (now
       reinterpreted as "provinces"), a system which Shun is credited
       with developing as a tool to allow political administration of a
       territory with ongoing flooding making normal communications
       impossible, although the number and locations of zhou have
       varied over time
       And an interesting painting of Nuwa and Fuxi:
  HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anonymous-Fuxi_and_N%C3%BCwa.jpg
       --------------------Postby Grey Cloud » Tue Feb 23, 2016 6:58 pm
       __IMPACT
       - From
  HTML http://cosmictusk.com/wp-content/uploads/Screenshot-2016-01-26-20.51.45.png
       - Molleson, Theya. “The Ordinary Neolithic People of Abu
       Hureyra.” Fresh Fields and Pastures New: Papers Presented in
       Honor of Andrew MT Moore (2016): 187:
  HTML https://www.scribd.com/doc/295110080/16/The-Ordinary-Neolithic-People-of-Abu-Hureyra
       - It's about an asteroid or comet impact.
       __DATING CRATERS
       2. I just read that the rim of Wolfe Creek Crater in Australia,
       I think, and the rim of Mare Imbrium on the Moon both have high
       thorium content. I assume the thorium was transmuted from a more
       common element during thermonuclear explosion during impacts.
       ... I don't know if thorium is common in many, most, or all
       impact crater rims.
       =========================Postby Lloyd » Sun Dec 27, 2015 11:01
       pm
       __PRE-FLOOD YEAR
       The Corpse Came Back: Secrets of that Forgotten World after the
       Great Disaster, by Jonathan Gray
  HTML https://books.google.com/books?id=vvjcyeEzyG8C
       p. 84 PYRAMID AND STONEHENGE MYSTERIES SOLVED
       The ancient world surveyors had more on their minds than the
       earth's energy grid. - The calendar had to be re-calculated. The
       ancient calendars, you see, had the year at 360 days long. - It
       is from this number that is obtained the division of a circle,
       and the earth being divided into 360 degrees. - The ancient
       Chinese calendar was a 12-month year of 30 days each. -
       Babylonian records likewise show a year of 12 months of 30 days
       each. The old star maps had the sun moving through a path
       divided into 36 sections, each 10 days long. - The earliest
       Romans also had a year of 360 days. Plutarch, in his life of
       Numa, declared that in the time of Romulus the year was composed
       of twelve 30 day months. - The Mayan year (called a "tun") was
       of 360 days. - The Aryabhaitya, an ancient Indian work on
       mathematics and astronomy, says: "A year consists of 12 months.
       A month consists of 30 days. A day consists of 60 nadis. A nadi
       consists of 60 vinadikas." - The original Egyptian year was
       likewise 360 days long, according to the Ebers Papyrus.
       =========================Postby Lloyd » Sun Dec 27, 2015 2:58 pm
       __POST-FLOOD YEAR
       post-Flood 365¼ day year, and NOT the pre-Flood 360 day year.
       The ancient Chinese, Babylonian, Roman, Mayan, Indian and
       Egyptian calendars were 360 days long. But later, every nation
       changed its calendar.
       This website seems to be a good source for those as well as for
       related Bible passages:
  HTML http://360dayyear.com/
       --------------------Postby Grey Cloud » Fri Dec 18, 2015 7:23 pm
       __EARTH'S TILT
       A point I meant to pick up on from one of your earlier posts -
       the Earth's tilt. I agree that the Earth gained its tilt due to
       one of these incidents. (This seems to be taken as a given in
       Hermetic Philosophy). I think we may disagree as when this was.
       I can't find your comment but I recall it as referring or
       alluding to something biblical(?). Anyway, I'm thinking of the
       alignments of various ancient constructions to particular points
       in the sky or on the horizon. Would not these alignments be off
       if the tilt had occurred after they were built/erected?
       _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Postby webolife» Mon Dec 21, 2015
       9:10 pm
       __EARTH'S TILT
       I generally agree with your points here. I definitely believe
       that the tilting event occurred before the monuments were built,
       and relate this to the biblical record of the flood event. As a
       starting point, prior to the flood seasons were marked
       specifically by reference to the stars and moon; but after the
       flood seasons were declared to be climate/weather related,
       suggestive that the tilting event was in conjunction with the
       events of the flood year.
       --------------------Postby Grey Cloud » Wed Dec 23, 2015 9:24 am
       __KT BOUNDARY
       essay by geologist Han Kloosterman:
  HTML http://cosmictusk.com/wp-content/uploads/Kloosterman-Usselo-Article.pdf
       --------------------Postby seasmith » Wed Dec 23, 2015 4:26 pm
       Grey Cloud, Good find indeed. Sir Hoyle's timeline, backed up by
       his pedigree in astronomy, has always seemed a very reasonable
       perspective to me; and your cited paper by Hans Kloosterman
       certainly reaffirms the impression.
  HTML http://cosmictusk.com/wp-content/uploads/Kloosterman-Usselo-Article.pdf
       thank you Rens too...
       __SUPERCONTINENT BREAKUP
       - SHOCK DYNAMICS
       =========================Postby Lloyd » Tue Dec 08, 2015 8:47 pm
       __SUPERCONTINENT BREAKUP
       - High Speed Continents. Gordon said: I have difficulty
       accepting the friction-free mechanism of the SD. Gordon, have
       you read up on long runout underwater landslides that Mike
       referenced? Why would that not apply to sliding continents? Mike
       said a similar long runout landslide was seen on Mars. And why
       could not the continents have slid on the Moho layer? Charles
       says that layer is plasma about one meter thick. Wouldn't plasma
       be nearly frictionless? Charles says racetrack playa rocks also
       slide due to electrical levitation of the rocks during windy
       episodes. Those are very low friction events. In my last reply
       to Mike I asked what it is, if anything, that might make it
       impossible that the continents could have moved apart in more
       than 26 hours. So I hope to find out if he has a strong argument
       for that or not.
       __CONTINENTAL DRIFT
       [the drift episode], which I take to be 5 months based on the
       record. It is funny to hear you describe the 5 months as too
       slow!! And besides, the biblical record directly states that the
       period of the "matar" ended at the 150 day mark. I don't think
       you can be so confident about the lack of friction in the Moho,
       and sheer inertia considerations stretch the imagination to
       accept your speeds. The slowing of the drift toward the end, due
       to the friction that also produced the Andes and Rockies, etc.
       is consistent with the formation of the volcanic chains after
       the uplift. The hot spot under the Hawaiian chain is also
       consistent with the Pacific being squeezed from both sides
       during the drift event.
       __- 6. CONTINENTAL DRIFT
       LK: Do you agree with Walter Brown's Hydroplate theory as the
       explanation for rapid continental drift?
       I don't see much plausibility for the underground chambers of
       water. Do you?
       GW: I taught from a standard text written back in the late 70s
       that made the claim that enough water is outgassed in volcanic
       eruptions to account for all of the world's oceans. I've been
       influenced by that statement, and can go with chambers or levels
       or layers or fissures/vents from the mantle or any other means
       by which water may have erupted out. But in my flood view, the
       water that already existed in the early seas is practically
       sufficient to have done the flood work via tsunami-type action.
       LK: I don't think it would be possible for underground chambers
       of water to exist 10 miles down, because the rock is plastic,
       according to the Kola borehole findings. It became too plastic
       to drill through at 7 miles. I guess things could've been
       different before the flood.
       Brown's Hydroplate theory explains continental drift as
       underground water chambers ten miles deep caving in and the
       pressure blowing out at the ocean ridges, which were previously
       part of the supercontinent.
       CC: I don't see the evidence of large amounts of water coming
       out of the mid-ocean ridges.
       LK: Gordon, have you done or seen calculations that support the
       Hydroplate theory?
       - Do you agree with Brown's idea about underground chambers
       filled with water that caved in and sprayed water and rock
       through the spreading centers?
       - What's wrong with Fisher's theory that continental drift
       occurred within a 26 hour period?
       - If continental drift took 5 months, the continents would have
       moved at only 1 mph or less. Where would the force be applied to
       the continents for that lengh of time?
       GW: I'm intrigued by it [Hydroplate theory?]. It would fit my
       model well if further confirmed. I'm not requiring the cave-ins
       but it's a good idea. I go with inertia after the initial
       drift-ignition event, Friction and inertia in some mix after
       that.
       CC: I go with Fischer's theory of an impact that generated the
       momentum. I also favor rapid mountain building, instead of
       gradualism, just because one cannot say that the crust is oh so
       plastic, and then say that mountains could have been gradually
       built up -- if the crust was that plastic, the leveling process
       would have kept up with the mountain building, so clearly, the
       moutain building was on a faster pace.
       GW: Good point, it is also for this reason I don't believe
       subduction is required to explain boundary mountains and
       trenches.
       CC: I have a totally different idea of subduction. I don't think
       (like the mainstream) that the oceanic crust is falling because
       it is cooler -- it's actually warmer than the mid-ocean ridges.
       But I don't go with the "all over in an instant" model of
       Fischer's. Rather, I think that the impact event got things
       moving, but then I think that each earthquake in the subduction
       zone causes the next one. The energy sources that heat up the
       crust result in expansion. When traction is re-established after
       the rupture, the cooling then exerts a tensile force on the
       crust, pulling it toward the fault. This is why the rifts form
       in the back arcs.
       LK: CC, have you written anything yet about earthquakes during
       the continental drift event?
       CC: Do you mean in the initial event (i.e., Fischer's "bad day
       in Madagascar" event)?
       LK: I mean during the entire episode of continental drift,
       mostly the Americas moving from Africa and Europe to about 3,000
       miles west.
       CC: No, I haven't treated that at all -- I think that Fischer
       has the right bacic idea, and until/if/when I've done a great
       deal more studying, I couldn't expect to improve on his work. I
       just don't think that it was all over in 26 hours -- I think
       that the initial impact got things going, but then the
       heating/cooling process at the faults helped keep things going.
       LK: So the earthquakes you were talking about above are the
       current ones that do very minor continental drifting.
       CC: Yes -- it's just a couple of centimeters at a time for a
       "normal" earthquake, is that right, Gordon?
       GW: Yes, Charles, with some noteable exceptions: the
       quake/tsunami in Japan, the quake tsunami in Indonesia, the 1964
       Anchorage quake/tsunami, et.al.
       CC: OK, so I can see how the momentum, which when averaged out
       is just millimeters per year, could have been initiated by an
       impact event. But I don't believe that the event could have
       accelerated the continents to the speed that Fischer says, nor
       do I see what could have brought them to such an abrupt stop.
       LK: I like Mike's explanation of fluidization as being involved.
       He said it's like landslides along continental slopes, where the
       rock slides horizontally for long distances [on the seafloor].
       GW: I'm dubious on fluidization as the mechanism... heat
       increases friction and vice-versa. Am I just plain wrong about
       heat and friction?
       Regardless, I believe that friction between the cont plate and
       ocean plates of the Pacific caused the slowdown and the
       mountain/trench building orogenies.
       LK: Heat reduces friction and there may be ionization too.
       - Gordon, that's what Mike says too, that friction is what
       caused the continents to slow down and heat up, causing mountain
       building.
       CC: In my model, the lithosphere slides on a frictionless Moho,
       which is a thin (1 meter) layer of supercritical fluid, which is
       compressible, and frictionless. So tectonic motion doesn't
       require mantle plumes, nor the energy sufficient to fight
       friction at the crust/mantle boundary.
       [LK: Mike referred to the Moho too.]
       **CC: But this doesn't mean that the continents could have
       shifted thousands of kilometers in a day in my model. Mountains
       have roots, and moving the continents rapidly WOULD have forced
       friction. So in my model, electric currents in the Moho keep it
       molten (or rather, supercritical), but when mountain roots start
       pressing against the mantle, the tectonic motion has to wait for
       the electric currents to melt the rock. (I'll elaborate on that
       if you want.)
       GW: Mountain roots are originating at the same time as the
       buildup, due to isostasy.
       CC: Yes, but what I'm saying is that irregularities in the
       underside of the crust match up with complementary
       irregularities in the mantle. Then, for plate shifting to occur,
       one and/or the other has to undergo deformation. My problem with
       that is that it would take more energy than seems available. So
       I'm saying that the Moho is 1 meter thick, and hot enough to be
       supercritical. And it has an electric current in it. If plate
       shifting occurs, the irregularities don't match up quite so
       well, and that 1-meter gap gets reduced. The bad news is that
       the crust starts to run the risk of "running aground" as it
       shifts on the mantle.
       [LK: You mean running aground during the major continental drift
       event?
       CC: No -- I'm talking about the minor events, as we see today.]
       The good news is that the reduced gap forces more electric
       current through a smaller area, which produces more heat. So
       suppose there used to be a consistent 1-meter gap between the
       crust and the mantle. But then the crust shifted. Now the
       irregularities (e.g., mountain roots) result in there being only
       a 1/2 meter gap between the crust and the mantle. But then that
       heats up, and melts the rock, re-establishing the gap, and
       preventing the [ship-wise] "grounding".
       LK: Charles, wouldn't the supercontinent have had a root in the
       mantle with the Moho between them there too?
       GW: ??why?
       CC: Yes.
       LK: So if a water chamber were down there, it wouldn't blow out
       at the thicker part of the supercontinent, would it? Or wasn't
       it so thick? Did there have to be a weakness in the
       supercontinent for the Americas to split off?
       GW: But due to the aplasticity of the crust the mountainforming
       "front" end is also more brittle, with many fissures and faults,
       thus we see the subsequent formation of the volcanic chains at
       those locations. Thicker but weaker, that's why I noted above
       that the roots are of the same nature as the mountains, with the
       notable difference that due to the same forces you are referring
       to much melting is occuring there, producing magmas and the like
       which extrude into the weak upper crust.
       CC: Hang on right there...
       I also have a totally different idea on volcanoes. I don't think
       that high pressure magma can get forced up through cracks in the
       crust. Rather, I think that cracks in the crust, which are
       common around faults due to the inelastic deformation, enable
       electric currents. A microfracture just 1 nano-meter wide can
       drop the electrical resistance of granite, from over 2
       mega-ohms, down to about 300 olms. The result is an electric
       current, and then can melt the rock, due to ohmic heating. And
       I'm convinced that such electric currents, between the surface
       and the Moho (or at least between the ground table and the Moho)
       are what open up magma tubes. If it were not for that, there
       wouldn't be the concentration of heat into a tubelike structure
       that could create such a vent, since heat propagates outward
       radially. And high-pressure rock is a fair thermal conductor.
       (Cooler rock is a poor conductor.) But what we're seeing is a
       vertical shaft, from the Moho to the surface. This is not a
       characteristic of thermodynamics, but it IS a characteristic of
       electric currents.
       - The significance of this is huge. Take the worst case scenario
       -- Yellowstone. There is no known way to prevent volcanic
       eruptions, much less at supervolcanoes. But what if it is an
       electric current that is generating the heat to pressurize the
       magma chamber? All we have to do is go about 100 km away, and
       drill a bore hole about 5 km deep, which will attract all of the
       telluric currents in the area, because it will fill up with
       highly conductive ground water. With no electric currents
       flowing through the magma chamber at Yellowstone, it will cool
       down, and eventually freeze over -- problem solved. A bore hole
       5 km deep would cost about 20 million dollars to drill, which is
       within reach for humankind. So there's a practical way to
       prevent a mass extinction event.
       GW: I'm not concerned so much with the mechanism; what you are
       saying is plausible. But the geography shows that generally
       volcanoes form not in the heights of the mount ranges [some
       exceptions] but on the lowland adjacent to the ranges
       CC: Volcanoes occur where there is crustal deformation. I'm
       saying that the deformation creates the microfractures that
       enable the flow of electric currents. So under a given stress,
       it would make sense that the mountains do not undergo
       deformation, since they're thicker. A rigid material will always
       fail where it is thinnest. So the crust next to the mountains
       gets the deformation.
       GW: I'm ok with that explanation.
       CC: BTW, I'm saying that this is the same mechanism that causes
       earthquakes -- tectonic pressure causes crustal buckling, and
       then currents can flow through the microfractures. The current
       heats the crust, which causes more tectonic pressure, which
       increases the buckling. Thus it's a positive feedback loop,
       resulting in a rapid increase in pressure, which causes the
       rupture. The surface heating prior to the rupture cannot be
       explained as deformation, since it's elastic.
       ====================postby Lloyd » Sat Apr 02, 2016 9:37 pm
       __CONTINENTAL DRIFT CENTURIES AFTER THE GREAT FLOOD
       - Continental Drift During Or Long After the Flood?
       - Gordon, I think you stated earlier on this thread that an
       unusually large impact off east Africa caused months-long rapid
       continental drift, which caused the Great Flood and mountain
       uplift during the latter phase of the Flood. Is this correct?
       - But weren't there a lot of plants and animals, including
       mammoths, suddenly frozen in the Arctic after the Flood? How
       could they have survived in the Arctic during and shortly after
       the Flood? Why would the Flood not have drowned all of them and
       buried them under sediment? And would it not have taken a few
       centuries for life to return to the Arctic after the Flood?
       - Do you agree that the Flood had to occur on the
       supercontinent, before it split up, because the rock and fossil
       types on opposite shores of the Atlantic Ocean match up well? If
       the Flood had occurred after continental drift ended, the rock
       and fossil types on opposite shores would not line up well at
       all. Right? If continental drift took several months to get the
       continents to near their present locations, they would have been
       moving under 2 miles per hour. Long runout underwater landslides
       move much faster than that when they move horizontally on the
       seafloor. Don't they? If they moved too slowly, friction would
       quickly stop them. Right? Same with continents. Moving too
       slowly, the friction would not allow them to move so far.
       - So, for those reasons, Mike Fischer's and Baumgardner's
       suggestions for the sequence of catastrophes seems most
       reasonable to me. Baumgardner implied that a large body orbited
       the Earth 5 or 6 times during the Flood on a long ellipse, which
       raised very high tsunamis once a month laying down sediment
       deposits each month with unconformities between them. Fischer
       puts the impact, continental drift and mountain uplift a few
       centuries after the Flood, when plants and animals have had time
       to repopulate the Arctic and then drift movement toward the pole
       resulted in the sudden freezing. If drift had taken a few months
       time, animals would have had time to leave the Arctic before the
       continents moved into the bitter cold region. Am I overlooking
       something important?
       - By the way, Gordon, your info about climate being universally
       warm from the Cambrian down to the early Pleiocene, after which
       seasons set in, seems very significant. I'm glad to know about
       that.
       ____________________Postby webolife » Mon Apr 04, 2016 2:33 am
       - From Cambrian UP to the Pleistocene.
       - I'm ok with the Madagascar impact suggestion, but I wasn't the
       one who made it. The months long drift episode works for me,
       although I'm friendly toward additional small "spurts" of drift
       after the main flood events; the other timelines don't fit well
       in my model.
       - The friction issue is problematic, but speed doesn't help the
       problem, rather exacerbates it I think. There are too many
       unknowns to feasibly evaluated the various theories, even for
       standard continental drift timelines... we have a
       fingernail-growth slow rate today, due most reasonably to
       "braking" friction. How things happened before that [and how
       fast] is conjectural... I'm happy with the several months.
       __SEAFLOOR MAGNETIC STRIPING
       Webpage: Fossil Magnetism Reveals Rapid Reversals of the Earth's
       Magnetic Field:
  HTML https://answersingenesis.org/astronomy/earth/fossil-magnetism-reveals-rapid-reversals-of-earth-magnetic-field/.<br
       />Since Continental Drift occurred during the Great Flood and
       largely caused it, the magnetic reversals on the seafloors must
       have occurred rapidly too ...
       __OROGENY & VULCANISM
       - The idea that vulcanism occurred after the flood subsided, 5
       months after the impact, is interesting. I suppose with all the
       heat built up from the continental sliding, vulcanism and
       mountain uplift and subsidence would have been natural. ...
       ====================postby Lloyd » Thu Mar 31, 2016 10:47 pm
       __OROGENY CENTURIES AFTER THE FLOOD
       - The Great Flood
       In the thread, Archaeological Find Challenges Standard Geology
       at
  HTML http://www.thunderbolts.inf
       o/forum/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=4&t=16219&p=112560#p112559
       - Gordon, Oard says there are 3 Creationist theories about the
       endpoint of the Great Flood:
       1. Permian/Precambrian; 2. Cretaceous/Tertiary; 3. End of
       Cenozoic. Do you agree with #3?
       - I'd like to have a handier way to represent all of the "time
       periods" in the geological column. So, starting at the top, I'd
       like to refer to the Cenozoic as 1, Mesozoic: 2, Paleozoic: 3,
       Proterozoic: 4, Archean: 5, Hadean: 6. The divisions I then
       number as 1a Quatenary, 1b Tertiary, 2a Cretacious, 2b Jurassic,
       2c Triassic, 3a Permian, 3b Carboniferous, 3c Devonian, 3d
       Silurian, 3e Ordovician, 3f Cambrian, 4a Precambrian.
       Conventional dates are:
       1: 0-2Myr; 66M; 2: 144M; 208M; 245M; 3: 286M; 320M; 360M; 408M;
       438M; 505M; 4: 570M etc.
       - Oard says the 2nd school of thought thinks "Cenozoic strata
       would be post-Flood" and it accepts the "dam-breach hypothesis
       for the origin of the Grand Canyon" in the late Cenozoic. "Great
       tectonic uplift occurred during the Cenozoic ... the post-Flood
       period". He adds that it provides no evidence for uplift being
       post-Flood, but I think there's great evidence for that, which
       I'll get to below.
       - But first I have another question. I think you said you don't
       think Noah's ark necessarily landed on Mt. Ararat, but may have
       landed near it. In that case the mountains could have uplifted
       later. Could they not?
       - Here's my thinking on why mountains must have uplifted a few
       centuries after the flood, which I partly discussed earlier in
       this thread. Mammoths and other mammals froze very abruptly in
       the Arctic and the likeliest cause was rapid continental drift,
       which moved the northern continents northward into the Arctic.
       Many mammoths and other animals and trees seem to have been
       washed into the Arctic Ocean by a flood that swept over Siberia,
       probably due to the continental drift. The drift was most likely
       caused by a huge impact off east Africa, which provided the
       horizontal compressive forces necessary to uplift mountains.
       Grand Lake and Hopi Lake formed during the continental drift
       event during mountain uplift and they drained catastrophically
       sometime later, forming the Grand Canyon.
       ____________________Postby webolife » Sat Apr 02, 2016 1:09 am
       - Agreements... Most of Oard.
       - Cenozoic sometime around the Pliocene/Pleistocene. Remember
       that a stratum is not directly indicative of an exact time
       relationship, but of event. Prior to sometime in the Pliocene
       all fossils down to the Cambrian indicate a tropical or
       subtropical clime, afterward, we see diverse climate divisions,
       indicative of a line of demarcation between evidence of a
       pre-flood world and the world which followed, due to what I dare
       to presume was a geologically rapid change in both the
       atmosphere and the topography. The arctic was not climatically
       identifiable prior to this time as indicated by the warm weather
       fossils found in the upper latitudes. It developed later.
       Continents drifting northward, which is likely, encountered
       colder climes than in its original position. This may very well
       have initiated the rapid cooling that started the glaciation and
       froze some of the mammoths.
       "Harar" used after the flood description probably indicates
       mountain ranges, and Ararat is derived from that term. That
       being said, the mountain ranges arose in connection with the
       drift, but it is virtually certain that volcanoes rose up after
       the mountain ranges.
       - Flaws...
       - Using terms like "most likely" for something which is pure
       speculation.
       Assuming that drift [and therefore orogeny] occurred sometime
       after the flood, rather than during or in the end times of the
       flood. This, if presumed to have happened in a relatively short
       time-frame, would have resulted in more cataclysmic deformation
       and transformation of the earth than the flood it was alleged to
       have followed.
       __TIAHUANACO. [During Supercontinent Breakup] Titicaca, at
       12,000 feet altitude, is the highest navigable lake in the
       world. 4,000 years ago Titicaca was on sea level. At 11,500
       feet, a whitish streak runs along the side of the mountain range
       for over 300 miles, composed of the calcified remains of marine
       plants, formerly on the seashore. In fact, many lakes up in the
       Andes region are completely salt. A watermark of salt along the
       Titicaca lake shore now runs at an angle to the water level. On
       the beach of this lake high in the mountains, there are
       seashells as well as traces of seaweed. Even today, various sea
       creatures (including sea horses) survive in the lake. Only a few
       intermediate surf lines can be detected, so the elevation could
       not have proceeded gradually.
       -Traces of a sizeable city lie at the southern side of the lake.
       Of 400 acres of ruins, only about ten percent have been
       excavated. endless agricultural terraces, now abandoned, rise as
       high as 18,400 feet above sea level, and continue up under the
       snow. Such an abundance of cornfields must have supported a huge
       population. After the disaster, the populace lay buried in
       gullies that had become mass graves, covered by silt.
       -The remains of an ocean quay is known as the Puma Punka, near
       the stadium of Tiahuanaco. One of the construction blocks from
       which the pier was fashioned weighs an estimated 440 tons. One
       wharf is big enough to take hundreds of ships.
       -The Subterranean Temple, the Kalasasaya [and] the Akapana are
       precisely oriented to the cardinal directions of the PRESENT
       DAY. Tiahuanaco’s buildings are not oriented to the pre-Flood
       axis, but are exactly oriented to the compass points of today’s
       post-2345 BC world, with its new axial tilt. The depictions
       among the ruins of Tiahuanaco of numerous now extinct animals
       are readily explainable.
       -The construction and use of reed boats on Lake Titicaca are
       identical to the reed boats of ancient Egypt. Many of the
       building blocks in Tiahuanaco are held together by large copper
       clamps shaped like an I. Others (now dismantled) were held
       together by silver rivets, similar to the Egyptian ruins on
       Elephantine Island on the Nile. Copper trepanning instruments of
       Tiahuanaco (for opening the cranium) were identical to those
       used by the Egyptians – as were the methods used! They point to
       direct contact between Tiahuanaco and ancient Egypt, as
       contemporary civilizations. A French engineer came upon an
       ancient carved rock hidden by dense jungle close to a river,
       which recorded the journey of an early Egyptian priest to what
       is now Bolivia (the land of Tiahuanaco). The inscription gave
       directions to silver and gold mines.
       -Mountain Forming Witnessed. Various tribes of the Americas
       witnessed new mountains being raised and others flattened (Karl
       Brugger, The Chronicle of Akakor. 1977). A recent example was
       during an earthquake off the northern tip of Sumatra on December
       26, 2004, the sea bottom in the Straits of Malacca uplifted
       almost 4,000 feet in only about 3 minutes. The depth was cut
       from 4,060 feet to 105 feet (Star newspaper, Kuala Lumpur,
       January. 13, 2005, quoting a report in the shipping journal
       Portsworld). Sonar images from British navy ship HMS Scott
       showed the massive uplift of a large area 10 kilometres wide and
       up to 1.5 kilometres high (4,800 feet plus).
       _4) __CHRONOLOGY
       - Chronology: Here's another version of an updated chronology
       that I posted on the Earth History thread.
       *(k means thousand years ago)
       1. (...k) Solar System formation string from imploding nebular
       filament
       2. (15k) Supercontinent formation from soft DiMoon collision
       2a. Biosphere proliferation in ideal climate
       2b. Advancement of Civilization
       3. (12k) Saturn Flare from impact in Kuyper belt
       4. (6k) Asteroid Belt formation from Aster collision
       5. (5k) Saturn System encounter with Jupiter
       5a. Saturn Subplanets dispersal
       6. (4.4k) Asteroid Belt crossing (5 months)
       6a. Asteroids bombardment of Earth, Moon & Mars
       6b. Rapid Continental sliding
       6c. Inner and outer Mountain Ranges formation
       6d. Vulcanism in outer mountain ranges
       6e. Flood Basalts in India, Siberia & Washington
       6f. Great Flood tsunamis (5 months)
       7. (4.4k) Ice Age (few hundred years)
       8. (4.3k) Ancient Ice Age Map making
       8a. Civilization rebuilding
       9a. (4.2k) Scablands flooding
       9b. Grand Canyon formation by lakes draining
       __MIKE FISCHER'S CHRONOLOGY
       - The Letter to Shock Dynamics
       (
  HTML http://www.newgeology.us/presentation30.html)
       - The Site's Main Points from "When did it happen?"
       ... major phase of uplift in the Pliocene-Pleistocene occurred
       over a short time primarily due to compression by Shock Dynamics
       ca. 9,500 B.C.
       - 1. Before the Flood, Earth's atmosphere was dense, so many
       creatures grew to gigantic sizes
       - 2. Dinosaurs occupied most of the protocontinent while people
       and other animals lived in Mesopotamia or East Antarctica
       - 4. There was much sand and mud around the edges of the
       protocontinent and East Antarctica
       - 3. Then a long swarm of meteorites of all sizes struck the
       Moon and Earth for forty days, causing rain and loss of much
       atmosphere
       - 5. During the Flood tsunamis deposited sediment from the
       continental shelf onto the protocontinent
       - 6. As atmospheric pressure fell much calcium carbonate
       precipitated from the sea water, forming thick sedimentary rock
       with fossils
       - 7. "Paleozoic" creatures living near sea shores were buried
       first.
       - 8. "Mesozoic" creatures that could escape inland were buried
       second.
       - 10. Survivors of the Flood landed in Mesopotamia and spread
       out on the flat protocontinent
       - 11. There were only 360 days in a year before the Flood.
       - 9. After the Flood the Chicxulub meteorite hit Mexico,
       spreading iridium and shocked quartz over the protocontinent
       - 12. A giant meteorite impact north of what is now Madagascar
       divided the protocontinent into the continents and islands
       - 13. It raised all the mountain chains, and initiated global
       volcanism
       - 14. "Cenozoic" large mammals & others were buried and
       fossilized
       - 15. Much of the continental crust moved away from the equator
       and toward the poles
       - 16. Atmospheric moisture and volcanic and impact dust led to
       cooling and extensive rain and snow fall, glaciation
       - 17. Civilization was rebuilt such as along the newly formed
       Nile River
       - 18. Meteor impacts produced the dust on the Moon
       - My Comments. I found Chapman's Glacial Cataclysm at:
  HTML http://www.yumpu.com/en/document/view/31204066/glacial-cataclysm-chapmanresearch.<br
       />Do you know if that's the same? It seemed like it was
       attributing a lot of evidence for glaciation to the Great Flood
       or something. Why do you suggest that the cataclysms occurred
       11,500 BP and earlier? It seems that the Flood occurred almost
       4,400 BP.
       - In listing your points, I rearranged a couple of items. I put
       4 before 3 because 4 refers to the supercontinent situation
       before 3's meteor swarm arrived. And I put 9 after 10 and 11,
       because Chixulub occurred after the Great Flood in your model.
       - 1. Regarding #1, it may be worthwhile to explain that a dense
       atmosphere would have made dinosaurs and other megafauna much
       more buoyant, so their muscles would have been strong enough to
       move them around, and pterodachtyls would have been able to
       stand on their pencil-thin legs.
       - 2. Human footprints and fossils in dinosaur strata in the U.S.
       Southwest seem to indicate that humans lived among dinosaurs to
       some extent.
       - 4. I think shale makes up over 50% of sedimentary strata,
       sandstone 25% and limestone the rest. According to Noah’s Flood:
       The Key to Correct Interpretation of Earth History (by
       Baumgardner & others) at
  HTML http://www.socalsem.edu/2015/08/09/noahs-flood-the-key-to-correct-interpretation-of-earth-history/<br
       />tsunamis 2,500 m high caused by tidal pulses could have produc
       ed
       enough cavitation along continental margins to produce all of
       the sediments needed. It suggests that the 5 megasequences of
       rock strata could have been deposited during monthly tidal
       pulses between the 6 unconformities bordering the megasequences.
       Snelling, on the other hand, seems to agree with your idea of
       sand and mud coming up from the seafloor via smaller tsunamis, I
       guess. But I presume both processes would have been involved.
       - 3. Gordon says the Hebrew word, "matar", probably meant
       "meteors" and they occurred during the entire 5 months of the
       Great Flood. This reminded me of the part of the Saturn Theory
       that says Earth was a satellite of Saturn and it drifted away
       from Saturn and then crossed the Asteroid belt before arriving
       at its present orbit. I thought maybe the 5 month meteor
       bombardment may have occurred when Earth crossed the Asteroid
       belt. I thought that might be when the Ice Age occurred, when
       Earth moved from the Asteroid belt to within the orbit of Mars.
       Before that its atmosphere may have been thick enough to prevent
       much cooling. However, it looks like the Ice Age had to occur
       some time after the Great Flood, as you say. There seems to be
       something to the Saturn Theory, because the ancients said Saturn
       was the god at the north pole, the pole star, and that Saturn
       was the first Sun etc.
       - 5. seems probable re sedimentation; plus my comments on #4.
       - 6. seems probable re lime from seawater; I didn't know that,
       but Gordon may have been aware of that.
       - 7&8. seem probable re sequence of "Paleozoic" & "Mesozoic"
       creatures' burials.
       - 10. seems possible re Survivors landing in Mesopotamia. Saturn
       Theory says a lot of phenomena in ancient myths were celestial
       events, rather than terrestrial. There were plasma phenomena
       seen in the sky that looked like people and animals etc. So it's
       hard to tell if Noah's ark was celestial or also terrestrial.
       - 11. seems possible re 360 days in a year before the Flood.
       That doesn't seem important as yet, but it could be.
       - 9. seems possible re Chicxulub meteorite hitting after the
       Flood. I'd like to know more of your evidence for that.
       - 12. seems very probable re SD impact and rapid continental
       drift. Maybe you need a video to address the issue of why the
       popular Creationist theory of rapid CD is inferior to the SD
       model. I guess you might have to suppress your idea of the Great
       Flood occurring before 11,500 BP in order to get Creationists to
       consider your model.
       - 13. seems probable re SD causing mountain uplift and
       volcanism, but I thought that all occurred during the Great
       Flood, because the sediments would have been soft, so the strata
       could fold without breaking, as seen in many mountain strata. If
       the mountain uplift happened long after the Great Flood, would
       the strata still have been soft? Or do you think the strata were
       softened by heating during the SD event? If so, do you have much
       evidence for that? I bet Gordon would know something about that.
       - 14. seems plausible re "Cenozoic" animals fossilized during
       the SD event in crumbly strata.
       - 15. seems probable re SD pushing some continents toward the
       poles.
       - 16. seems probable re evaporation & glaciation. Gordon says
       secondary erosion and sedimentation occurred after mountain
       uplift.
       - 17. seems probable re civilization rebuilding along the Nile
       etc, but much later, i.e. ca. 4,300 BP.
       - 18. seems probable re meteor impacts making the dust on the
       Moon.
       - Regarding Ice Age Mammals. I think you should briefly explain
       how you differ from Oard. He seems to say that the Arctic Ocean
       kept the nearby surrounding land warm for a few centuries,
       during which the animals got trapped there as the climate
       gradually got colder, whereas you seem to say that all of the
       lands were warmer until the SD event, which moved some of the
       land north into freezing conditions, and the animals succumbed
       right away instead of gradually.
       - You said, "If we use the elephant life-cycle as a model, a 13
       year doubling rate (starting with 2 mammoths) would produce a
       population at least as large as that which was buried." Did you
       show the figures anywhere? I think it's worth showing them. 300
       years / 13 years/generation = 23 generations. 2^23 > 8 million.
       - Regarding Tektites. You call it the largest strewnfield
       (covering the Indian Ocean to Australia), but doesn't that refer
       to the present size of it? When the tektites fell (before India,
       Southeast Asia, Australia etc moved away from Africa), the field
       would have been much smaller. Shouldn't you mention that?
       - The Mechanism of Impacts. Here are some of Charles'
       discussions on impacts etc:
  HTML http://qdl.scs-inc.us/?top=4741-4760-5079-9454-10997-12982-10607-10753-10962.<br
       />He says impacts are usually thermonuclear explosions. He did d
       o
       a paper on meteoric air bursts at
  HTML http://qdl.scs-inc.us/?top=7662.
       He and Gordon consider 26 hours
       way too short a time for the continents to have moved to near
       their present locations. What convinced you that the continents
       took only 26 hours to complete their journeys, instead of a
       longer period of time? It makes sense to me because of the great
       reduction in friction that you explain. Actually, there may have
       been even less friction, since the Moho layer is likely plasma,
       so the movements would have been like maglev with the continents
       levitating on the Moho. One of Charles' papers explains why the
       Moho is likely plasma, only about a meter thick.
       - Your model says the Shock Dynamics meteor came in at about a
       30 degree angle (going from west to east over Africa and landing
       north of Madagascar). Normally, one would think that the
       momentum would be transferred only in the forward direction to
       the pieces that became India, southeast Asia, Australia and New
       Zealand. But Charles' model explains why the momentum would be
       transferred in all horizontal directions. It's because the
       impact produced a thermonuclear explosion. He explains that all
       that's needed for such an explosion is extreme heat and extreme
       pressure, both of which a fast moving meteor provides. So I
       think readers may be able to understand that better (momentum
       transferred west toward Africa and the Americas as well as to
       the north and east) if it's compared to throwing a hand grenade
       or other kind of bomb.
       - Supercontinent Breakup. I think it would help if your model
       could explain why the Americas broke away from Africa and
       Europe, instead of at least Africa moving westward as well. I
       think Gordon suspects that a tidal force from another large body
       weakened the supercontinent along that rift line. Charles thinks
       the supercontinent was possibly torn off of the Moon long ago,
       because of the similarity in rock composition between the
       supercontinent and the Moon. So I thought maybe ocean water may
       have gotten trapped under the supercontinent, which could have
       weakened the crust in a way similar to Walter Brown's Hydroplate
       model. I admit, however, that it doesn't seem probable that much
       water should have gotten trapped, since a ball shape meeting
       another ball shape should move almost all fluids to the side.
       Eurasia didn't break apart, so why did Africa and the Americas?
       What would most likely have weakened the crust there between
       them?
       =========================Postby Lloyd » Thu Dec 24, 2015 12:10
       am
       __GEOCHRONOLOGY
       I'm working on a sort of paper on this at
  HTML http://qdl.scs-inc.us/?top=4741-4759-6813-6226-9754-18209-18211.
       CC on Planets (Earth Features since Formation):
  HTML http://qdl.scs-inc.us/?top=6199
       CC on Electric Orbits (Titius-Bode Law):
  HTML http://qdl.scs-inc.us/?top=15369
       Geochronology, Part 1 (Mythic Record):
  HTML http://saturniancosmology.org/files/thoth
       Geochronology, Part 2 (CC on Supercontinent):
  HTML http://qdl.scs-inc.us/?top=15407
       Geochronology, Part 3 (Great Flood):
  HTML https://www.socalsem.edu/2015/08/09/noahs-flood-the-key-to-correct-interpretation-of-earth-history/
       Geochronology, Part 4 (Post Flood Catastrophes):
  HTML http://www.icr.org/article/4788/385
       _4) =========================Postby Lloyd » Wed Dec 16, 2015
       7:45 pm
       __NO OROGENY WITH GREAT FLOOD
       Gordon, are you open to the possibility, as Mike Fischer
       concludes, that mountain uplift and the Ice Age did not occur
       till a few hundred years after the Great Flood? The deaths of
       Arctic animals by sudden freezing, due to continental drift
       moving two continents near to the north pole, and causing
       mountain uplift at the same time, seems to require that the
       Flood, which deposited nearly all of the fossil-bearing strata,
       occurred enough time earlier for the animals to have repopulated
       the Arctic region while it was still warm. I know you say Noah
       was said to have witnessed mountain uplift, but could that have
       been minor hills, or conflation of stories?
       _4) =========================Postby Lloyd » Fri Nov 27, 2015
       1:08 pm
       __SUMMARY
       ... The Asteroid Bombardment caused the breakup of the
       Supercontinent and the rapid movement of the continents apart to
       near their present positions. The movement of continents largely
       caused the Great Flood tsunamis. The Great Flood caused
       Extinctions and Fossil formation. The slowing of Continental
       Drift by friction caused Mountain Uplift and Vulcanism. Receding
       Flood waters caused massive Erosion and the heated oceans caused
       evaporation and snowfall at higher latitudes, which was
       Glaciation in the one and only Ice Age.
       _4) FOREWORD
       OVERVIEW
       I think the following is a rather objective analysis of others'
       findings on Solar System Chronology.
       . Origin.
       The Earth and the Moon are of indeterminate ages.
       >6k. Supercontinent.
       A collision with an asteroid partly formed a supercontinent on
       Earth and possibly also formed the Moon over 6,000 years ago.
       The land had no mountains. Earth was shrouded in a much thicker
       atmosphere.
       >6k. Precambrian Strata.
       A close encounter with the Moon or an asteroid caused tsunamis
       that formed pre-Cambrian sedimentary rock strata on the Earth
       without fossils, also over 6,000 years ago.
       6k+. Life.
       Life originated on Earth at least 6,000 years ago. Dinosaurs
       dominated the supercontinent. The climate on the supercontinent
       centered on the equator was warm.
       5k. Great Flood.
       A close encounter with a large body caused tsunamis that formed
       sedimentary rock strata about a mile thick containing fossils on
       the supercontinent about 5,000 years ago. Many large meteors
       impacted the Earth. The dinosaurs were mostly wiped out. Much of
       the atmosphere was lost.
       5-4.5k. Mammals.
       The supercontinent became dominated by large mammals after the
       flood.
       4.5k. Conflagration.
       Large meteors hit the Yucatan, Hudson Bay and possibly Siberia.
       They caused a conflagration and deposited ash and glass debris
       about 4,500 years ago.
       4.4k. Supercontinent Breakup.
       A very large meteor hit the supercontinent north of Madagascar
       about 4,400 years ago. The impact broke it apart and the
       continents slid over the Moho layer to near their present
       positions in a short time. This flooded large areas and killed
       most of the large mammals. The northern continents were pushed
       north and Antarctica south into freezing climates. Mountains and
       volcanoes formed on the continents.
       4.4-. Ice Age.
       Volcanoes and hurricanes put a lot of dust in the air, which
       cooled the air and caused precipitation of heavy rain and snow.
       Glaciation covered much of Europe and North America. This lasted
       a few hundred years.
       4.4-4.2k. Resettlement.
       Humans migrated and started bronze-age civilizations in Sumer,
       Egypt, India, China and possibly Brazil about 4,200 years ago.
       Myths and religions commemorated the former Golden Age.
       >6k-4.4k. Golden Age.
       Venus, Mars and Earth were planets of Saturn until about 4,400
       years ago, when the system destabilized and broke up, causing
       major impacts on Earth, the Moon and other bodies.
       _4) GEOLOGY BACK TO THE DRAWING BOARD
       Good news and bad news: the bad news is that society has been
       increasingly corrupted by corporate profit-making and
       exploitation, using fraud and other deception.
       This Catastrophic Geology is not based on Religious Beliefs. The
       U.S. started out as a place to practice the Christian ideal of
       sharing love for all and that has never gone away, but it has
       come to have much less influence on the public. The Christian
       ideal was never very pure though either, as it was mixed with
       irrational fear of God instead of being pure love. Now corporate
       greed has become the dominant influence in the U.S. Not that
       profit-making is a bad thing; it isn't. Some, like John Stossel,
       say greed is a good thing. That's shallow thinking.
       Profit-making isn't greed, but is merely meeting one's needs.
       Greed is an addiction to wanting more than one needs, which
       results in shortages and thus makes it harder for others to meet
       their own needs.
       Nearly all our institutions have become corrupted by corporate
       greed, even including science and health care. Since the purpose
       of "everything" has become to make maximum corporate profit,
       instead of to help everyone, a great deal of fraud has entered
       into these institutions. The good news is that we now have an
       opportunity to re-evaluate all of the claims of the
       institutions, find and highlight all of the fraudulent claims
       and move forward with new findings that will benefit all.
       In this paper I will start with re-examining the history of the
       solar system. The history of health care, politics and economics
       would probably have more immediate benefit for the public, but
       I'll write about that later. Better understanding of the history
       of the solar system should have benefits for the public as well,
       since it should lead to better means for humanity to colonize
       space, i.e. the rocky bodies in space.
       The first space work priority should be protecting Earth from
       asteroid and meteor impacts and cleaning up near space so
       satellites and spacecraft can orbit Earth or travel away from
       Earth without colliding with space junk. Next should be setting
       up bases on the Moon and then on Mars, and later inside
       asteroids, comets and other moons. Later, Venus should be made
       habitable by causing some icy asteroids to crash onto it. Earth
       itself can also harbor a lot more life in the Arctic and
       Antarctic and on the oceans and even in near space.
       - By the way, the Bible very likely is wrong about some things,
       although the errors may be mostly innocent transcriber errors.
       But it's apparently not very wrong about the Great Flood. It may
       be wrong or misunderstood about Noah's Ark.
       2. Sedimentary Rock Strata & Fossil Formation.
       Religious geologists in the 1800s probably had naive ideas about
       the Great Flood. The Bible gives the impression that constant
       heavy rain for 40 days caused the flood and the waters calmly
       rose up until they overtopped the highest mountains and all the
       land creatures drowned.
       - More recent religious geologists have come up with much better
       ideas. The flood was more likely caused by tsunamis and the
       tsunamis were likely caused by a large asteroid or the Moon
       coming close enough to Earth to cause huge tidal waves for
       several months. And tall mountains likely did not exist yet, so
       the tsunamis did not need to be so high.
       - An amateur religious geologist friend says that the Bible
       mentions that "matar" fell during the flood and he thinks the
       matar means meteors and the fountains of the deep were meteor
       splashes in the oceans.
       - If the flood waters rose calmly just from rain and maybe
       underground waters, the sedimentary rock strata and fossils
       would not be well explained, but if tsunamis caused the flood,
       that would explain the strata and fossils very well. The
       tsunamis would have brought mud and sand from the continental
       margins onto the land, burying animals and plants and forming
       strata containing fossils.
       - Antibiblical geologists are now stuck with the most
       implausible arguments for strata and fossil formation. They must
       imagine there were some mountains of pure sand, other mountains
       of pure clay and others of pure lime, that took turns eroding
       away so as to deposit in broad, shallow seas first, e.g. a
       stratum of sand that became sandstone, then a stratum of lime
       that became limestone, then a stratum of clay that became shale
       or mudstone, and repeating that process numerous times, with
       each stratum taking thousands of years to form, usually without
       mixing with any of the other mountain erosion materials. This
       slow sedimentation was somehow supposed to bury all of the
       organisms that are now fossils. They solve the problem by
       ignoring it and seldom mentioning it. I'll go into details later
       in section [1-2c].
       __Get pictures of strata__
       « Last Edit: January 22, 2017, 10:23:53 pm by Admin »
       #Post#: 229--------------------------------------------------
       Re: TB/IMPACTS
       By: Admin Date: April 22, 2018, 1:40 pm
       ---------------------------------------------------------
       Study suggests Earth's water was present before impact that
       caused creation of the moon
  HTML https://phys.org/news/2018-03-earth-impact-creation-moon.html
       Rare metals on Mars and Earth implicate colossal impacts
  HTML https://phys.org/news/2018-03-rare-metals-mars-earth-implicate.html
       Study: diamonds in meteorite may indicate a lost planet that
       once roamed our solar system [4.55Gya]
  HTML https://wattsupwiththat.com/2018/04/17/study-diamonds-in-meteorite-may-indicate-a-lost-planet-that-once-roamed-our-solar-system/
       Meteorite impacts may have created Earth's tectonic plates
  HTML https://www.sott.net/article/362866-Meteorite-impacts-may-have-created-Earths-tectonic-plates
       Huge impact crater discovered near the Falklands Islands
  HTML https://www.sott.net/article/350255-Huge-impact-crater-discovered-near-the-Falklands-Islands
       Large ancient impact event discovered in Southeast Asia
  HTML https://www.sott.net/article/373055-Large-ancient-impact-event-discovered-in-Southeast-Asia
       The Dino-Killing Asteroid Impact Also Created A Stunningly
       Beautiful Geological Masterpiece
  HTML https://www.forbes.com/sites/robinandrews/2018/02/26/the-dino-killing-asteroid-impact-also-created-an-stunningly-beautiful-geological-masterpiece
       Scientists say dinosaurs would've survived if the asteroid
       struck just seconds later
  HTML https://www.sott.net/article/350975-Scientists-say-dinosaurs-would-ve-survived-if-the-asteroid-struck-just-seconds-later
       (Actually, large dinosaurs would have died anyway, because Earth
       lost atmosphere from the impacts that made large animals partly
       buoyant. See e.g. Ted Holden's data.)
       Earth is impacted by meteors often
  HTML https://www.sott.net/article/353002-Earth-is-impacted-by-meteors-often
       'Chicxulub impact event produced huge sulfur cloud that plunged
       world into ice age'
  HTML https://www.sott.net/article/366264-Scientists-Chicxulub-impact-event-produced-huge-sulfur-cloud-that-plunged-world-into-ice-age
       Yellowstone supervolcano threat theory 'demonstrably false' -
       USGS expert to RT [I agree; the supervolcanoes erupted about
       5,000 years ago due to the Shock Dynamics impact]
  HTML https://www.sott.net/article/369999-Yellowstone-supervolcano-threat-theory-demonstrably-false-USGS-expert-to-RT
       Origin of Gold: Was it asteroid impact or some mysterious
       particle?
  HTML http://www.ibtimes.sg/origin-gold-asteroid-impact-mystery-mysterious-particle-latest-finding-history-science-20778
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