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       5..5 Megasequences
       By: Admin Date: November 9, 2022, 7:51 pm
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       MEGASEQUENCES
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       __STRATA FORMATION
       7. The geologic column is said to be the complete sedimentary
       rock record, from the basement granite rock to the most recent
       strata at the top.
       7a. The complete geologic column is said to exist in 24 large
       basins worldwide on the continents.
       7b. Basins are theorized to have formed from large meteor
       impacts. The deepest basin is possibly at the Caspian Sea, which
       is over 20 km deep, filled with sedimentary rock strata. Other
       basins are also fairly deep.
       8. Sedimentary rock strata cover about 75% of the continents, I
       think, and average about a mile thick. Some limestone, such as
       along the Gulf of Mexico, is 7 km or so thick, like in many
       basins as well.
       9. The geologic column consists of 6 megasequences, each of
       which appear to have been deposited by major flooding during
       "transgression" (rising water) and sometimes partially removed
       during "regression" (falling flood water). The Canadian shield
       and other locations appear to be where regression removed all of
       the sediment.
       9a. The duration between megasequences appears to have been
       brief, because very little rain erosion appears to have occurred
       between their depositions.
  HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
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       __GLOBAL ROCK STRATA MEGASEQUENCES
       _Creationists support megasequences in a modified geologic
       column. Would it be satisfactory to refer to it as the Flood
       Geologic Column? You can find megasequences in several articles
       at
  HTML https://creation.com/search?q=megasequence
       Here are some samples.
       __JOURNAL OF CREATION 29(2) 2015 || OVERVIEWS
       Can ‘megasequences’ help define biblical geologic history?
  HTML https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j29_2/j29_2_16-25.pdf
       [This says Creationist geologists, Austin, Wise and Snelling
       first considered the idea of Sloss unconformity-bound sequences
       as Great Flood megasequences. Then here's a quote re Clarey et
       al, which is followed by discussion and conclusion, which is
       similar to your caution, I think. Ed.]
       _p.29:
       Young-earth creationist Clarey reported on the results of his
       analyses of transcontinental Sloss stratigraphic sequences,
       which he also defines as ‘megasequences’:
       _“Using data from over 500 stratigraphic columns, I examined
       megasequences across North America to document the sedimentary
       evidence for the Flood’s catastrophe. At each site, the
       megasequence boundaries were identified, along with the
       thicknesses and extent of individual rock types.”51
       _A new seventh megasequence was identified by Clarey at the
       Midcontinent Rift of North America:
       _“Preliminary results demonstrate the presence of a seventh
       megasequence below the six common fossil-bearing megasequences.
       It lies just below the Sauk Megasequence in what secularists
       [i.e. naturalists] call the late Precambrian or Proterozoic Era.
       However, this newly delineated pre-Sauk sequence may be
       instrumental in documenting the onset of the Flood.
       _“In part, the pre-Sauk megasequence was created by a tremendous
       outpouring of basaltic lava that split open central North
       America and caused the Midcontinent Rift.
       __The Importance of Unconformity-Bounded Sequences in Flood
       Stratigraphy (1995)
  HTML https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j09_2/j09_2_223-243.pdf
       ... In conclusion, it is suggested that megasequences (and their
       bounding unconformities) can indicate globally-controlled
       tectonic (including volcanic), tidal, eustatic and hydraulic
       activity, which would have controlled sedimentation during the
       Flood. Unconformities are understood to be erosive boundaries
       created by the combination of tectonic movements, tidal effects,
       eustasy and hydraulic action. As explained earlier,
       unconformities do have time significance, as they mark the
       occurrence of an event in real time which interrupted the
       otherwise continuous deposition of sediments during the Flood.
       The determination of MSQs in a region gives the stratigraphic
       framework of the depositional history of the Genesis Flood for
       that region. From the correlation of MSQs, it may be possible to
       construct a Flood stratigraphic framework in which to interpret
       the depositional history of the Genesis Flood for the entire
       earth. As Table 10 shows, the example correlation done suggests
       that five of the inter-regional unconformities defined in each
       region are possibly world-wide in extent, indicating the
       possibility that five major tectonic/ eustatic (or other) events
       were globally-controlled. It is suggested that this concept be
       adopted for interpreting Flood geology for several reasons,
       including the fact that MSQs are defined by physical boundaries
       (unconformities), and are thus lithostratigraphic (as opposed to
       time stratigraphic [evolutionary]). Each sequence refers to a
       cluster of strata of varying but continuous (relative) age, that
       is, continuous deposition (within the sequence/depocentre). It
       is suggested that MSQs represent more coherent subdivisions of
       geologic time within a single tectonic domain during the Flood,
       and should be utilised to replace the presently used
       uniformitarian geologic time system for analysis of the
       depositional history of the Genesis Flood.
       [table 10 shows which strata in each several parts of the globe
       appear to belong in which global megasequence, but prior tables
       show details.]
       37
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       __CAUSE OF THE GREAT FLOOD
       _I assume Mike thinks the flood was caused by ocean impacts, but
       I don't think those would have been enough. Baumgardner's model
       has an elliptically orbiting body (like the Moon?) causing tidal
       waves about monthly at perigee. The reason his model seems
       partly correct is that on the continents there are 5 or 6
       megasequences of conforming rock strata with unconformities
       between each megasequence, so it looks like there was something
       causing flooding regularly for several months. I mean at about
       monthly intervals something caused tidal waves carrying &
       depositing sediments for some days, then they stopped for a
       while, then restarted again and the cycle repeated 5 or 6 times
       during the entire Flood. That sounds like something an
       elliptically orbiting body would cause.
  HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
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       __MAPS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK STRATA MEGASEQUENCES: (CHRONOMETER?)
       _In other words, these maps may help determine the timeline for
       major catastrophic events. I was just looking over the following
       online paper and made some interesting observations.
       __Use of Sedimentary Megasequences to Re-create Pre-Flood
       Geography
  HTML https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036&context=icc_proceedings
       _p359 This shows an interesting map of Pangaea, much of it under
       shallow seas. The paper only deals with the Americas and Africa.
       _p363 The Zuni megasequence (the one before the Cenozoic) covers
       the Gulf of Mexico and offshore from west & southeast Africa
       _p364 It covers offshore from east South America
       _p366 The Tejas megasequence (from Cenozoic to now) covers the
       Gulf of Mexico and offshore from east North America
       _p367 It covers similar to p363, but also into the Mediterranean
       Sea and the Red Sea
       _p368 It covers similar to p364, and also the southern part of
       the Gulf of Mexico and into the Caribbean Sea
       _The first four megasequences, before Zuni and Tejas, do not
       cover the Gulf of Mexico or offshore areas in the Atlantic etc.
       _Floods likely deposited each megasequence. The Great Flood
       likely deposited one or more of the lower megasequences,
       probably the first 3 or 4. The Shock Dynamics asteroid strike
       that broke up Pangaea likely caused one or more megasequences,
       apparently the last 2, because they are the only ones that cover
       the Gulf of Mexico and parts of the Atlantic, which didn't open
       up until Pangaea broke apart. The Younger Dryas impact event may
       have caused one or more megasequences as well, but that's less
       certain.
  HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
       o/forum3/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=13&start=540#p5219
       PS, I discussed MAPS OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK STRATA MEGASEQUENCES
       recently in this post:
  HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
       o/forum3/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=13&p=5219#p5198
       It shows that the Zuni megasequence is the bottom one in the
       Gulf of Mexico. Zuni was apparently the last and uppermost
       megasequence deposited by the Great Flood. Since the Gulf likely
       formed during the breakup of Pangaea, which was after the Great
       Flood, there shouldn't be Zuni sediment in the Gulf, UNLESS....
       Mike told me that the Zuni sediment likely got there by flood
       erosion during the breakup, or from coastal slumping.
  HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
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       __WHY RETHINK CARDONA'S TIMELINE
       __OBJECTIVE, NON-CREATIONIST ARGUMENTS FOR REDUCING THE AGES OF
       THE GEOLOGIC COLUMN
       __MEGASEQUENCES.
       _There are remnants of 6 megasequences of rock strata worldwide.
       _The strata within each megasequence are all conforming.
       _The top of each megasequence is leveled flat by sheet erosion,
       but very little channeled erosion followed before the next
       megasequence was deposited.
       _Therefore, very little time must have passed between each pair
       of megasequence depositions.
       (Since Mike says the Tejas came hundreds of years after the
       Zuni, is there much erosion between them?)
       __CONCLUSION: THERE WAS A GREAT FLOOD OR FLOODS.
       _The sedimentary rock strata were apparently deposited by one or
       more Great Floods.
       _The first five megasequences must have been deposited during a
       Flood of the Pangaea supercontinent, which was all lowland.
       _The last megasequence must have been deposited when the
       supercontinent broke apart, such as by an asteroid impact.
       _Dinosaur fossils are found in the earlier megasequence, while
       large mammal fossils are found in the last one.
       ... Since the Younger Dryas sediments are at the top of the
       geologic column, the Great Flood that deposited most of the
       megasequences must have occurred before the Younger Dryas event.
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       SEMIGLOBAL SEDIMENTARY ROCK MEGASEQUENCES
       _I discussed this quite a bit on page 37 of this thread at
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       _My first headlines there are PANGAEA BROKE UP AFTER, NOT
       DURING(?), THE GREAT FLOOD
       and HERE IS A SUMMARY OF THE NEWGEOLOGY EARTH HISTORY TIMELINE
       (Click the link to see it).
       _Almost halfway down the page is this highlighted title: Use of
       Sedimentary Megasequences to Re-create Pre-Flood Geography which
       has this link:
  HTML https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036&context=icc_proceedings
       _From that I made a collection of images at
  HTML https://ibb.co/qFsf0ww
       which I copied to my private board at
  HTML https://futureschool.boards.net/post/595/thread
       __SEDIMENTARY ROCK FORMATION.
       _That collection of images includes 4 graphs combined into 1,
       showing the amount of sediment in each megasequence in North and
       South America and in Africa. The numbers on the left indicate
       how many cubic kilometers of sediment are in each megasequence.
       The graph goes as high as 60 million. The Zuni megasequence in
       Africa has nearly that much sediment.
       _The next 12 images below the graph/s show the coverage and
       locations of each megasequence on each of the 3 continents. Each
       tsunami cycle started with rising sea level and ended with
       falling sea level. The rising sea level deposited sediment and
       falling sea level washed away the higher altitude sediments down
       to lower altitudes. The white areas are where the sediments were
       washed away from the highlands.
       _Mike Fischer suggested that the sediments came mostly from the
       continental shelves around the supercontinent, Pangaea.
       __HUDSON BAY FORMED BEFORE THE FLOOD.
       _The first megasequence combination filled in the Hudson Bay
       area in Canada and north of there, but later megasequences
       didn't add anything to it. It's apparent that there was a large
       impact crater before the Great Flood, which the first
       megasequence filled in.
       __GULF OF MEXICO FORMED DURING OR AFTER THE FLOOD.
       _The first megasequence combination and the Absaroka
       megasequence did not fill in the Gulf of Mexico. But the last
       two megasequences did fill it in, as you can see. This seems to
       be good evidence that the Gulf of Mexico formed during or after
       the Great Flood. Mike Fischer thinks the Zuni megasequence was
       the last one deposited during the Great Flood and the Tejas
       megasequence was deposited 500 years later during the Pangaea
       breakup. But it seems to me that the Zuni and Tejas both must
       have deposited during the later Flood.
       __PANGAEA WAS 2 LARGE ISLANDS?
       _The last image shows the 3 continents together along with most
       of the rest of the continents as part of the former
       supercontinent, Pangaea. You can see that there appear to have
       been large inland seas on the supercontinent which divided it
       into 2 large islands. If it's correct, it suggests that flora
       and fauna, including dinosaurs, would likely have been different
       on the two Islands, since the seas seem to be too wide to cross.
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       __WAS ZUNI OR TEJAS MEGASEQUENCE LONG AFTER THE GREAT FLOOD?
       _To get an idea if either one was likely long after the Flood, I
       made a note to See if fossils changed much from Zuni to Tejas
       megasequences. They should have changed a lot if they were 500
       years apart. Also see if Absaroka to Zuni changed much. Maybe
       Zuni and Tejas both were long after the Flood.
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       __ALMOST NO EROSION BETWEEN MEGASEQUENCES
       _Last year it occurred to me that the megasequences of
       sedimentary strata must have been deposited in a short period of
       time if there is little or no channeled erosion evident between
       them. I haven't given that enough thought though. If the Great
       Flood deposited the bottom 4 or 5 megasequences (Zuni being
       number 5) and if it occurred several centuries before the
       Younger Dryas event, and if the Younger Dryas event included a
       major flood that deposited the final megasequence/s (Tejas being
       number 6 and last), there should have been a lot of erosion of
       channels or ditches in the Zuni. See the following maps.
       __SEDIMENTARY ROCK STRATA MEGASEQUENCES MAPS OF THE AMERICAS &
       AFRICA
  HTML https://ibb.co/ZcmCxPH
       _In the top row of maps there of North America, the first two
       show no megasequences in the Gulf of Mexico. That seems to be
       because the Gulf had not yet formed because Pangaea was not yet
       hit by the asteroid that broke it up and opened up the Gulf and
       the Atlantic Ocean and some of the Indian Ocean.
       _Since the Zuni and Tejas strata are both in the Gulf, the Gulf
       must have opened up at that point, so the asteroid must have hit
       Pangaea just before that. The next two rows of maps of South
       America and Africa show a similar pattern. It's mostly only Zuni
       and Tejas sediments that flowed into the Gulf of Mexico and the
       Atlantic Ocean from South America and into the Mediterranean Sea
       and the Atlantic and Indian Oceans from Africa.
       _Another problem is that it looks like the Zuni and Tejas
       sediments also underlie the area of the Great Pyramid along the
       Nile in Egypt. It looks like maybe a kilometer or more of those
       sediments. That would mean that the Great Pyramid would have
       been built on top of all that afterwards.
       _So it seems that Mike Fischer must have been wrong about the
       Pangaea breakup having occurred centuries after the Great Flood.
       Maybe there was only one Great Flood at the time of the Younger
       Dryas. But I had previously concluded that Tiahuanaco was likely
       built soon after the Great Flood before Pangaea broke up and
       caused Tiahuanaco to be raised up from sea level to its present
       height of 12 thousand feet.
  HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
       o/forum3/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=13&start=660#p6841
       __RETHINKING OUT LOUD
       _Earth History is a huge puzzle. By rearranging the puzzle
       pieces I hope to find which ones fit together. Sometimes two or
       more pieces are so similar that they seem to fit when they
       really don't. The situation sometimes gets mind-boggling, but
       then I start working on a different part of the puzzle for a
       while, & sometimes the boggling decreases. Si?
       __GREAT FLOOD DEPOSITED MEGASEQUENCES
       _Mseq means megasequence (of sedimentary rock strata).
       _1. There are 6 or 7 Mseq's (from bottom to top): PreSauk(?),
       Sauk, Tippe., Kas., Absar., Zuni, Tejas
       _Are there erosion channels (ditches) evident in the top surface
       of any mseq?
       __PROBABLY NOT (as I said in my previous post)
       _2. If not, then all of the mseq's were likely deposited in
       close succession during the Great Flood.
       _3. Since Zuni & Tejas are about the only mseq's in
       the Gulf of Mexico, the Mediterranean Sea & the edges of the
       Atlantic & Indian Oceans,
       and since those bodies of water likely formed as Pangaea broke
       up from a major impact,
       it's likely that Pangaea broke up before those last two mseq's
       were deposited
       (contrary to what I've been thinking for the past year nearly).
  HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
       o/forum3/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=13&start=660#p6859
       __WHICH STRATA BELONG TO WHICH MEGASEQUENCE
       _Can ‘megasequences’ help define biblical geologic history?
  HTML https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j29_2/j29_2_16-25.pdf
       _The 6 mseq's are: 1) Sauk, 2) Tippecanoe, 3) Kaskaskia, 4)
       Absaroka, 5) Zuni, and 6) Tejas.
       _According to this article, the following conventionally named
       strata occurred approximately within each mseq.
       1) Sauk: +Cambrian+
       2) Tippecanoe: -Ordovician +Silurian+
       3) Kaskaskia: -Devonian +Mississippian
       4) Absaroka: Pennsylvanian +Permian +Triassic+
       5) Zuni: -Jurassic +Cretaceous+
       6) Tejas: -Tertiary+
       __CREATIONIST ARTICLE HAS POSSIBLE EVIDENCE THAT PANGAEA BROKE
       UP CENTURIES AFTER THE GREAT FLOOD
       _Mike Fischer says that, so I'm posting most of the latter part
       of the article here. Subtitles in brackets are mine.
       __Use of Sedimentary Megasequences to Re-create Pre-Flood
       Geography (2018)
  HTML https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036&context=icc_proceedings
       ...
       __Upland Areas
       __[MSEQ's ARE THICKEST NEAR EDGES OF CONTINENTS]
       _Our study found that all megasequences thinned toward the
       crystalline shield areas on all three continents.
       _The sedimentary units do not merely show evidence of erosion
       and truncation, but become thinner in the direction of the
       shields,
       implying they were deposited on the flanks of extensive uplands.
       [See Figure 10.]
       _Figure 14 shows four stratigraphic profiles across the northern
       USA.
       _All show dramatic thinning of the megasequences from south to
       north toward the shield, in support of this interpretation.
       __[ZUNI MSEQ WAS THE HIGH WATER MARK OF THE FLOOD]
       _The top of the Zuni megasequence (fifth megasequence) seems to
       represent the highest water level of the Flood
       as water washed over the top of the pre-Flood high hills and
       uplands, giving the most globally extensive deposition of any
       megasequence (Figs. 11, 12, 13).
       _Recall, the Zuni megasequence also has the maximum volume of
       sediment deposited globally (Fig. 7).
       _This deposit likely represents the Day 150 high water point of
       the Flood.
       _Many of these interpreted upland areas are completely devoid of
       any sedimentary rock
       as post-Flood erosion has stripped the little amount of possible
       Zuni sediment that may have been deposited.
       _According to Genesis 7:20, the highest hills were only flooded
       by a modest amount of water,
       likely leaving little room for thick sedimentary deposits as the
       Flood waters receded.
       _However, there are a few Zuni remnants in Hudson Bay and
       Michigan and Illinois in North America
       that indicate the highest water level was achieved at this point
       in the Flood (Fig. 11).
       _Humphreys (2014, p. 57) in his translation of Genesis 6:7 and
       Genesis 7:23 suggests the term ‘wiped off”
       to explain this stripping of the land surface right down to the
       crust: ....
       _“Thus He wiped off every living thing that was upon the face of
       the land, from man to animals to creeping things and to birds of
       the sky,
       and they were wiped off from the earth…” (emphasis in original).
       ...
       _“Taking these verses straightforwardly means the waters swept
       mud, plants, the animals completely off the formerly dry land,
       the pre-Flood continental surface” (Humphreys 2014, p. 57).
       _And this is exactly what we see across large portions of the
       continents.
       _The pre-Flood uplands include the major shield areas of Canada,
       Greenland, Brazil and Central and Western Africa.
       _When placed back together in a Pangaea-like configuration, the
       upland areas match up across continents and become quite
       substantial (Fig 8 ).
       __[TEJAS IS ERODED DEPOSITS FROM ZUNI; COAL, MAMMALS, HUMANS]
       _The Tejas megasequence rocks likely represent material washed
       off the highest upland areas of the pre-Flood world
       and ‘backwashed’ onto the Zuni as the Flood waters began to
       recede (Day 150+) (Figs. 15, 16, 17).
       _Fossils in the Tejas megasequence also contain increasingly
       more angiosperms and mammal fossils compared to the Zuni
       deposits,
       indicative of more upland terrains.
       _These areas were apparently wiped free of all life, removing
       even the pre-Flood soil and any rock layers that might have
       existed there.
       _Deposits in the Tejas include the thickest and most extensive
       coal seams in the world (Clarey 2017a).
       [See Figure 13.]
       _These huge mats of transported trees, almost exclusively
       non-lycopods, likely represented plants swept off the uplands.
       _[] the Flood, apparently ‘wiped off’ these areas of highest
       elevation, where most of the large mammals, flowering plants and
       possibly humans may have existed,
       spreading their remains in sedimentary layers on top of the
       earlier buried dinosaurs in rocks now identified as Cenozoic
       strata.
       __[TEJAS DEPOSITIONAL DIFFERENCES]
       _Animals were likely buried closer to their place of origin as
       the Flood waters were rising
       (from the Sauk through the Zuni megasequences) until Day 150 was
       reached.
       _The water and sediment engulf[ed] them nearly in situ as the
       water level increased.
       _Advancing and rising Flood water probably buried marine animals
       in shallow seas in the first three megasequences
       and the dinosaurs and other and wetland animals were later
       buried near their lowland locations (with some obvious
       transport).
       _Hence, [this is] a possible reason for the ‘straddling’ of the
       dinosaur quarries across this so-called ‘peninsula’ of lowlands
       that extended through the central USA (Clarey 2015).
       _But the Tejas depositional pattern appears to have been
       different.
       _It was ... apparently [the] result of a reversal in flow
       direction as [x] began to remove the waters from off the
       continents (post-Day 150).
       _This not only transported the flora and fauna from off of the
       highest hills (uplands),
       it spread those deposits more radially toward the continental
       margins.
       _Animals and plants that lived in areas that are now exposed
       crystalline rock (the Precambrian shields),
       were transported great distances and deposited on top of the
       Zuni strata and sometimes older exposed strata too.
       __[FLOOD WATER FLOW NORTHWARD]
       _Is there any evidence of a reversal of water flow direction at
       the Zuni/Tejas boundary as suggested by this hypothesis? The
       answer is yes.
       [See Figures 14, 15, 16, 17.]
       _Although Chadwick’s (2001) current direction data is less
       conclusive across the Zuni/Tejas (K-Pg) boundary (Clarey 2017b),
       research by Blum and Pecha (2014) using detrital zircons did
       show a dramatic shift in the direction of drainage from the
       Cretaceous
       (uppermost Zuni) to the Paleocene (lowermost Tejas) across North
       America.
       _These authors found that during deposition of the Cretaceous
       (Zuni Sequence),
       the drainage pattern was dominantly to the north and northwest
       across much of the USA.
       _Drainage was to the Boreal Sea near present-day Alberta and
       Saskatchewan.
       _They also determined that very little area was draining to the
       Gulf of Mexico (GOM) during this time.
       __[TEJAS WATER FLOW SOUTHWARD]
       _In contrast, they determined that the Paleocene drainage
       shifted dramatically from that of the Cretaceous,
       resulting in much of the USA draining southward to the GOM (Blum
       and Pecha 2014).
       _As noted on their map, this was not a single river like the
       modern Mississippi River, but a series of rivers,
       effectively behaving more like sheet wash, draining into the GOM
       all at once.
       [COMMENT: Cardona stated in Thoth that some Native Americans
       said the Flood came from the north. The Tejas southward flood
       flow sounds like Younger Dryas flooding, instead of the Great
       Flood. So maybe Mike is right, that the Tejas came some
       centuries later.]
       _This shift in drainage coincides nicely with the end of the
       Zuni megaequence and the onset of the Tejas megaequence.
       _Blum and Pecha (2014) believe this change in drainage occurred
       because of the high flooding levels of the North American
       continent during the Upper Cretaceous, known as the Cretaceous
       Interior Seaway.
       _They claim that the withdrawal of the flood waters during the
       uppermost Cretaceous and earliest Paleocene
       caused significant reorganization in the drainage pattern and a
       reverse in flow toward the GOM.
       _Clarey and Parkes (2016) used this documented shift in drainage
       at the Zuni/Tejas boundary
       to explain the Whopper Sand in the deep-water of the Gulf of
       Mexico (Fig. 18).
       _Since 2001, with the drilling of the BAHA-2 oil well,
       billions of barrels of oil have been discovered in the
       Paleocene-Eocene Wilcox-equivalent “Whopper Sand” (Higgs 2009).
       _This well reportedly encountered 335 m (1100 feet) of sand in
       the Lower Wilcox
       in over 2135 m (7000 feet) of water within the Perdido Fold Belt
       of Alaminos Canyon.
       _In Keathley Canyon the Sardinia-1 well encountered over 366 m
       (1200 feet) of sand and in Walker Ridge,
       the Jack-2 well and Chinook and Cascade-2 wells reached
       similarly thick Lower Wilcox sands approaching 580 m (1900 feet)
       thick (Trammel 2006).
       _Average porosity in the whopper sand is 18% and permeabilities
       range from 10-30 md (Trammel 2006).
       _Up to 15 billion barrels have been discovered in this trend
       since 2001.
       _What makes the Whopper Sand unusual is its location in deep
       water, nearly 300 km from the Lower Wilcox shelf margin,
       and far from any conventional sand source (Higgs 2009).
       [See Figure 18.]
       _Clarey and Parkes (2016) believe the Whopper Sand may be a
       consequence of this rapid drainage shift at the Zuni/Tejas
       boundary,
       when water suddenly began to drain off the North American
       continent (Interior Seaway)
       into the GOM, permanently reversing the earlier direction of
       flow.
       _This shift is marked by the sudden change in deposition from
       the uppermost Zuni layer (the Lower Paleocene Midway Shale)
       to the lowermost Tejas (PaleoceneEocene Whopper Sand).
       _In a Flood model, this would coincide with the change in water
       direction described for Day 150+ of the Flood.
       __[TEJAS SEA LEVEL DROP]
       _Initial drainage rates in the Paleocene, coinciding with a
       sudden drop in sea level at the onset of the Tejas,
       were likely high volume and highly energetic, providing a
       possible mechanism to transport the thick Whopper Sand into
       deep-water.
       _Over time, the drainage volume lessened, lowering the energy
       available for transport, until the present-day pattern
       developed.
       _We now observe small flows compared to what was likely
       happening during the initial draining of the vast North American
       platform at the start of the Tejas.
       __[LACK OF HUMAN FOSSILS]
       _This hypothesis may also help explain the lack of human fossils
       in the rock record.
       _Most pre-Flood humans likely survived until close to Day 150
       and were probably clinging to the areas of highest ground.
       _As the water levels crested on Day 150, humans were ‘wiped
       off,’ spreading their dead bodies in all directions from a zone
       of concentration,
       radially transporting them great distances.
       _This process would have spread their remains and lessened the
       likelihood of finding a concentration of human fossils.
       _And, if they were not buried deep enough in sediment, they
       would not be preserved as fossils either.
       _Erosion after the Flood would affect the highest strata the
       most and any humans buried in the uppermost few meters as a
       consequence.
       __[MASSIVE TEJAS IN SOUTH AMERICA & MOUNTAIN RANGES UPLIFT]
       _As mentioned earlier, South America has a greater volume of
       Tejas than Zuni (Fig. 7).
       _Why so much Tejas in South America?
       _A lot is probably due to the contribution of Central America
       which formed mostly in the Cenozoic (Tejas).
       _And it appears the tectonics of both North and South America
       played a major role in the volume deposited during the Tejas.
       _The higher volume of Tejas sediment on both continents is
       partly caused
       by the uplift of Tejas-age (Cenozoic) mountain ranges (the Rocky
       Mountains and Andes Mountains) that run the length of the
       respective continents.
       _These major mountain ranges shed tremendous amounts of sediment
       during their uplift,
       creating great volumes of Tejas sedimentary rock east of the
       mountain ranges.
       _And combining that with the increased amount of sediment caused
       by the formation of Central America,
       and we get a greater volume of Tejas deposition for South
       America.
       _Africa, in contrast, has no significant, Tejas-age (Cenozoic)
       mountain ranges
       running the length of the continent to provide additional
       volumes of Tejas sediment.
       __[TEJAS GAPS IN MOUNTAIN RANGES]
       _Finally, note that the Tejas isopach maps of North America and
       South America show cut-out areas
       where no Tejas exists in the regions of the Rocky Mountains and
       the Andes Mountains (Figs. 15, 17).
       _Erosion has exposed the underlying ... basement rocks in these
       location(s) due to Cenozoic uplift.
       _This in effect, separated the various sedimentary basins,
       particularly in North America.
       _The coarseness of the stratigraphic column spacing prevented us
       from showing every isolated basin and further details,
       and as a result, we acknowledge that there are likely some minor
       errors in the map due to averaging between the columns.
       _However, we feel the cut-out areas on the maps adequately
       portray the basement exposures and the areas where no Tejas
       exists.
       _Any averaging errors are extremely minor compared to the
       continental scale of the maps and the overall totals for the
       stratigraphic data.
       __[COMMENT: I copied most of the maps from the article at
  HTML https://ibb.co/ZcmCxPH
       . There you can compare the Zuni to the
       Tejas deposition etc. I hope to do some analysis on the maps and
       maybe Mike will help.]
  HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
       o/forum3/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=13&start=660#p6860
       __QUESTIONS FOR MIKE & OTHERS
       __MEGASEQUENCE MAPS
       _Go to the paper, Use of Sedimentary Megasequences to Re-create
       Pre-Flood Geography, at this link 5 times in 5 tabs.
  HTML https://digitalcommons.cedarville.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1036&context=icc_proceedings
       __NORTH AMERICA
       1. On the first tab (of your computer) scroll to page 354 to
       show the first two mseq's (Sauk & Tippecanoe).
       2. On the second tab scroll to page 354 also, but to show the
       third mseq (Kaskaskia).
       3. On the third tab scroll to page 363 to show the next two
       mseq's (Absaroka & Zuni).
       4. On the fourth tab scroll to page 366 to show the last mseq
       (Tejas).
       Zoom in or out on each tab to fill the screen with the map.
       Green, yellow & red colors indicate over 7 km deep sedimentary
       strata.
       Light blue indicates 3-6 km deep sedimentary strata.
       Dark blue indicates under 3 km deep sedimentary strata.
       __WHEN IMPACT BASINS FORMED
       1. Open the first tab and notice that the Sauk entered 3 deep
       impact basins at N. Canada, Nova Scotia & N. Carolina, and
       shallower ones in Nevada, Alberta etc.
       The Tippecanoe strata entered a very deep impact basin in W.
       Alaska & a deep one in N. Greenland.
       2. At the second tab the Kaskaskia strata entered one deep
       impact basin off E. Greenland plus other shallower ones around
       the continent.
       3. At the third tab the Absaroka strata entered a deep impact
       basin in Arkansas & one in Oregon etc.
       The Zuni strata then entered a deep impact basin in SW Alaska,
       W. Greenland, east & west of Florida & other places.
       4. At the fourth tab the Tejas strata entered deep impact basins
       at the Aleutian Islands of Alaska, W. Washington & W. Oregon,
       and the western Gulf of Mexico etc.
       __WHEN THE ATLANTIC FORMED
       1,2. There's little or no indication that strata formed off of
       the N. American continent in the Atlantic Ocean or the Gulf of
       Mexico during the first 3 mseq's
       (Sauk, Tippecanoe, Kaskaskia).
       3. The Absaroka strata did not enter any of the Gulf of Mexico.
       They did settle off the East coast from Virginia to
       Newfoundland, but maybe not beyond the continental shelf.
       **The Zuni strata did enter the Gulf of Mexico & it also settled
       on the eastern continental shelf or maybe into the Atlantic.
       4. The Tejas strata also entered the Gulf of Mexico & also
       settled on the shelf etc.
       __QUESTION #1. Since the Zuni strata entered the Gulf, doesn't
       that mean the Gulf formed at that time from the Shock Dynamics
       impact?
       __AFRICA
       1. Reset the first tab scrolling to page 355 to show the first
       two mseq's (Sauk & Tippecanoe).
       2. On the second tab scroll to page 355 also, but to show the
       third mseq (Kaskaskia).
       3. On the third tab scroll to the bottom of page 363 to show the
       next two mseq's (Absaroka & Zuni).
       4. On the fourth tab scroll to page 367 to show the last mseq
       (Tejas).
       Zoom in or out on each tab to fill the screen with the map.
       __WHEN IMPACT BASINS FORMED
       1,2. No impact basins over 4 km deep formed before the first 3
       mseq's.
       3. 2 or 3 deep impact basins were entered by the Absaroka mseq
       around SE Africa.
       The Zuni strata entered 3 deep impact basins along the west
       coast of Africa, one around Lake Chad and one at the north coast
       of Algeria.
       4. The Tejas strata entered a deep impact basin on the coast of
       Cameroon and another on the north coast of Egypt.
       __WHEN THE ATLANTIC & INDIAN OCEANS FORMED
       1,2. No strata of the first 3 mseq's entered the ocean basins.
       3. **Some Absaroka strata entered the Indian Ocean by E. Africa
       & maybe some entered the Atlantic by the NW coast.
       **Some Zuni strata entered the eastern Mediterranean, a sliver
       of the Red Sea, the Indian Ocean off the SE coast & the Atlantic
       along the entire west coast.
       4. The Tejas strata entered much of the Mediterranean, the Red
       Sea, & both oceans.
       __QUESTION #2. **In order for the Absaroka and Zuni strata to
       enter the Indian & Atlantic Oceans & the Mediterranean & Red
       Seas, wouldn't the Shock Dynamics impact have had to occur at
       that time?
       __HIGHLIGHTS OF PREVIOUS POST
       In my last forum post at
  HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
       o/forum3/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=13&p=6859#p6859
       I copied the last part of the Megasequences paper discussed
       above. Here are some highlights from that post.
       __CHANGE IN FLOOD WATER FLOW DIRECTIONS
       _Is there any evidence of a reversal of water flow direction at
       the Zuni/Tejas boundary as suggested by this hypothesis? The
       answer is yes.
       _These authors found that during deposition of the Cretaceous
       (Zuni Sequence),
       the drainage pattern was dominantly to the north and northwest
       across much of the USA.
       _Drainage was to the Boreal Sea near present-day Alberta and
       Saskatchewan.
       _They also determined that very little area was draining to the
       Gulf of Mexico (GOM) during this time.
       _In contrast, they determined that the Paleocene drainage
       shifted dramatically from that of the Cretaceous,
       resulting in much of the USA draining southward to the GOM [Gulf
       of Mexico]....
       __QUESTION #3. Is it likely that the different directions of
       water flow indicate two different Floods, the northward flow of
       the Great Flood and the southern flow of the Younger Dryas
       Flood?
       __TEJAS STRATA
       _The Tejas megasequence rocks likely represent material washed
       off the highest upland areas of the pre-Flood world
       and ‘backwashed’ onto the Zuni as the Flood waters began to
       recede
       _Fossils in the Tejas megasequence also contain increasingly
       more angiosperms and mammal fossils compared to the Zuni
       deposits,
       indicative of more upland terrains.
       _These areas were apparently wiped free of all life, removing
       even the pre-Flood soil and any [sedimentary?] rock layers that
       might have existed there.
       _The higher volume of Tejas sediment on both continents [N. & S.
       America] is partly caused
       by the uplift of Tejas-age (Cenozoic) mountain ranges (the Rocky
       Mountains and Andes Mountains) that run the length of the
       respective continents.
       _These major mountain ranges shed tremendous amounts of sediment
       during their uplift,
       creating great volumes of Tejas sedimentary rock east of the
       mountain ranges.
       _And combining that with the increased amount of sediment caused
       by the formation of Central America,
       and we get a greater volume of Tejas deposition for South
       America.
       __QUESTION #4. If the two directions of water flow were due to
       two different Floods centuries apart, would the strata of the
       first Flood have been still soft enough to erode off the newly
       formed mountain ranges during the second Flood?
       __QUESTION #5. See References below. Since the Great Pyramid of
       Egypt seems to have been built on top of the Tejas megasequence
       (from p.367 above), if the Tejas was deposited by the YD Flood,
       which Flood was there that flooded the originally 481 foot high
       pyramid to the 240-foot level?
       __(REFERENCES a & b.
       a. Great Pyramid of Giza
  HTML https://sacredsites.com/africa/egypt/the_great_pyramid_of_giza.html
       Still further evidence that the dynastic Egyptians did not
       construct the Great Pyramid of Giza may be found in sediments
       surrounding the base of the monument, in legends regarding
       watermarks on the stones halfway up its sides, and in salt
       incrustations found within. Silt sediments rising to fourteen
       feet around the base of the pyramid contain many seashells and
       fossils that have been radiocarbon-dated to be nearly twelve
       thousand years old. These sediments could have been deposited in
       such great quantities only by major sea flooding....
       b. Pyramids and Temples in Egypt
  HTML https://www.theosociety.org/pasadena/sunrise/52-02-3/eg-vonk.htm
       Legends and records ... speak of the fact that, before the Arabs
       removed the Pyramid's outer casing stones, one could see water
       marks on the stones halfway up the Pyramid's height, in about
       the 240-foot level, which would be 400 feet above the present
       Nile level. — Joseph Jochmans, "How Old Are the Pyramids?")
       __P.S. PANGAEA BREAKUP
       _In the Conclusions part of the Megasequences paper above is
       this paragraph.
       "The relative timing of the break-up of Pangaea can also be
       inferred from the megasequence data. Deposits on the offshore
       shelf regions indicate Africa and North America ... (Absaroka
       megasequence) ... split before ... the breakup of Africa and
       South America (Zuni megasequence). These data also indicate that
       Greenland and the Saudi Arabian peninsula did not fully separate
       from their respective continents until the deposition of the
       Zuni and Tejas megasequences, respectively, later in the Flood."
       __QUESTION #6. This contradicts the Shock Dynamics model. Did
       they read the data wrong?
       46
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       ----------------
  HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
       o/forum3/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=13&start=675#p7193
       __TRANSCRIPT OF A NOAH'S FLOOD VIDEO
       I discussed this and another video in my previous post. The
       following transcript is nearly complete. I only left out some of
       the religious discussion. I added headlines in caps to help
       navigate for focusing on topics of interest. I plan to compare
       this with my findings from other sources and add comments in a
       later post.
       __Noah's Flood and Catastrophic Plate Tectonics (from Pangea to
       Today)
  HTML https://youtube.com/watch?v=zd5-dHxOQhg&t=1013s
       _SEDIMENTARY ROCK MAP. Over 1,800 oilwell boreholes from four
       continents have all been compiled and mapped. The newly emerging
       map tracks the thickness and extent of each rock type as they
       were laid down by the Flood.
       _MEGASEQUENCES. This research reveals the same six megasequences
       of sedimentary rock deposits across multiple continents. Each
       megasequence contains a huge stack of rock, often with
       coarse-grained sandstone on the bottom, then finer-grained
       deposits like shale, then topped by limestone. Each megasequence
       is bounded above and below by flat eroded surfaces called
       unconformities.
       _FLOOD DEPOSITS. A few places on Earth have layers that
       represent all six megasequences. How did they get there? What do
       they say about Noah's Flood? Catastrophically water-deposited
       sedimentary layers top most of the world's continents. Would
       Noah's Flood bring lots of water and lots of mud? Geologists
       agree on the six megasequences, but they differ on the time
       scale in which they happened. If they took millions of years,
       then they have little to do with the Flood. But if they were all
       deposited rapidly and recently, then the Flood should come to
       mind.
       _PANGAEA BREAKUP. Many also question when a larger landmass,
       such as a Pangaea-like supercontinent, broke into continents
       that moved to their current configuration. For the first time
       ever, new megasequence maps allow us to see how the Flood shaped
       our entire planet, just like the Bible said, including
       reconfiguring the continents.
       _EDEN. According to Genesis, the Garden of Eden was a lush
       paradise, one that was set up for eternal life, worldwide
       vegetarianism and harmony with our Creator. ...
       _BIBLE RECORD. Then came the fall. ... God instructed Noah to
       make an ark.... Then, in the 600th year of Noah's life, in the
       second month, the 17th day of the month, the same day were all
       the fountains of the great deep broken up and the windows of
       heaven were opened. These two events ... began the first day of
       a 371 day long calamity that resurfaced the Earth and killed
       everything that moved on land.
       _RIFTING. Hot magma mixed with steam pierced the Earth's crust.
       Giant rifts or tears ran thousands of miles across the planet.
       Scalding hot magma vaporized massive amounts of water that
       jetted into the atmosphere. The water fell back to Earth as
       intense global rain along with torrential rain from heaven for
       40 days.
       _TSUNAMIS. Worldwide catastrophic rifting caused massive
       mud-filled tsunamis to speed across deep ocean floors, then onto
       shallow ocean floors, killing everything in their path.
       _MARINE FOSSILS. The first megasequence wipes out mostly shallow
       marine habitats.
       _VOLCANISM. The bursting fountains of the great deep spew out
       megatons of magma and carbon dioxide. Sure enough the first
       megasequence rocks show a spike in volcanic activity and massive
       amounts of carbon dioxide.
       _MARINE FOSSILS. During these first 40 days intense water
       currents over-topped most of the flooded continents. Water-laden
       sediment travels at hiway speeds. Thick sediment blankets start
       covering low regions of the continent. Fossils show that the
       first three megasequences buried the shallow seas that were
       filled with marine life, as these deposits have almost no trees
       or land animals. All three megasequences covered similar
       environments across North and South America and Africa, the
       three continents mapped so far. One global cause, Noah's Flood,
       best explains this one worldwide effect.
       _ABSAROKA. Then, by the 40th day of the Flood, the Absaroka
       megasequence began hitting. The map showed that this is when
       things got much worse. Something shoves the water over the tops
       of even the highlands from that ancient world.
       _SUBDUCTION. The newly forming ocean floor offshore is so hot
       that it starts very thick pushing up the ocean waters from
       beneath. Sea level rises dramatically. Molten magma rises and
       fills the widening gaps, pushing the mid-ocean ridges wider. The
       hot ocean floor shoves against the continents, then slides
       beneath it, like giant conveyor belts, deep beneath the Earth in
       some places. Rather than the conventional model that has the
       seafloors spreading slowly, this runaway subduction actually
       happened quickly, moving at about five miles per hour, due to
       the heat caused by the friction and pressure of the rapidly
       subducting plates.
       _PULSING TSUNAMIS. As the diving ocean plates subduct under the
       land, they push down the continental edges and then release
       them, creating tsunami cycles that blanket the continents, just
       how tsunamis happen today, only more intense and frequent.
       _MODERN EXAMPLE. For example, the most powerful earthquake ever
       recorded in Japan and the fourth largest in history was a
       magnitude 9.1 earthquake that occurred in 2011. This earthquake
       was caused by an undersea megathrust about 45 miles east of the
       Japanese coast. At the center there was a 160 foot slip between
       the overriding plate that was part of Japan and the underlying
       Pacific plate. The sea bottom rose about 23 feet when the fault
       unlocked and the resulting earthquake triggered a devastating
       tsunami that was 133 feet above sea level and traveled inland
       for six miles.
       _TSUNAMI CYCLES. The tsunamis occurring during the Flood however
       were different, much different. With the ocean ridge bursting
       open rapidly and pushing ocean floor under land continents on a
       worldwide scale, tsunamis were happening in cycles, several
       every hour and with long stretches of subduction zones active at
       the same time. The incoming phase of a tsunami has a much higher
       speed and is highly turbulent, which keeps the sediment in
       suspension, but it leaves behind layers of sediment as it slows
       down in the retreating phase.
       _FOSSILS. This cycle repeats several times every hour during the
       150-day inundation stage of the Flood, first entombing the
       shallow marine life followed by land creatures in different
       habitats and elevations, leaving behind what we see today in the
       fossil record.
       _1700 TSUNAMI. These types of tsunamis have even occurred in
       recent history, such as the tsunami caused by slipping ocean
       plates that hit the coast of Washington in 1700 and left behind
       multiple layers representing each wave of the tsunami.
       _SUBDUCTION EVIDENCE. Recent seismic technology actually allows
       us to investigate whether this type of rapid subduction
       occurred. Sure enough, these scans reveal a ring of unexpectedly
       cold rock at the bottom of the mantle beneath the subduction
       zones that surround the Pacific Ocean.
       _LAND-DWELLING FOSSILS. The severity and elevation of this stage
       of the Flood is why the first land creatures and plants start
       showing up in the fossil record laid down by the Absaroka
       megasequence.
       _COAL. Entire ecosystems are buried in enormous deposits that
       later turn into coal, such as the extensive Appalachian coal
       beds. In fact, the U.S. has over seven trillion tons of coal
       reserves. Where did it all come from? While we know that coal is
       formed by dead plant material being sandwiched between sediment
       layers, we only have enough vegetation on the Earth's surface
       today to produce just a fraction of the existing coal reserves.
       _PREFLOOD VEGETATION. This shows that the pre-Flood world was
       mostly covered by lush vegetation. The rising Flood waters and
       tsunamis that were necessary to sweep over the land and bury
       vast amounts of vegetation that turned into coal are best
       explained by a catastrophe of worldwide proportions.
       _DINOSAUR PENINSULA. The fact that over a dozen states in the
       U.S. are filled with dinosaur fossils buried under heaps of mud
       also attest to the Flood. In fact, geologists have found a
       temporarily exposed dinosaur peninsula where the dinosaurs made
       their last stand, now buried there along with lake and sea life
       transported by the massive waves. The earlier Flood deposits,
       the first three megasequences, do not seem to have deposited
       much material over this dinosaur peninsula. Only a few hundred
       yards of sediment remain along the margins and in many places no
       deposition is left at all. Deposits thousands of feet thick
       occur east and west of this temporarily exposed peninsula that
       extends from Minnesota to New Mexico. Now buried across it are
       pre-Flood wetland plants and animals including dinosaurs,
       turtles, frogs, fish and many birds.
       _DINOSAUR TRACKS. Thousands of dinosaur trackways up and down
       this peninsula, plus similar temporarily exposed low areas on
       other continents suggest that dying dinosaurs and other hardy
       track makers floated, waded and walked on freshly deposited mud
       trying to find safe ground.
       _ZUNI. Next the massive Zuni megasequence hits. The Absaroka and
       Zuni megasequences are the most severe because the continental
       plates began to move more quickly from the original Pangaea-like
       supercontinent configuration to where they are today.
       _SEDIMENTATION. With oceanic rifting and plate subduction
       increasing dramatically and the continents traveling apart
       quickly, the tsunami-like waves begin washing acrosss western
       North America, while virtually no sedimentation is occurring in
       the east.
       _JURASSIC BONEYARDS. When coming up over the dinosaur peninsula,
       the Zuni catastrophically buries dinosaurs in the Morrison
       Formation, a thirteen state area encompassing over 700,000
       square miles. This Jurassic unit includes at least 141 massive
       dinosaur boneyards where dinosaurs like Camarasaurus,
       Diplodocus, Apatosaurus, Stegosaurus and Allosaurus are found.
       _CRETACEOUS BONEYARDS. The Cretaceous layers, like the Hill
       Creek Formation, are found on top of the Jurassic and hold
       hundreds of mass boneyards, containing several different types
       of dinosaurs, such as T-Rex, Triceratops, Centrosaurus and
       Edmontosaurus that had been living in a different ecosystem,
       also buried by the Zuni.
       _DINOSAUR TISSUES. The Zuni was so massive and fast that it
       engulfed entire regions with mud flow, burying giant creatures
       like this T-Rex under 50 feet of muddy sediment, entombed so
       quickly that preserved blood cells, blood vessels and bone cells
       were found just recently. How much water does it take to pile 50
       feet of mud on top of a dinosaur?
       _NATIONAL MONUMENT. The Dinosaur National Monument in Utah
       contains thousands of visible bones from 11 kinds of dinosaurs
       that were buried in a jumbled mass in the Morrison Formation,
       together with crocodiles, turtles, lizards, frogs and clams.
       What type of event would it take to bury all these different
       land animals with millions of clams?
       _DINOSAUR HERDS. When the dinosaur peninsula floods over
       completely, large herds of dinosaurs are entombed in massive
       fossil graveyards in the upper Cretaceous system, found in
       northern Wyoming, Montana and Alberta, Canada. The dinosaurs had
       tried to escape by fleeing northward up the peninsula as waters
       advanced from the south.
       _MAIASAUR STAMPEDE. This explains this massive graveyard in
       northern Montana, that's over 1.2 miles long and contains 30
       million fossil fragments representing over 10,000 adult
       Maiasaurs, that were simultaneously buried. In this entire
       collection of bones not a single baby was found. Every one of
       these Maiasaurs was between nine and 23 feet long. Does this
       seem like the adult dinosaurs were stampeding away from the
       raging Flood waters with 100% of their young falling behind and
       being engulfed in a different part of the peninsula?
       _CENTROSAUR GRAVEYARD. Just 170 miles northeast of this location
       is one of the largest dinosaur graveyards in the world, one that
       even secular scientists admit was caused by a watery
       catastrophe. Here thousands of centrosaurs are buried in 14
       megabone beds over an entire square mile, which is nearly 500
       football fields. Looks like a massive herd of these creatures,
       thousands of them, were simultaneously buried in mud by Noah's
       Flood.
       _MIXED GRAVEYARD. Just 45 miles west from this location is yet
       another massive Flood deposit and this one even has 49 different
       species of dinosaurs, buried along with turtles, crocodiles,
       fish, flying reptiles, birds and small mammals. What type of
       disaster could bury nearly 50 species of dinosaurs and many
       other types of animals, including marine life, together in mass
       graves?
       _GRADED BONEBED. These mass burial sites are common in the U.S.
       as well. For example, look at this dinosaur dig site in Wyoming
       where a one meter thick layer of mudstone stretches for 80 acres
       with over a million bones in a graded, sorted bed where big
       bones are found at the bottom and little bones on top. The only
       way to develop a graded bed like this is by a catastrophic
       process that transports these bones and deposits them during a
       single event.
       _FLYING CREATURES. Large flying creatures like pterosaurs were
       able to fly to escape the rising Flood waters, delaying their
       demise until the later stages of the Flood. The fossil record
       shows they are buried in many different layers all over the
       world.
       _VOLCANIC ASH. There is no doubt that widespread volcanism was
       also involved in finishing off the dinosaurs, as many of these
       mass graves are literally packed with volcanic ash, ash that in
       many cases was mixed with water when it emplaced the dinosaurs
       in their tombs. One section of the Morrison Formation, called
       the Brushy Basin member spreads across five states and includes
       four thousand cubic miles of volcanic materials. Without a
       single volcano in the Morrison Formation, geologists believe
       this material had to be carried all the way from volcanoes on
       the west coast, volcanoes created by the magma rising from the
       subducting ocean crusts plunging under the land. Today these
       subduction zones form the ring of fire, responsible for over 90%
       of our earthquakes.
       _BIBLE RECORD. The Bible records that on the 150th day of the
       Flood, God mad a wind to pass over the Earth. The waters started
       to recede. The fountains of the deep and the windows of heaven
       were stopped and the rain from heaven was restrained.
       _TEJAS REGRESSION. Now enters the final megasequence, the Tejas.
       Here, after the water peaked over the top of the highest remnant
       of the pre-Flood world, it began to rush off the continents,
       eroding and reworking some of the deposits laid down in the
       previous megasequences, especially carving away at the Zuni
       deposit. This final sequence appears to have been different than
       the others, because there was a reversal in flow direction as
       the waters began to sheet off the continents. This flow reversal
       transported much of the fossils deposited earlier off the
       highest uplands, spreading them towards the edges of the
       continent. The evidence points to the Tejas draining the Flood
       waters southward off of the U.S. towards the Gulf of Mexico with
       a sheet wash pattern all at once.
       _GULF OF MEXICO. This is why we find massive sand deposits in
       the deep water of the Gulf of Mexico. Billions of barrels of oil
       have been discovered there with much of it found within a
       massive 1,100 foot thick bed of pure sand in over 7,000 feet of
       water over 200 miles offshore.
       _MORE COAL. In addition, plants swept off the pre-Flood lands
       formed massive coal beds, such as in the Powder River basin of
       Wyoming and Montana. These Tejas layers contain the largest coal
       deposits in North America that currently supplies over 40% of
       the coal in the U.S. Some of these stacked coal beds are up to
       200 feet thick and cover areas that are 60 miles long by 60
       miles wide. The sheer volume of plant material required to form
       such a massive layer of coal testifies to catastrophic
       circumstances.
       _HUMAN REMAINS. The massive runoff that began with the Tejas may
       also explain the lack of human fossils in the rock record. Any
       residual human remains left buried in earlier deposits were
       totally destroyed by the erosive retreating Flood waters. ...
       Any residual remains were ground up and likely spread in all
       directions over great distances by the Tejas, lessening the
       likelihood of finding any human fossil remains. Because humans
       were impacted earlier by the Flood's violence, they were
       destroyed and thus not buried whole, deep in the sediments,
       leaving no fossil traces. Erosion in the Tejas sequence would
       have affected the strata beneath, wiping away even traces of
       human remains buried in earlier layers. ...
       _REGRESSION. On day 150 the new ocean surface began cooling and
       sinking, allowing the Flood waters to lower as they sheeted off
       the continents into the new ocean basins.
       _OROGENY. Psalm 104 describes the mountains being raised at the
       end of the Flood and waters draining down valleys and off the
       emerging new land surfaces.
       _HIGH ELEVATION MARINE FOSSILS. The seafloor rifting process and
       the resulting mountain forming process explains why sea
       creatures are found on mountain tops all over the world high
       above current sea levels.
       _FLOOD END. For the remaining 220 days of the Flood the water
       recedes from the Earth and it dries out, allowing time for Earth
       to be replenished with vegetation for the animals to eat, when
       they eventually come off the ark.
       _SEDIMENTARY ROCK. This year-long catastrophe left behind a vast
       number of proofs that quite frankly make its occurrence obvious.
       First, we have the staggering volume of fossil-bearing
       sedimentary rocks around the world, over one mile thick on
       average, billions of dead things buried in rock layers laid down
       by water all over the Earth, and the sediment they're found in
       lies above sea level. What sort of water process could emplace
       so much sediment above sea level on top of the land surface?
       _THIN, FLAT STRATA. Another clue is the vast horizontal extent
       of individual sediment layers with little to no erosional
       channeling between successive layers. What sort of transport and
       depositional process could conceivably generate such uniform
       layers over such vast horizontal distances? Many of these
       layered beds are separated by bedding planes on the scale of
       inches to feet, a feature so common that few stop to think about
       how it happened. It's as if the sediment is being deposited in
       pulses in a repeating manner with each pulse producing a thin
       layer commonly found around the world. The Flood tsunamis
       provide a perfect explanation.
       _NO BURROWS. And it happened so quickly that there was no time
       between deposition of the layers for surviving critters to
       burrow into the layers and turn them over.
       _LATE OCEAN FLOORS. What has been discovered both from a
       Creationist as well as from a secular understanding is that much
       of the continental fossil record was already in place before any
       of the present-day ocean crust had come into existence at a rift
       zone. For example, all of the trilobite fossils had been
       deposited, plus all of the older coal deposits had already been
       formed before any of the present-day ocean crust had formed.
       Since in Creationist understanding the presence of fossils is a
       completely trustworthy indicator of the action of the Flood,
       this means that much of the Flood cataclysm had already unfolded
       and it generated fossil-bearing sediments on the continental
       surface before any of the present-day ocean floor had appeared.
       It further implies that all of today's ocean floor formed since
       the onset of the Flood, during roughly the latter half of the
       cataclysm.
       _SUBDUCTION. It also means that all of the pre-Flood ocean
       floor, plus the ocean floor formed during the earlier portion of
       the Flood, must have been recycled into the Earth's interior
       during the cataclysm. These considerations indicate in a
       compelling way that rapid plate tectonics must have been a major
       aspect of the year-long Flood catastrophe.
       _ICE AGE. This six megasequence worldwide flooding process
       perfectly sets the stage for the subsequent ice age. The oceans
       had been tremendously heated by the rifting that had taken place
       across the 45,000 mile ridge system and the creation of a
       completely new seafloor of hot lava as a consequence. This
       caused an abnormal amount of evaporation and thus continuous
       rain that was likely worldwide.
       _VOLCANISM. The volcanic activity created by the subduction
       zones that created the ring of fire would have spewed volumes of
       ash and aerosols high into the atmosphere, resulting in cooling,
       especially in the higher latitudes. These factors combined to
       produce an ice age that lasted a few hundred years, but ended as
       the conditions that caused it waned.
       _ARK. The ark came to rest on the mountains of Ararat in the 7th
       month on the 17th day of the month.
  HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
       o/forum3/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=13&start=675#p7214
       __SAUK VOLCANISM MYSTERY
       _Section 10 [VOLCANISM] of the video transcript of the previous
       post said: The first megasequence (Sauk) shows a spike in
       volcanic activity and massive amounts of carbon dioxide. The
       video authors thought the Pangaea breakup began with the
       beginning of the Great Flood, thus starting subduction and
       accompanying volcanism along Pacific Ocean shores and depositing
       volcanic fallout in the Sauk megasequence. But they don't seem
       to have any good suggestions about the cause of the breakup.
       _Mike Fischer's theory, though, which I favor so far, is that
       Pangaea didn't break up until some centuries after the Great
       Flood. And he has a very sensible idea of how the breakup
       occurred, i.e. via a huge asteroid impact. So there would have
       to be some other cause of the volcanism during the Great Flood.
       The only other cause I can think of is impacts. I think only
       extremely large impacts would be likely to cause volcanism. I'll
       try to search to see if any volcanism is associated with
       impacts. I already know that Mike has good evidence that the
       Chicxulub impact in Mexico caused volcanism which formed the
       Cape Verde Islands off the coast of west Africa. I think he also
       found or suspects that the Seychelle Islands off the east coast
       of Africa are also volcanic and that's where the biggest impact
       of all occurred.
       _Impacts appear to have been occurring since before the Great
       Flood. I posted a fairly up-to-date list of craters at
  HTML http://funday.createaforum.com/3-12/2-47/?message=453
       . I got
       the list of craters from Wikipedia and I got the megasequence
       conversions from Figure 2 at
  HTML https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j29
       ... _16-25.pdf . I then
       added the megasequences to the list of craters.
       _Here's a summary of the data, showing the numbers of known
       small, medium and big craters in each megasequence. Small is
       under 10 km diameter. Moderate is 10 to nearly 50 km. Big is
       over 50 km diameter. More details are posted at
  HTML http://funday.createaforum.com/3-12/2-47/?message=454
       .
       --- POST-TEJAS (7 Craters: 6SM, ........ 1BIG==53km)
       --- TEJAS (58 Craters: 39SM, 16MOD, 3BIG==52, 85, 90km)
       --- ZUNI (41 Craters: 19SM, 18MOD, 4BIG==60, 65, 70, 180km)
       --- ABSAROKA (27 Craters: 14SM, 11MOD, 2BIG==80, 85km)
       --- KASKASKIA (14 Craters: 7SM, 3MOD, 4BIG==50, 52, 54, 110km)
       --- TIPPECANOE (14 Craters: 9SM, 5MOD)
       --- SAUK (18 Craters: 11SM, 6MOD, 1BIG==90km)
       --- PRE-SAUK (19 Craters: 7SM, 8MOD, 4BIG==60, 70, 130, 160km)
       _Before the Sauk was deposited there were 4 big impacts and 8
       moderate, all of which could possibly have caused volcanism. The
       biggest occurred in the Pangaea regions of Africa, N.America,
       Australia & again N.America. The two big ones in Africa and
       N.America were nearly as big as Chicxulub, which latter occurred
       during the breakup.
       __IMPACT BASINS
       _Michael Oard has suggested that many basins on the continents
       formed from impacts. Flood basalts may also have been caused by
       impacts. But I don't know yet if any of the basins or flood
       basalts occurred before the Sauk megasequence. Most or all of
       the flood basalts may have formed during the Pangaea breakup,
       which would be after Sauk. But basins may have formed before
       Sauk. Oard had an article in 2013 called "Large cratonic basins
       likely of impact origin" at
  HTML https://creation.com/large-cratonic-basins
       . He said, " I will
       give several examples of likely impact basins from the
       approximately 600 examples on the continents.6 About 200 of
       these basins have diameters greater than 300 km.7" "The South
       Caspian Basin, in the southern part of the Caspian Sea, is a
       very deep basin filled with sedimentary rocks." "This basin has
       collected probably the world’s thickest sedimentary rocks,
       estimated at 26–28 km thick!53 Seismic profiling shows that the
       sedimentary layers are generally horizontal with some volcanic
       rocks.52" So one of the largest basins has volcanic rocks, but
       he later said, "But in the case of the large cratonic basins,
       volcanism seems unlikely because of the basin sizes and paucity
       of volcanic rocks." Some, if not many, of these basins likely
       were formed before Sauk, so they could have been sources of
       volcanism found in Sauk sediments, but there is apparently not
       strong evidence that impacts would have accounted for the
       volcanic material found in Sauk. I need to find out exactly what
       the evidence is of volcanic material in Sauk.
       _Now here's more from the video transcript.
       __VOLCANIC ASH ALSO KILLED DINOSAURS?
       [Section 37. VOLCANIC ASH.] "There is no doubt that widespread
       volcanism was also involved in finishing off the dinosaurs, as
       many of these mass graves are literally packed with volcanic
       ash, ash that in many cases was mixed with water when it
       emplaced the dinosaurs in their tombs. One section of the
       Morrison Formation, called the Brushy Basin member spreads
       across five states and includes four thousand cubic miles of
       volcanic materials. Without a single volcano in the Morrison
       Formation, geologists believe this material had to be carried
       all the way from volcanoes on the west coast, volcanoes created
       by the magma rising from the subducting ocean crusts plunging
       under the land. Today these subduction zones form the ring of
       fire, responsible for over 90% of our earthquakes."
       __PANGAEA BREAKUP DURING GREAT FLOOD?
       _The dinosaurs are found mostly in the Absaroka and Zuni
       megasequences, i.e. the 4th and 5th. Since the Absaroka is not
       found in the Gulf of Mexico or in the Atlantic or Indian Ocean
       basins, the Pangaea breakup must have begun after the Absaroka.
       The Zuni and Tejas are found in those ocean basins, so the
       breakup must have occurred between the Absaroka and Zuni. But
       that makes it look like there was possibly only one Great Flood.
       But that would mean the Golden Age would have to be moved to
       before the Great Flood: 1. Dark Age, then 2. Golden Age &
       Advanced Civilization, then 3. Great Flood & Pangaea Breakup,
       then 4. Ice Age & Megalithic Civilization, then 5. Younger Dryas
       Impacts & Meltwater Flooding, then 6. Rebuilding Civilization.
       I'll try to get Mike Fischer's comments.
  HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
       o/forum3/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=13&start=675#p7260
       __SAUK VOLCANISM MYSTERY POSSIBLE SOLUTION
       _I'm still looking for ways to determine if there was one Great
       Flood or two. In my previous post I discussed the SAUK VOLCANISM
       MYSTERY, by which I meant I don't know where the volcanism came
       from that deposited material in the Sauk. I said "the video
       transcript of the previous post said: The first megasequence
       (Sauk) shows a spike in volcanic activity and massive amounts of
       carbon dioxide. The video authors thought the Pangaea breakup
       began with the beginning of the Great Flood, thus starting
       subduction and accompanying volcanism along Pacific Ocean shores
       and depositing volcanic fallout in the Sauk megasequence." I
       showed in that post that there were likely some big impacts
       before the Sauk deposit, which could have caused the volcanism.
       The literature I quoted indicated that impacts don't seem to
       produce much volcanism, although I mentioned that the Chicxulub
       impact and the much larger Shock Dynamics impact (which broke up
       Pangaea) very likely did produce considerable volcanism. But
       those occurred after the Sauk. Now, I just remembered that Mike
       Fischer found that the East Pacific Rise apparently existed
       before the Pangaea breakup event. That Rise is a ridge, similar
       to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, and was likely produced in a similar
       way by a major impact on a former continent. He explains his
       idea at
  HTML https://www.newgeology.us/presentation44.html
       . In this
       image
  HTML https://www.newgeology.us/Ridge.jpg
       he shows the East
       Pacific Rise as a pinkish line which extends from Alaska to the
       south Pacific and curves west to the Indian Ocean. The image
       also shows a few lines of seamounts in the Pacific. In the next
       image at
  HTML https://www.newgeology.us/Megatrends.jpg
       he has arrows
       to indicate that most of Antarctica left behind the trail of
       seamounts when it was pushed across the Pacific to near its
       present location. That means the East Pacific Rise could have
       been producing volcanoes before the Great Flood, which the Sauk
       megasequence shows traces of. Mike seems to think that the
       Pacific Rise was formed maybe millions of years ago, but
       creationists have found that the granite in the continents
       likely formed within the last 8,000 years, although they
       probably haven't checked Antarctica. The seamounts in the
       Pacific may have produced volcanism, but the Pacific Rise likely
       did too. Charles Chandler found that volcanoes are likely
       produced electrically, via telluric currents, which he explains
       at
  HTML http://qdl.scs-inc.us/?top=10527
       .
       __[CREATIONISTS SAY ONE GREAT FLOOD]
       __Evidence for a Late Cainozoic Flood/post-Flood Boundary
  HTML https://dl0.creation.com/articles/p077/c07723/v10n1_cainozoic.pdf
       _For modeling purposes, where necessary in the following
       discussions, the Flood is dated at about 4,500 years ago. The
       basis for this is as follows:
       (1) It is reasonable, if not appropriate, to take the
       genealogies of Genesis 5–11 as accurate and complete;
       (2) The genealogies of Genesis place 1,656 years between
       Creation and the Flood; and
       (3) a straightforward reading of genealogies in Scripture
       indicates the Creation of the world occurred around 6,000 years
       ago. This places the Flood at about 4,344 years ago; rounding to
       4,500 years for simplicity.
       _A few creationists have suggested that the Flood occurred from
       7,000 to over 12,000 years ago. This places the date of Creation
       even further back in time. I do not accept these suggestions
       because they (1) significantly harm the biblical chronology by
       introducing thousands of years into the genealogies of Genesis,
       (2) are based on questionable dating methods or presumed
       geophysical process rates, and/or (3) rely on the less accurate
       Septuagint.
       __[BIBLE IDEAS]
       __[COMMENT: I don't consider the preflood patriarchs to have
       high probability so far. I'm not a creationist, but I think the
       older Septuagint Old Testament is likely more accurate than the
       Masoretic Old Testament. I've previously stated that the
       Septuagint may date the Great Flood more accurately, while the
       Masoretic may date a different Flood, that of the Pangaea
       breakup event. In a recent post I quoted evidence that Noah's
       ark was real, an example of preflood advanced civilization, and
       has been preserved on a highland in Turkey. Since the evidence
       for the ark looks very good, it's more plausible now that the
       Biblical account of the Great Flood may be fairly accurate too.
       Moses wrote the first 5 books of the Bible. He probably got the
       account from the Egyptian records and he was probably an
       Egyptian. Charles Chandler found that his name was probably
       Ramose and he shortened it because Ra was a false god that Moses
       repudiated.]
       __[WERE DINOSAUR EGGS LAID & HATCHED DURING THE FLOOD?]
       (This is more from the above article. I ask this because it
       looks like the eggs were possibly laid on previous Flood
       sediments.)
       _In view of the Scriptural account, subaerial evidence should
       not be accepted as conclusive evidence for post-Flood activity.
       Cited evidences of post-Flood subaerial activity include upright
       trees (assumed to be in the growth position), dinosaur nests,
       [supposed] desert sands, unsorted volcanic ash and tuff, etc.
       One published claim35 that an upright tree grew in place was not
       supported by excavation of tree roots. Evidence presented did
       not eliminate the possibility that the tree was deposited
       upright by water as has been observed at Mt St Helens,36 and
       elsewhere over a century ago.37 Dinosaur nests are usually
       considered evidence for continued subaerial activity. However,
       there is important evidence that dinosaur nests did not remain
       on dry land long before they were buried catastrophically. The
       different nests in Montana have been described as eggs buried in
       mud inside a mudnest, and a ‘salad’ of baby dinosaur bones
       jumbled in three dimensions in green mudstone.38 One nest had
       been made ‘in the floodplain of a stream’ and Egg Mountain is
       described as ‘a peninsula or island in a lake’.39 Dinosaur eggs
       were found standing vertically in an unstable orientation, that
       is, on the small or pointed end.40 This orientation is
       characteristic of eggs submerged in muddy or mineral laden
       water, not a nest that remained on dry land.41 Dinosaur nests
       could date from the first 150 days of the Flood while waters
       were still rising.42
       __[COMMENT: The last sentence implies that dinosaur eggs could
       have been laid some months before Flood waters reached their
       nests, presumably on preFlood land. It may have been enough time
       for some of the eggs to hatch. So I figured I should try to
       determine about how long dinosaur eggs likely needed to incubate
       before hatching. So here are some excerpts.]
       __Preserved dinosaur egg reveals kinship to birds
  HTML https://earthsky.org/earth/preserved-dinosaur-egg-bird-oviraptorosaurs
       _The few brooding oviraptorosaur fossils that have been
       discovered so far are all from smaller species at around 220
       pounds (100 kilograms) or less, no bigger than the size of an
       ostrich. The species to which Baby Yingliang belonged would also
       have been about this size: the 6 1/2 inch (17 centimeter) egg
       weighed 1 pound (1/2 kilogram) in life and was from an egg
       cluster just over 1 1/2 feet (1/2 meter) across. Giant
       oviraptorosaurs, which are quite rare, were considerably larger,
       as were their eggs and nests. In 2017, I was part of a team that
       studied another embryonic skeleton, known as Baby Louie. The
       skeleton was found with a group of eggs belonging to a new
       species of giant oviraptorosaur, which we named Beibeilong. As
       the largest known dinosaur eggs, they were over 17.7 inches (45
       centimeters) long and weighed more than 11 pounds (five
       kilograms) each.
       __A Theropod Dinosaur Embryo and the Affinities of the Flaming
       Cliffs Dinosaur Eggs
  HTML https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.266.5186.779
       __Abstract. An embryonic skeleton of a nonavian theropod
       dinosaur was found preserved in an egg from Upper Cretaceous
       rocks in the Gobi Desert of Mongolia. Cranial features identify
       the embryo as a member of Oviraptoridae. Two embryo-sized skulls
       of dromaeosaurids, similar to that of Velociraptor, were also
       recovered in the nest. The eggshell microstructure is similar to
       that of ratite birds and is of a type common in the Djadokhta
       Formation at the Flaming Cliffs (Bayn Dzak). Discovery of a nest
       of such eggs at the Flaming Cliffs in 1923, beneath the
       Oviraptor philoceratops holotype, suggests that this dinosaur
       may have been a brooding adult.
       [MORE COMMENT: I find online that "Hatching time varies from
       36–45 days for ostrich eggs, 46–56 days for emu eggs, and 36–44
       days for rhea eggs." Ostrich eggs are said to be the biggest
       bird egg at 6 in. or 15 cm. long. That's about the same size as
       the above dinosaur eggs. So dinosaur eggs probably required
       about the same hatching time of 50 days or so. The largest
       dinosaur eggs were said to be about 3 times longer, so they may
       have required longer incubation time, but maybe that's why those
       hatchlings are not found.]
       __DINOSAUR PENINSULA DROWNED EARLY
       _They previously described Dinosaur Peninsula as highlands
       stretching from Minnesota to New Mexico. In the maps at
  HTML https://ibb.co/ZcmCxPH
       you can see on the left that most of the
       megasequences covered nearly all of the Dinosaur Peninsula. The
       video transcript above gave the impression that the peninsula
       was not covered until the Absaroka. So, either the maps are
       wrong, or the video is wrong, or the first 4 megasequences were
       deposited nonviolently, so dinosaurs were able to wade, or swim,
       or float with debris, while the water was high, and maybe it
       wasn't too high for very long. It seems unlikely that many
       dinosaurs could survive long in deep water or that much sediment
       could be deposited with a gradual rise of water. The maps show
       that small areas of New Mexico, Wyoming, South Dakota and
       Minnesota were above water the longest, so maybe dinosaurs
       congregated in those places during high water. The white areas
       on the maps tend to show where sediments weren't deposited or
       were later washed away as the Flood receded. This map shows more
       clearly where all sediments were washed away. They're called
       shields and they're colored brown on this map:
  HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shield_%28geology%29#/media/File:World_geologic_provinces.jpg
  HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
       o/forum3/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=13&start=675#p7334
       __GREAT FLOOD MUD, SAND & FOSSILS
       ...
       __COMMENTS. In my recent post about a TRANSCRIPT OF A NOAH'S
       FLOOD VIDEO at
  HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
       o/forum3/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=11&p=7327&sid=d86701efbffb2c89bf
       2f3b1c22f63fcb#p7193
       it said: "The Zuni [megasequence of sedimentary strata] was so
       massive and fast that it engulfed entire regions with mud flow,
       burying giant creatures like this T-Rex under 50 feet of muddy
       sediment, entombed so quickly that preserved blood cells, blood
       vessels and bone cells were found just recently. How much water
       does it take to pile 50 feet of mud on top of a dinosaur?"
       _I guess the water would be at least twice as deep as the mud.
       Remember the description in that transcript of thousands of
       other dinosaurs and other animals in a large area of the West
       similarly buried under mud during the Zuni stage of the Flood?
       Now we see how the Flood was able to deposit thick layers of mud
       over them. When the Flood currents were not too fast and not too
       slow, the mud flocculated by electrostatic attraction and was
       deposited I guess somewhat like a huge mud avalanche, similar to
       a snow avalanche. Avalanches of snow can bury people and animals
       and the weight presses on them so tightly that they can't move
       in any direction. That's likely how the Flood mud avalanches
       behaved as well, immobilizing and suffocating or drowning them.
       Ian Taylor had a book about the Flood in 1984 called In the
       Minds of Men, in which he described a large school of fossilized
       mudsharks in Ohio that were still in swimming positions and the
       weight of the mud over them smashed them down to only a quarter
       inch thick. In my previous post I mentioned Gentry's finding
       that some coalified wood with radiohalos was similarly smashed,
       making some of the radiohalos in the wood initially elliptical
       instead of spherical.
  HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
       o/forum3/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=13&start=675#p7428
       __DID MID CONTINENT RIFT FORM BEFORE THE GREAT FLOOD?
       ...
       __IS THE MCR PRE-FLOOD?
       __REF. 2. FROM: Can ‘megasequences’ help define biblical
       geologic history?
  HTML https://creation.com/images/pdfs/tj/j29_2/j29_2_16-25.pdf
       __[MEGASEQUENCES]
       _Clarey reported on the results of his analyses of
       transcontinental Sloss stratigraphic sequences, which he also
       defines as ‘megasequences’:
       _“Using data from over 500 stratigraphic columns, I examined
       megasequences across North America to document the sedimentary
       evidence for the Flood’s catastrophe. At each site, the
       megasequence boundaries were identified, along with the
       thicknesses and extent of individual rock types.”51
       __[MIDCONTINENT RIFT FIRST MEGASEQUENCE?]
       _A new seventh megasequence was identified by Clarey at the
       Midcontinent Rift of North America:
       _“Preliminary results demonstrate the presence of a seventh
       megasequence below the six common fossil-bearing megasequences.
       It lies just below the Sauk Megasequence in what secularists
       [i.e. naturalists] call the late Precambrian or Proterozoic Era.
       However, this newly delineated pre-Sauk sequence may be
       instrumental in documenting the onset of the Flood.
       _“In part, the pre-Sauk megasequence was created by a tremendous
       outpouring of basaltic lava that split open central North
       America and caused the Midcontinent Rift.
       _It should be noted that Reed previously published an extensive
       review of the Midcontinent Rift from a young earth creationist
       perspective and proposed rift initiation at the onset of the
       Genesis Flood. However, because it occurred in the interior of
       North America, far from any transgressing ocean, there would
       have been a period of tectonism/volcanism and rainfall-induced
       sedimentation (from local flash floods infilling basins) prior
       to the initial Flood marine transgression, when broader-scale
       marine transgression as floodwater moved into this area....
       *****************************************************