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#Post#: 338--------------------------------------------------
G.WMS: PAST SEA LEVELS
By: Admin Date: September 12, 2021, 1:10 pm
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Changing Sea Levels [Journals] [Aeon]
_From: Aeon V:3 (Dec 1998) Home | Issue Contents Changing Sea
Levels Gordon P. Williams
_In a previous article, Frederic Jueneman toyed with the idea
concerning what would happen to Earth's oceans had Earth, at one
time, ceased its rotation ... all that seawater deprived of
centrifugal force will want to flow back outward to achieve a
dynamic equilibrium. Hence it would flow both northward and
southward ... to inundate the temperate and frigid latitudes,
despite the fact that the land area would itself be slowly
subsiding. More precisely, the waters would most likely try to
flow in a generally northeasterly direction - southeasterly in
the southern hemisphere - because of the eastward acceleration
due to angular momentum." [1] He then asked: "Could this be
among the reasons for Earth's global myths of floods? Could this
explain in some measure why hecatombs of broken and smashed
animals bones literally blanket the Arctic regions?" [2] This
led Richard Smith to ponder: "... he [Jueneman] mentions the
hecatombs of broken and smashed animal bones literally
blanket[ing] the Arctic. ' Why isn't the same thing true of the
Antarctic area?" [3] To this, Dwardu Cardona then replied with:
"Rather than ask why the Antarctic area is not blanketed by
hecatombs of broken and smashed animal bones, ' one should ask
why the Arctic is. While Frederic Jueneman did not quite state
that these hecatombs were the result of immense floods rushing
northward due to a hypothetical slowing down of Earth's rotation
- he only asked if such an event could explain them - he
obviously meant to intimate it. Had that been the mechanism, one
would expect to find something similar in the Antarctic area
since, according to Jueneman, a similar flood would also have
rushed southward. "I, on the other hand, would like to offer a
different explanation for the conditions found in the Arctic
area. Despite the supposed, and conflicting, dates of the
remains in question, it is my honest opinion that the vast
fields of broken bones mixed with sand, uprooted and smashed
trees, and stones of various sizes, all frozen in muck, owe
their occurrence to the same polar column which Jueneman himself
had elsewhere described as a churning vortex of planetary
proportions. [4] Although Jueneman did not mean his hypothesis
to apply to the Saturnian configuration, it can easily be made
to do so. And, in fact, the Saturnian axis mundi is often
described in similar terms - as a twirling vortex and/or
churning mountain. ' "It is, again in my opinion, this churning
vortex, this planetary tornado, that was the direct cause of the
massive carnage the remains of which blanket the Arctic regions.
The animals that were caught in this vortex were literally
churned' to pieces. Trees were uprooted and smashed, rocks were
flung about, and the whole was mixed and finally frozen in situ.
Thus the animal remains are not fossilized, as neither are the
trees petrified. [5] "The reason why we do not find the same
state of affairs in the Antarctic should then be self-evident.
There was no axis mundi churning above Earth's south celestial
pole." [6] Earlier, Immanuel Velikovsky had also raised the
question concerning why the Yukon and Tanana Valleys of Alaska
contained such a mass of broken bones and branches in a matrix
of mud and fossilized trees on the islands of the Arctic Ocean.
[7] I find that neither Jueneman's nor Cardona's explanation,
both of whom have supplied us with very speculative scenarios,
is satisfactory. It is no wonder that, while orthodox theories
concerning the development of Earth in historic times are just
as speculative, confusion rules the day. Geologists and the
dependent sciences that have been developed on the basis
provided by geologists have been set on a false path. The
decision taken by Charles Lyell to pursue the path leading to
uniformitarianism was a political one, taken in opposition [to]
the short term of the Mosaic chronology. Any effort to interpret
the movement of Earth's crust in terms of catastrophic events
was effectively stifled by the Geological society's refusal to
publish anything even hinting at a catastrophic or Biblical
base. What follows is based on macrogeomorphology and explains
how physical forces, identified by the forms created in Earth's
crust, have shaped our globe. With the movement of the
continents, revealed by following the predictable motion of
released energy as shown by the appropriate morphology, the
consequent reaction of Earth's oceans may also be reliably
traced. The surging oceans responsible for the deposits in the
north were not present in the southern oceans. The Antarctic
continent, an integral part of Earth's crust, was, in early
historical time, in a near-equatorial environment supporting the
development of the flora and fauna which are now found there in
fossilized form. Earth's overall shape was recast into the
"Orphic Egg" of myth [8] by the action of Saturn as it drew and
elevated Earth's crust in the opposite hemisphere to the
Antarctic continent. The first oceans would have formed about
the Antarctic continent as the crust, after first being lowered
as the Samfrau [9] geosyncline [10] developed, was finally
parted from the land that remained. Had the records of the
Orphics not been destroyed by the events that were to follow, we
might have had a much more coherent record explaining this
development, instead of the fragmentary account that appears in
the ancient literature. Saturn, as the "Sun of Night," [11] was
the dominant body of the equatorial heavens above the elevated
region of the "Orphic Egg." [12] After periodic visits by
Jupiter, Saturn was finally deposed. This region now rests
beneath our northern sky, it having shifted through 90-deg as
Earth toppled. This sequence of events is possibly that told in
the "Wars of the Titans." In the process, mass was lost from
Earth's present northern hemisphere and our globe was recast in
a pear-shaped form. With this change in the levels of the
Earth's crust, a transfer of the oceans from about the southern
continent towards the north would follow. Early sea levels would
have been quite low and much less saline until such time as the
continental drainage patterns, both surface and sub-surface, had
fully developed and delivered the solutes they contained to the
continental margins. Charles Lyell (1797-1875) "The decision
taken by Lyell to pursue the path leading to uniformitarianism
was a political one..." As the ocean basins were reduced in
depth by isostatic recovery, sea levels would have risen. An
increasing area of the continental shelf would have been covered
until such time as the uplift of ocean floors had reached a
state of equilibrium with the adjacent land. The degree of
uplift is marked by the depth of the oceanic trenches which were
formed by the restriction imposed on the uplift by the adjacent
land mass. The region of greatest uplift would have been in the
north polar regions where the initial adjustment to the loss of
continental crust and mantle would have been initially most
rapid. It would appear from what ensued, and the
macrogeomorphology that was created, that the stress upon
Earth's crust in the north finally reached the breaking point.
The shallow Arctic Ocean broke open to expose its present depth.
The macrogeomorphology created by this rupture, as well as the
complementary movement that is identified in the south-west
Pacific Ocean, was explained in an earlier paper. [13] A rough
calculation of the quantity of water required to fill this
deepened basin would have reduced the depth of Earth's oceans by
approximately 6m (20 ft). This change in ocean levels was noted
by Daly. [14] It was also confirmed by Kuenen. [15] These two
authors were cited by Velikovsky. [16] The rush of water into
the Arctic basin would have been accentuated by the movement of
North America to the south and west over the northern end of the
East Pacific Rise into the Pacific Ocean. Tsunami waves
generated by this movement would have been capable of carrying
all the discovered debris (and possibly a lot more yet to be
discovered or which has been destroyed), together with the
mangled remains of animals, into the valleys of the Alaskan
rivers and the Arctic Ocean. Tsunamis, generated elsewhere by
the movement of the continental mass, would have overrun low
coastlines and surged along the length of major river basins,
destroying everything in their path and scouring out valleys on
their retreat. These low-lying areas close to water were the
favoured sites for settlement by civilizations who had forgotten
the safety afforded by mountains. As I write this, the
inhabitants of the northern coast of Papua, New Guinea, have
been reminded of such events by the ruthless action of the
tsunami that devastated their coast. (Since this wave was not
caused by the "pull" of the Sun and/or Moon, it was not a tidal
wave as frequently reported by the media.) The lands about the
northern Atlantic continue to rise, as evidenced by the strand
lines that have been found northwest and southeast of Hudson
Bay, Greenland, Iceland, Scotland and Scandinavia. Rather than
having caused the depression of these lands, the Arctic ice
sheet may have actually retarded the rate of their isostatic
recovery. Since the levels in the north have been recovering,
the displaced ocean has been raising the sea-level in other
parts of the world. Coral formations about many of the South Sea
islands contain evidence of polyps that grew much deeper than
the present growth environment would indicate as being possible.
It is probable that much of the coral sand gathered on these
atolls and volcanic islands may have been derived from the dead
coral which was smashed by the action of the sea, following
their exposure with the lowering of sea levels by the opening of
the Arctic basin. With the exception of a few land-locked seas,
which, in reality are nothing but large lakes, all the seas and
oceans of the world are connected. It should therefore be
evident that each change of sea level has to be compensated by
another modification elsewhere. And, when examined with the
correct mechanism in mind, the tracking of these oceanic
fluctuations is not that difficult.
_Notes
[1] F. B. Jueneman, "The Terrestrial Sea: A Critical Model of
Science and Myth," AEON IV:6 (May 1997), pp. 32-33.
[2] Ibid., p. 33 (emphasis added).
[3] R. M. Smith, "Some Thoughts on the Saturnian Sun and Polar
Column," AEON V:1 (November 1997), p. 5 (emphasis added).
[4] F. B. Jueneman, "The Polar Column: A Physical Model of
Myth," AEON I:4 (July 1988), pp. 36 ff.
[5] E. M. Benson, as reported in Pursuit (October 1969).
[6] D. Cardona, "Some Thoughts on the Saturnian Sun and Polar
Column," AEON V:1 (November 1997), p. 6 (emphasis as given).
[7] I. Velikovsky, Earth in Upheaval (N . Y., 1955), pp. 1 ff.
[8] But see here, D. Cardona, "The Evolution of the Cosmogonic
Egg," AEON III:5 (May 1994), pp. 52 ff., & idem, "The Beginning
of Time," in ibid., pp. 75-76, for a different interpretation of
the Orphic egg. Ed.
[9] This term was coined from the names of the continents
involved: South America, South Africa, and Australia.
[10] A. L. du Toit, Our Wandering Continents (1937).
[11] D. Cardona, "The Sun of Night," KRONOS III:1 (Fall 1977),
pp. 31 ff.; idem, "Night Sun," Frontiers of Science IV:1
(March-April 1982), pp. 29 ff.
[12] D. Cardona, "Intimations of an Alien Sky," AEON II:5
(February 1992), pp. 5 ff.
[13] G. P. Williams, "Our Tilted Earth," Chronology &
Catastrophism Workshop (1994) No.1 , pp. 9 ff.
[14] R. Daly, Our Mobile Earth (1926).
[15] P. H. Kuenen, Marine Geology (1950).
[16] I. Velikovsky, op. cit. (re which check index to work).
Gordon P. Williams, Changing Sea Levels
Gordon P. Williams, Our Tilted Earth
Gordon P. Williams, The Mammoths' Demise - a correct solution
requires more facts
#Post#: 339--------------------------------------------------
Re: PAST SEA LEVELS
By: Admin Date: September 12, 2021, 1:15 pm
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HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
o/forum3/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=13&p=5625#p5611
__NEW YOUNGER DRYAS COMET MODEL ONLINE
1. THE FLOODING OF THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN AT THE YOUNGER-DRYAS
BOUNDARY
HTML http://maajournal.com/Issues/2019/Vol19-1/7_Jaye%2019%281%29.pdf
2. Eyewitness Account of the Impact that Delivered the Worldwide
Flood
HTML https://theworldwideflood.com/2018/08/17/eyewitness-account-of-io-impact/comment-page-1/?unapproved=4397&moderation-hash=f44bc0db7dd364f8b02e579ab14cbf00#comment-4397
_Pieces of a snowball comet 2500 km in diameter produced Younger
Dryas impacts, but the main body of the comet impacted between
south Africa and Antarctica.
_The impact site is visible on the seafloor.
_Sea level was 3 km lower than now before the impacts, as shown
by submerged riverbeds.
_The comet ice melted and produced a worldwide flood, raising
sea levels rapidly.
_The ice lowered Earth air temperatures for some time afterward.
x_The civilization of Atlantis described by Plato is outlined on
the seafloor.
_The event is said to have occurred almost 13,000 years ago, but
best evidence indicates it was about 4,300 years ago.
_It is claimed that there was no ice sheet before the impacts,
but it's more plausible that there was and ejected ice boulders
from the ice sheet formed the Carolina bays etc.
_There must have been higher sea levels when the Great Flood
formed the sedimentary rock strata, and cooling after the Flood
caused the ice sheet to form in North America and Europe, which
lowered sea levels.
_Myths are cited of a comet/dragon that produced a global Flood,
but the Saturn Theory says that comet was Venus (or Mars?).
HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
o/forum3/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=13&p=5625#p5617
__EMPTY OCEAN BASINS AND THE YD SNOWBALL COMET
_Then, yesterday I posted about a really huge Younger Dryas
impactor model from
HTML https://theworldwideflood.com
and
HTML http://maajournal.com/Issues/2019/Vol19-1/7_Jaye%2019%281%29.pdf<br
/>
which suggest that a megasized 2,500 km diameter snowball comet
with a small rocky core caused the YD impacts and filled the
formerly nearly empty ocean basins. What impresses me most about
this latest source is the suggestion that the ocean basins were
nearly empty. Cardona had discussed this about ten years ago in
my interview with him here, but I hadn't given that a lot of
thought until now. This new source shows that there are river
beds on the ocean floor in several places and those could only
have been formed in open air, not under water. I've discussed
ancient manmade underwater structures here a few months ago, I
think, but this source shows that a huge site that seems to be
the former Atlantis is about 2 miles underwater. The author
shows that the oceans must have been very shallow and the
seafloors largely covered with land animals and plants. So I got
some more info about this below, which are quotes.
__AZORES UNDERWATER PYRAMID
Resonance in the Submerged Atlantean Continent
HTML http://www.human-resonance.org/submerged.html
_When local yachtsman Diocleciano Silva was deep-sea fishing
between São Miguel and Terceira Islands in the Azores Islands in
early May 2013 he noticed a perfectly geometric formation on his
high-accuracy depth-finder device. Silva's video of the odd
sonar data reveals a large pyramid with 4 perfectly flat faces
like those of the Great Pyramid.
_Clearly, the depth-finder data displays the base of the pyramid
sitting on a small level plain at 360' below sea level. The apex
of the pyramid is shown at just 136' below sea level, providing
for a total height of 224' (360 - 136 = 224) [=68+meters].
_(T)he Azores Pyramid is the same height as the Teotihuacan
Pyramid in present-day Mexico, and also appears to closely match
the height of the newly discovered Hummingbird Pyramid in La
Maná, Ecuador!
_Furthermore, the Azores Pyramid is 1/3 and the Great Pyramid is
2/3 the height of the Bosnian Pyramid of the Sun, at 220m.
_The 13.2% alignment of the Azores Pyramid directly links the
site with another anomalous ocean bottom formation theorized to
be the giant grid pattern of a sunken city, rediscovered by
British aeronautical engineer Bernie Bamford and published in
2009.
__ATLANTIS CANALS
HTML https://theworldwideflood.com/2019/10/14/debunking-geologys-no-flood-ever-theory-historical-analysis-bathymetry-evidence-on-new-maps/
_Figure 3 is a NOAA map, centered at 24.4°W, 31.3°N, that shows
the remnants of the Atlantis canal system.
HTML https://www.thunderbolts.inf
o/forum3/phpBB3/viewtopic.php?f=11&t=13&p=5625#p5625
__NOT ATLANTIS CANALS
_The following article shows the image of the gridlike
arrangement of seafloor canals from Google maps and it explains
that those are not canals. They are artifacts of mapping the
seafloor with sonor using overlapping maps. I was suspicious
that such was the case when I noticed that the so-called canals
cross some of the hills on the seafloor. Canals can't go over
hills. I'll quote the last paragraph of the article.
_Did I find the lost underwater civilization of Atlantis?
HTML https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/atlantis.html
"When you see strange grid-like formations on the seafloor while
using an online mapping tool, what you are really seeing is two
(or more) different maps layered on top of each other. One map
may show a large, low-resolution picture of the ocean floor.
This map will show little detail and will look smooth. The other
map, or 'data set,' often looks like a bunch of grid-like lines
overlaying the smooth, low-detail map. The path of the lines
show the paths traveled by the ships that gathered these
higher-resolution sonar readings of smaller patches of the
ocean."
__BUT THE OCEAN LEVELS WERE NONETHELESS VERY LOW A FEW THOUSAND
YEARS AGO IMO
_I say that because there are numerous riverbeds on the
seafloors. There are also manmade structures deep underwater.
The city off the coast of Cuba is a mile or more deep as I
recall. They're surely wrong about the Atlantis canals, a
seafloor grid (near Portugal and Morocco). But they're likely
right about the former very low sea levels and likely also right
about the flooding of the Mediterranean Sea during the Younger
Dryas event. The theory that a 1200 mile diameter snowball comet
crashed between Antarctica and Africa and filled the ocean
basins is possible at this point, but I don't know where the
salt and other minerals in ocean water would have come from
(maybe from evaporated or volcanic salt deposits). I need to
compare that theory with Cardona's theory that the polar column
removed ocean water and later returned it. Also with
consideration of how much ocean water could have been frozen
onto the ice sheet/s and/or ice caps.
NEWBORN STAR p.98
Doggerland ... was just one of many [place]s around the world
that was inundated by the rising sea levels brought about by the
melting of the glaciers at the end of the Pleistocene Ice Age.
In this particular region, the sea is believed to have been 390
feet lower than at present. [The Azores pyramid is 360 feet
below sea level.]
METAMORPHIC STAR p.195
At the end of the Ice Age, sea levels rose due to the melting of
glacial ice. In some areas, however, crustal rebound has been
found to have exceeded sea-level rise.
WIKIPEDIA: PAST SEA LEVEL
_The current sea level is about 130 metres higher than the
historical minimum. Historically low levels were reached during
the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), about 20,000 years ago. The last
time the sea level was higher than today was during the Eemian,
about 130,000 years ago.[2]
_Over a shorter timescale, the low level reached during the LGM
rebounded in the early Holocene, between about 14,000 and 6,000
years ago, and sea levels have been comparatively stable over
the past 6,000 years.
#Post#: 340--------------------------------------------------
TILTED EARTH
By: Admin Date: September 12, 2021, 3:12 pm
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Our Tilted Earth [Journals] [SIS Workshop]
_From: SIS Chronology and Catastrophism Workshop 1994 No 1 (Jan
1994) Home | Issue Contents
_Our Tilted Earth A Geomorphic Analysis of Crustal Momvement
About the Poles, North America and Australasia by Gordon P.
Williams
_Preface When the subject of continental movement is introduced
its association with the science of geology is almost automatic.
However, the science dealing with land movement is
geomorphology. The short definitions of each are: Geology - The
study of the origin, structure, composition, and history of the
Earth, together with the processes that have led to its present
state. Geomorphology - The scientific study of the origin of
land forms based on a cause and effect relationship. The
particular macroscale (= large) land forms being studied are
those associated with land movement in the Earth's lithosphere
(the crust), and comparing them to the mesoscale (= medium)
shapes made by soil movement on a hill slope [1 ]. The first
geographers were in fact geomorphologists who attempted to
explain the shaping of the continents and the creation of their
features by movement. The analysis of a catastrophe (? ) should
follow a set procedure. For example, the investigation of a
serious road accident should identify: 1) the movement of the
vehicles etc. involved, e.g. direction of travel, 2) the forces
involved, e.g . speed, weight, transitory influences such as
ice, light, 3) the effect forces have had on the objects
involved, their age, make, etc. In a geographical context this
would entail: 1) the geomorphologist to determine the movement
involved from an analysis of the forms created, 2) the
geophysicist to determine the forces involved and 3) the
geologist to determine the age of and effect on the minerals of
the mass moved. Although one person may be qualified to
investigate more than one field an orthodox procedure should be
observed even if unorthodox sources and methods are employed.
Study already done reveals that there were two main phases of
movement, the second being more in the nature of an aftershock.
The hypothesis is that in the Recent or Holocene Epoch a tilt of
the Earth's axis (the second episode) caused considerable
movement of the Earth's crust near the poles and in North
America and Australasia. In this paper the work of the
geomorphologist is undertaken. If the movement identified from
the of shapes left behind is accepted as correct, the way is
opened for other disciplines to continue the investigation.
_Introduction
_Against the opinion prevailing at the time, Heinrich
Schliemann's interpretation of Homer's Iliad led to the
discovery of Troy. A similar approach led to the discovery of
Knossos in Crete. Could the ancient records do the same for
geomorphology? Fortunately, we are able to put that to the test
by identifying a pattern (or assemblage) of land forms created
by the action of forces released within the Earth and determine
the direction and extent of movement. Where would we begin the
search for evidence of continental movement? Even though the
adopted geological time scale developed by conventional
geological research has precluded mythology and the ancient
recordings being accepted as relevant because the source is
considered too recent, they give a strong indication as to where
to look. Both provide information worthy of further
investigation. An Extract From Ancient Records. Thomas Burnet
[2], writing in the late 1600s before the geological timetable
was established to suit the Uniformitarian School, found the
following observation or doctrine among the Ancients': They say,
The Poles of the World did once change their situation, and were
first in another posture from what they are now, till that
inclination happen'd; this the ancient Philosophers often make
mention of, as Anaxagoras, Empedocles, Diogenes, Leucippus,
Democritus; [3] as may be seen in Laertius, and in Plutarch; and
the stars, they say, at first were carried about the Earth in a
more uniform manner. [4] It is unlikely that such a change
occurred over an extended period of time for had it done so this
would have reduced the likelihood of it being recorded. A
relatively sudden change could not have been ignored and is more
likely to be found in the historical record. A shift of the
poles would imply a change of climate. Burnet refers to such
observations on the part of the Ancients and also in the works
of the Ancient Poets [5 ]. The change recorded was a transition
from a perpetual spring' to a cyclic weather pattern consistent
with the difference in the angle of the Earth's axis to the
equatorial plane of the Sun changing throughout the year. Should
the proof presented of a change of the Earth's axis of rotation
be accepted, the climate is but one of several topics that would
require to be re-evaluated. Foremost amongst others would be
migration and changing sea levels.
_The Effect of Some Forces Involved in a Change of Axis
_The basis of the hypothesis is that the Earth is a composite
body consisting, in a simplified form, of a crust, a mantle and
a core, not a solid unit. A shift of the rotational axis caused
by a tilt of the core would require a change in the rate of
movement of every part of the Earth other than the pivot about
which the Earth tilted and the composite sphere adjusted to the
new axis.[6 ] In both hemispheres, as the crust near the old
pole increased its speed of movement, that near the new location
of the pole would have to slow down until the speed of movement
at the pole itself reached zero; the crust between the two pole
positions would have to reverse its direction of movement (fig.
1). While the viscosity of the interior of the Earth would allow
the change to occur as a flowing movement, the crust, because of
its rigidity, would be subject to stress and strain. Because any
translocation of the poles would be subject to the action of
inertia, Coriolis force and centrifugal force, the movement to
the new position would not be direct and the effect on the
Earth's crust would be found over an extensive area. A. Movement
affecting the Earth's crust at North Pole after a tilt of the
Earth's axis. The Coriolis Force deflects movement to the
northern hemisphere. B. Movement affecting the Earth's crust at
South Pole after a tilt of the Earth's crust. The Coriolis Force
deflects movement to the left in the southern hemisphere.
_Figure 1. Forces activated by a shift of the Earth's axis.
_Figures 1a and 1b show diagrammatically the direction of the
movement about the poles resulting from the forces involved.
Given the present direction of rotation, Figure 1a refers to the
northern pole and Figure 1b to the southern pole of an Earth
rotating as it does today. It is probable that internally there
would have been sufficient fluidity for this change to have
taken place but at the Earth's surface the inflexibility of the
crust would cause rupturing, especially where the need for
sudden changes in speed and/or direction was greatest.
Initially, change would have occurred about the axis and then
been transmitted through the inner material of the Earth to the
lithosphere. The high latitudes, being nearest the axis, would
have been the first part of the surface to be affected and the
low latitudes the last. An important effect of the movement
within the Earth would have been the generation of heat beneath
the continents, which would have facilitated movement of the
crust as the lithosphere responded to the active forces. If we
look at the physical changes likely to follow from a polar shift
over a time period short enough to be readily observed, we find
we have an adequate force to account for much of the continental
movement that has occurred within the study area. The area of
greatest change would be between the old and the new pole
positions, where the linear movement at the surface within the
area reversed. The action of the opposing forces would be
converted to a shear force between the old and new poles before
the new axis of rotation established itself within the
lithosphere.
_Complementary Movement About Both Poles
_There is a similarity in the movement about both poles. If
Figure 1a were to be placed over the North Pole (Figure 2), the
tension and pressure zones could be appropriately related to the
theoretical forces of the proposed polar shift. The stress
features in those zones are the oceanic depths of the Arctic,
Norwegian and Greenland Seas and the mainly pressure-formed
mountains about the bend in the northern Canadian Rockies and
Siberia respectively. The crust near the old North Pole, while
in the process of changing its speed of movement, would tend to
veer to the right (as far as crustal strength would allow) in
accordance with the Coriolis Force. The land to the east of the
Arctic Oceanic Basin would continue to move to the east while
veering to the right (south). North America would move to the
west while veering to the right (north). The combined movement
would be a folded form, such as there is in the Canadian Rockies
near the Alaskan border: the Alaskan Orocline. _Figure 2. The
North Pole - direction of forces active at or near the pole.
Recent movement caused by forces generated by a shift of the
Earth's axis. The tension zone is indicated by the oceanic
depths. The compression zone is indicated by the Alaskan
Orocline (the bend in the northern Canadian Rockies) and the
mountains to the west. The shear force may have offset the
oceanic depths of the Arctic Ocean relative to the Greenland and
Norwegian Seas, along the line of the Nansen Fracture Zone. The
force generated by mantle movement would take longer to have an
effect on massive continents such as Asia and North America than
on smaller land masses such as those around the South Pole.
Consequently, the shear and compression features have been
displaced from about the present pole in the line of inertial
movement towards the Pacific Ocean. Whilst the tension and
compression zones are easily identified, the shear zone appears
to have no distinguishing features. In North America the inertia
of the continent would have resisted the acceleration imparted
via friction by the mantle beneath it. The venturi effect of the
mantle passing beneath the continent would have drawn, not
pushed, the oceanic crust with its burden of sediment under the
continental crust. This process differs from the conventional
subduction theory that has been generally accepted. The Canadian
Rockies, which are regarded as a recent formation, may have been
lifted by the action described [7].
_Figure 3. The South Pole - direction of forces active at or
near the pole. Recent movement caused by forces generated by a
shift of the Earth's axis. Although much of the continental
crust has been drawn away from the area some evidence of
relevant movement may be found.
_The Transantarctic. Although much of the continental crust has
been drawn away from the area some evidence of relevant movement
may be found. The Transantarctic Mountains, the Ellsworth Mounts
and the Pensacola Mounts indicate the action of a shear force.
The easterly displacement of the islands of the S.W. Atlantic
and the apparent displacement of the ridge south of Australia
appear consistent with effects of inertia and the proposed
forces. In the southern hemisphere (Figure 3), the shear zone at
the pole is more obvious. The dominant feature of the Antarctic
Continent is the Transantarctic Range complex, strong evidence
of the action of a shear force in the area where hitherto little
evidence of tectonic activity has been noted. Perhaps because
the extensive continental coverage of the northern hemisphere is
replaced by the oceanic depths which surround the Antarctic
Continent, the tension and rift formations are not so easily
identified. Similar movement in the south would place the rift
formation in the South Pacific Ocean with the overrun being to
the east and veering to the left (north) and the inertial lag in
the region of southern Australasia being to the west and veering
to the left (south). The v-shaped forms of the Ross Sea and the
Ronne Ice Shelf, together with the Lady Bird Range, may be
additional features of a shear formation, the creation of which
was facilitated by the absence of a surrounding land mass. In
the area of the expected overrun we find the South Sandwich
Island Arc and the broken submerged Kerguelen Plateau in a
morphological form which suggests movement to the northeast, as
may be expected. In Australasia the same resistance to an
increase in speed of movement would have applied but because
there was less continental crust in the active zone there is no
visible evidence of subduction'. However, it would have taken
place along the Macquarie Trench to the west of the submerged
Campbell Plateau south of New Zealand. To the east of the trench
is the Macquarie Ridge, with Macquarie Island being the only
visible feature.
_Complementary Morphology Shows the Global Extent of the
Movement Within the Lithosphere
_The effect of the polar shift would have been global in extent.
Crust in both the north and south high latitudes, because of its
proximity to the axis, would reach its appropriate speed of
movement earlier than that in the lower latitudes. The
identification of similar movement in both hemispheres would
help in establishing the short term duration of the change. Some
movement about the poles has already been identified. If the
deductions made are correct we should be able to use the known
to find the unknown', i.e . to identify land forms attributable
to a change of axis beyond the polar regions and by replacing
slope of mesoscale movement with the inertia in the macroscale
movement, account for their formation as part of the overall
pattern of events. If the situation existed as we have
reconstructed it, it should improve understanding of the polar
regions by either serving as a framework into which further
discoveries may be slotted or by suggesting a direction for
further research.
_An Empirical Analysis of Other Movement About the North Pole
_Because the inertia of the lithosphere resisted a change in the
rotational velocity, the mantle moved beneath it, as in the
continental undertow theory' proposed by Alvarez [8 ]. Any
surface debris in the northeast Pacific (e.g. continental
fragments) would have been pushed against the west coast of
North America. Are these the formations that are now recognized
as terranes' and the pressure the driving force required by
Pollitz?[9 ] The deep continental roots that Alvarez suggested
in his first presentation of his theory[10] appear to be an
unwanted qualification. Because of the width of North America,
the direction of apparent movement caused by inertia would
differ across the continent, with the angular difference between
east and west being the difference in longitude, approximately
45o. The Montana-Florida Alignment, a dextral displacement
extending from the northwest to the southeast, may be the
physical evidence of that stress. A contributing factor may have
been the deflexion of the east of the continent to the right,
caused by the Coriolis Force as the land mass began to move
faster as required by its new position further from the pole
(Figure 4). The basin and range morphology of central western
United States of America, which lies southwest of the suggested
northern extension of the Montana-Florida Alignment, indicates
that the base on which the continental crust rests has been
stretched. A. Continental overrun through intertia to increased
easterly mantle velocity B. C. Southeasterly Continental
Movement affected by intertia and Coriolis force.
_Figure 4. Movement of North America. The increased speed
required for North America resulted in movement being deflected
to the right. The lower latitudes, being further from the axis
of rotation, were the last to reach this speed. This gave an
apparent clockwise rotation to the continental crust in the mid
to low latitudes, where North America is located. The combined
forces moved the crust to the southeast. By this movement the
southern part of the continent has been forced into the western
end of the West Indies Island Arc, causing crushing. Note the
displacement of the Montana-Florida Alignment, overthrust forms
in the midwest and the basin and range morphology of the western
states. Through inertia, Alaska and Eastern Siberia continued to
move. This would have been the force required by Jackson et al
[11] to move Alaska to the south. As the surface movement became
restricted and pressure forms developed, the western equivalent
of the Queen Elizabeth Islands may have been carried by
sub-crustal flow and compressed on the northern Alaskan coast to
become the terranes identified by Howell et al [12]. The abyssal
depths of the Arctic Ocean are the equivalent of the scar in the
mesoscale movement and the mountains of eastern Siberia are the
restricted front of the flow. The full extent of this movement
may have reached deep into southern Siberia where it would
appear that it has encroached on the morphology of a previous
movement which will be explained more fully in another paper
[13]. The transverse fractures of the northern sector of the
North Atlantic Ridge appear to conform to the westerly movement
of Northern Europe and North America. The Highlands of Scotland
appear to have moved from the northeast, with the Glen Mor Shear
as the dividing line. Whether Ireland and Scotland were parted
by this movement is worth further investigation. The position
and shape of the Hatteras Abyssal Plain (east of the Bahamas)
suggests that it may have been the position of the continental
margin off the southeastern states of the USA before it was
moved by the rotation of the continent when North America was
pushed to the southwest and the Gulf of Mexico was closed. The
crush zone in the West Indies is where a folding movement
consistent with the clockwise rotation of North America has
caused shearing stress along the northern margin of the
Caribbean Plate (see Figure 4). Both Carey[14] and King[15]
recognized this zone as an area of crustal stress and
adjustment.
_An Empirical Analysis of Other Movement About the South Pole
_In the southern hemisphere, where the abyssal depths left by an
earlier movement surround the Antarctic Continent, there was not
the same restriction on continental movement. The
Antarctic-Australia Discordance discussed by Alvarez[16] is part
of the movement to the east, with left hand deflexion. This
would be caused by Australasia being placed in an area of faster
movement, where it initially lagged (because of inertia) until
such time as the movement of the underlying mantle was matched
by the lithospheric crust (Figure 5). This would be a further
example of Alvarez's continental undertow'. The forces involved
would probably be the cause of the anticlockwise rotation of
Australia as noted by King[17]. A. Continental overrun through
intertia to increased easterly mantle velocity B. C.
Southeasterly Continental Movement affected by intertia and
Coriolis force.... Continental penetration - - - - Former shear
Line. Melanesian Megashear.
_Figure 5. The movement of Australasia. The increased speed of
movement required in Australasia resulted in deflexion to the
left in the southern hemisphere. The lower latitudes, being
further from the axis of of rotation, were the last to attain
their final speed. This gave an apparent anticlockwise rotation
to the continental crust in the mid to low latitudes, where
Australasia is located. The combined forces moved the crust to
the northeast. The thrust to the north carried into the
Melanesian Megashear morphology, an area vacated by S.E. Asia in
its 10,000 + km shift to the west by an earlier movement of the
continents. In the Australasian zone, where we should expect the
Earth's crust to have lagged behind until it had accelerated
sufficiently, we find that there has been apparent movement of
the crust to the northeast. What movement there was would have
been deflected to the left by rotation, which is consistent with
the morphology of the area. Northern Australia has forced New
Guinea to the north and, with inertia providing a westerly
component, the combined movement has intruded into the area of
the relic form of the broad flow behind the Sumatra-Sunda Island
Arc front. Pressure from the southwest on southeastern Australia
probably caused the northwest-southeast aligned ranges in the
states of southeastern South Australia and southwestern
Victoria. These are low-lying ridges in an extensive limestone
formation, seldom more than a few metres high and separated by
wetlands. The compressed form of the geological formations lying
NNW/SSE through New South Wales to the border with Victoria at
the coast are also indicative of pressure from the southwest.
Further east, the submerged New Zealand Plateau (the combined
Chatham Rise and Campbell Plateau) shows some morphological
evidence in its shape of having been forced to the northeast.
North of New Zealand there are faults already identified which
are strongly concordant with the movement of New Zealand to the
northeast.
_Similarity of Development and History
_Yeats and Berryman [18] noted the similarity of the development
of the New Zealand fault zone between the Indian and Pacific
Plates and that of the western North American fault zone between
the North American and Pacific Plates. Both areas lie in zones
where similar forces were present, i.e. inertial lag followed by
subcrustally generated acceleration. This similarity has been
shown to be far more extensive than these authors envisaged from
the fault symmetry. It is to be found in the complementary
features created by polar shift about both poles and even in the
Caribbean and the Banda Loop of the East Indies. The big
difference arises from the amount of continental crust in the
active area. California is part of a large land mass and this
has limited its movement. New Zealand, a fragment of continental
crust in an area of similar submerged forms, lies to the south
of an area greatly disturbed by a former upheaval which shifted
the crust north of New Zealand some 1300km (810m) to the
north-northwest, as evidenced by the displacement of New
Caledonia. This has allowed New Zealand to move on a subcrustal
flow into the relic morphology of that earlier episode. There
are many large overthrust formations in consolidated sediments
in mid-west USA that appear to have been created by movement of
the crust to the south [19]. The equivalent north-sloping forms
found in the south of the North Island of New Zealand are much
smaller, through being created in mudstone and softer rocks more
recently raised from a submerged seabed.
_Conclusion
_Continental movement is the macroscale equivalent of blocks of
material sliding downhill under the force of gravity. In the
global model, where the minimal effect of gravity is limited to
what is acting on the slight difference in the length of Earth's
radii in the mid-north and south latitudes (the pear shape) -
negligible in the short term - an alternative force is required.
This is provided by the inertial reaction of the lithosphere to
movement within the mantle, the cause and extent of which will
not be fully known until all movement is analysed. In hill slope
processes the destabilizing factor is an outside agent, e.g.
artesian water, heavy rain, earthquake, etc. If the comparison
between scales is maintained the factor which destabilized the
Earth would also be an outside force, which may be identified by
further research. With this substitution for gravity, the forms
created by continental movement become similar in form to those
arising from material sliding down hill slopes. In accepting
this, it becomes possible to determine the direction and extent
of continental movement in the macroscale with a high degree of
accuracy, especially where the contours of the ocean beds may be
considered as part of the movement. The general pattern of
movement that created the geomorphology attributed to this
recent phase is shown in Figure 6.
_Figure 6. The general pattern of movement of the Earth's crust
resulting from a change of its axis of rotation.
A. General pattern of movement in the low latitudes showing the
complimentary nature of the two zones (Mercator Projection).
B. Movement in the high latitudes (Polar projection).
_In this paper, I have shown how much of the evidence provided
in the high latitude morphology of the lithosphere may be
related to a shift of the Earth's axis of rotation and the
sliding continents', two ideas presented by early geographers to
explain the Ice Age or ice ages which were proposed as agents
contributing to the change of the Earth's surface[20]. The
argument presented in this paper attributes the end of the Ice
Age in northern Europe and North America to the same forces. The
reason for the ice age morphology being so widespread lies in
the earlier episode of continental disruption. In times of
disaster or crisis, our mind has a valuable facility, the
ability to obliterate a traumatic experience[21]. However, it
works to the detriment of the researcher and historian. Without
the brief reference in the ancient records to a tilt of the
Earth's axis being accepted at face value, the analysis of the
extensive record in the shapes of the land and its features,
confirming its accuracy, might not have been presented as it has
been in this paper. The way is opened for a new look at many
things, foremost of which is the climatic change and migration
of races on a global scale from about 1500BC, which coincides
with a period of high erosion activity, 1-2000 BC, (conventional
dating). Out of this introductory appraisal of the empirical
evidence of continental and oceanic forms it has been
established that extensive continental and oceanic crust
movement has taken place. It has also been established that the
movement intruded upon relic morphology of an earlier phase of
continental shaping. The complementary nature of the evidence
presented demonstrates its global extent. Though fieldwork may
modify or alter some of the deductions made, the hypothesis that
the features identified have been created over a short period of
violent change appears to be well supported by the evidence.
Acceptance of the theory opens the way for a promising new look
at the past. Further papers are being prepared examining the
relic land forms noted in this paper. The conclusions reached
affect many disciplines and will require an open mind in order
to be accepted, for they differ radically from those provided by
the uniformitarians whose teachings we have been conditioned to
accept.
_Notes and References
_1. W.D . Thornbury: Principles
----------------------
Our Tilted Earth by Gordon Williams [Journals] [SIS Workshop]
_From: SIS Chronology and Catastrophism Workshop 1993 No 2 (Jan
1994) Home | Issue Contents REVIEWS Our Tilted Earth by Gordon
Williams (Available from the author, 11 Camellia Court, 280 Grey
Street, Palmerston North, New Zealand)
_Like most scientific outsiders with unorthodox views, Gordon
Williams expresses the difficulty in obtaining intelligent
comments on his non-uniformitarian work from professional
scientists in the field, so the reader has to judge if any or
all of his views are valid and reasonable. In this case there is
little doubt that this admirable illustrated booklet of 56 size
A5 pages is a serious work. It is based on years of study and
practical experience in New Zealand, where there is an amazing
variety of striking geological features. The preface states that
the copywrite (1993) 'paper was prepared, printed and presented'
by the author and it has some minor flaws, such as the confusion
between write and right, and a few misprints which would
probably have been avoided if it had been a commercial
publication. The type is very small and the page footer notes
and some captions require the visually challenged to use a
strong lens. Some words are very technical and a glossary would
be very helpful. For instance the subtitle is An introductory
geomorphic analysis of crustal movement about the poles, and the
correlation between the polar zones. 'Geomorphic' is easy
compared with many other terms, but they do at least indicate
that Williams knows his subject. These are all minor points and
now the big question. Suppose a rotating solid sphere in space
is covered with a layer of plastic putty and the axis of
rotation is tilted quickly by an external force which does not
impinge directly on the putty. Viewed from a fixed position
outside, parts of the surface would experience a rapid change of
velocity (speed and direction) after the tilt. The acceleration
requires a force and this should cause the layer of putty to be
compressed in some places and extended in others, seen as
folding, ridging and other changes in the levels of the surface.
Williams believes this has happened to the Earth and he
describes the evidence for past movements of the Earth's crust
in both hemispheres in convincing detail. But to an observer on
the surface the sphere would continue to rotate at the same
angular velocity and there would be no forces on the surface
caused by the new position of the axis, only those needed to
tilt the axis, which would have quite different effects. Is
there a definitive answer to the question which view is correct?
The effect on the surface would also depend on the nature of the
external force. If it does act mainly on the surface zone,
causing it to slide over the relatively liquid magma below, then
the force causing distortion of the surface layer would be the
difference between the external imposed force and the frictional
force at the interlayer, plus that due to inertia of the moving
mass. Much more study of these aspects is required. Williams
accepts the Velikovsky claim that an external force was caused
by the close passage of a cosmic body, Venus. He does not
discuss the question of the age of Venus and the possibility
described in SIS literature that the erratic body might have
been much smaller than Venus and collided with that planet. He
rejects the idea that tectonic plate movement might be due to
convective effects but does not mention another view published
by SIS that the action of tides on the Earth's crust could be
the driving force where slow changes are involved. Another
surprising omission is that there is no reference to Peter
Warlow's book The Reversing Earth [1] which describes how the
axis could be tilted and what effects it could have, or had.
Fossils of trees swept away by raging sea currents and powerful
wind storms in world wide devastation indicate the direction and
extent of the forces. It would be interesting if Williams had
compared this to his analysis based on the study of the dynamics
of hill slope morphology applied to the morphology of the
lithosphere. Williams claims that current views of tectonic
plate movements are wrong because of the types of instruments
used and there is a law of physics which states that a moving
object takes the path of least resistance which for sea floor
movement must be up and over an obstructing land mass in spite
of the fact that it is the heavier material. In the absence of
further information it is hard to believe that the lighter land
mass would not float on a slow moving denser sea bed plate and
that the correct explanation has not been ascertained by
drilling and other evidence. Right or wrong, the booklet is
instructive and interesting. It has an excellent title and cover
diagram representing the tilted Earth. Williams is too modest to
include his name on the cover or give any personal details other
than his address. Williams has more papers in preparation on
Earth's Greatest Earthquake and The World Mountain, involving
even more unorthodox views about Saturn. It is hoped he can
persuade a publisher to produce a book with the title Our Tilted
Earth containing revisions and a combination of all these views.
It would be well worth having. As I happen to know he is a Clive
James lookalike, I'm sure his picture on a cover jacket in
colour may also help to sell a good many copies. Eric W. Crew
_Reference 1. P. Warlow, The Reversing Earth (J. M. Dent,
London, 1982) Editor's Note A condensed version of Our Tilted
Earth will appear in C&C Workshop 1994:1.
-----
Drayson's hypothesis: the Earth's tilt cycle [Journals] [SIS
Review]
... , though there was a more interesting and theoretically
sound debate running parallel to the Drayson debate, of which
Drayson appears to have been unaware [53]. In comparison with
some modern proposals on the rate of movement of the Earth's
rotation axis, Drayson's observed' rate lies between the very
slow movements conjectured by Dauvillier [54] and Williams [55],
and the very fast shifts proposed by Velikovsky [56] (see
Huggett [57, 58, 59]). Drayson was undoubtedly an original and
independent thinker who stuck doggedly to his beliefs. His
ideas, though apparently flawed, deserve to be more widely known
than they are at present. Table 1
-----
Letters [Journals] [SIS Workshop]
Tilted Earth? Gordon Williams is to be congratulated on his
attempts to relate distortions of the earth's crust to shifts of
the geographical location of the pole(s ) ( 'Our Tilted Earth',
C&C Workshop 1994:1 , pp. 9-15). I suggest he may still have a
very long way to go before his arguments will be at all widely
accepted, however. Whilst I have still only seen the abridged
version of his study, it does appear that his approach may have
been to accept Dr. Velikovsky's claim of a pole shift from the
neighbourhood of Greenland as gospel, then try to relate actual
tectonic features to this hypothesis. Sooner or later, he will
probably have to deduce the true' shift of the pole from the
actual tectonic features. This is obviously no easy task. I also
suspect that he is starting from a false hypothesis - namely
that the core of the earth is caused to tilt and that the
effects of this tilt are transmitted to the crust by viscous
forces in the more or less molten magma surrounding the core. I
find it more probable that the core has a strong tendency to
maintain a fixed direction and rate of spin. This is at least
partly deducible from the Ninsianna tablet analysis.
Extra-terrestrial forces could then be expected to cause the
crust to roll away from its original alignment with the core,
the crust afterwards being dragged back again by the spinning
core once the extra-terrestrial force had passed by. Other
forces would also be involved, not least those due to the
equatorial bulge (which forms part of the crust and which would
not be expected to deform very rapidly). It would be at least
largely in the course of the dragging back process that the
geographical position of the pole (on the crust) would become
displaced. It is thus probable that the direction of drift of
the pole will be around 180 different from the direction of roll
of the crust which was its original cause. This proposed change
of hypothesis probably does not materially affect Williams'
styles of computation, however. Probably the only available
analysis of actual rolls of the earth is that presented in my
Ninsianna tablet article (C&C Review XV, pp. 2-22). This was
described as a preliminary reconstruction and it can certainly
be developed further yet. The only measures of earth roll to be
found in it are the repeated changes in the obliquity of the
ecliptic. Obliquity of the ecliptic is defined as the angle
between the plane of the ecliptic and the plane through the
terrestrial equator; changes in it do not materially limit the
possible directions of roll, however. If the earth is not a
solid entity, changes in the obliquity will indicate the extent
of roll of the earth's crust (even if they do not determine its
direction), which may or may not be paralleled by the (assumed)
solid core. I have recently developed the equations which tie
direction of roll (of the crust) to rates of change of obliquity
and position of vernal equinox and, sooner or later, these will
have to be reconciled with the observed changes in these
parameters. Direction of roll is defined (for this purpose) as
the (stellar) longitude towards which the north pole tilts. A
full reconciliation can be expected to result in some
modification of the detail of Figs. 1, 2 ,3 & 4 of the Ninsianna
tablet analysis but it calls for lengthy re-calculations, as yet
barely started. It also involves reconciliation of the direction
of roll with actual gyroscopic forces, as the direction of roll
will not always be the same for every possible type of
extra-terrestrial force (the current indication is still that
the force principally concerned at the time of these
disturbances was one of electrostatic repulsion - as is
consistent with orbit expansion and as was first mooted in SIS
Review V:3, p. 97, 1980/81 - and it should eventually be
possible to confirm this). It was stated in the Ninsianna
article (p. 6) that ... changes in the obliquity of the ecliptic
and position of the vernal equinox have been co-ordinated, at
least to some degree ... but it is clear that a greater degree
of co-ordination than this must be possible in the long run. The
full reconciliation will probably take years to accomplish,
however; the analysis so far published has already absorbed some
10 years of work (the 1986 C&C Workshop article having already
been several years old at the time of its publication) and it
could well be that another 10 years or so will be required for
the next step. Meanwhile, I hope that Mr. Williams will continue
his studies as they could eventually lead to something very
worthwhile. There is unfortunately still a very wide range of
possibilities and it will be a major task to narrow the field
down until the actuals can be distinguished from the possibles
with any degree of certainty. Our principal object, after all,
is to discover what actually happened, not what ought to have
happened or what might have happened, and the methodology must
presumably be to examine as many possible solutions (or
scenarios) as possible, then gradually home in on the more
viable ones. To attempt to achieve a final solution in a single
step, as has apparently been Mr. Williams' approach as yet, can
be risky, opening the way for interminable objections on points
of detail. Note also that evidence deriving from deformations of
the earth's crust must usually be rated more trustworthy than
evidence deriving from Babylonian astronomical records; both
must be preferable to evidence deriving from interpretation of
ancient myth, though this can often guide us as to what to look
for in the first place. Even when one can disentangle what the
ancients were actually saying, it can still turn out that their
interpretation of events was misguided (e.g. their attribution
of an aggressive nature to Mars seems to have become
particularly deeply embedded in folk lore but a Court of Appeal
would almost certainly exonerate the Martians, who could more
reasonably claim that it was Earth which was displaying
aggression towards them). Michael G. Reade, Checkendon,
Oxfordshire
#Post#: 341--------------------------------------------------
MAMMOTHS
By: Admin Date: September 12, 2021, 4:56 pm
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The Mammoths' Demise - a correct solution requires more facts
[Journals] [SIS Review]
_From: SIS Chronology & Catastrophism Review 1999:1 (Jul 1999)
Home | Issue Contents The Mammoths' Demise - a correct solution
requires more facts by Gordon P. Williams
_The disappearance of the mammoths from the tundra of Northern
Russia and Siberia has produced many explanations from
professionals and amateurs. The purpose of this paper is to
introduce new facts into the debate. The most convincing
argument against Lyell's uniformitarianism, which has had a
controlling influence on nearly all geological explanations,
comes not from his contemporaries but from the works of the
Greek Philosophers and Roman poets. This evidence was cited by
Thomas Burnet in his argument in support of the Mosaic
chronology [1]. They say, The Poles of the World did once change
their situation, and were at first in another posture from what
they are now, till that inclination happen'd; This the Ancient
Philosophers often made mention of, as Anaxagoras, Empedocles,
Diogenes, Leucippus, Democritus [2]; as may be seen in Laertius,
and in Plutarch; and the Stars, they say, at first were carried
about the Earth in a more uniform manner. This is no more than
we have observ'd and told you in other words, namely that the
Earth chang'd its posture at the Deluge, and thereby made these
seeming changes in the Heavens; its Poles before pointed to the
Ecliptik, which now point to the Poles of the Æquator, and its
Axis is become parallel with that Axis; and this is the mystery
and interpretation of what they say in other terms; this makes
the different aspect of the Heavens, and of its Poles. And I am
apt to think, that those changes in the course of the Stars,
which the Ancients sometimes speak of, and especially the
Ægyptains, if they do not proceed from defects in their
Calender, had no other physical account than this. When the
Primæval Earth was made out of Chaos, its form and posture was
such as, of course, brought on all those Scenes which Antiquity
hath kept the remembrance of though now in another state of
Nature they seem very strange; especially being disguis'd, as
some of them are, by their odd manner of representing them. That
the Poles of the World stood once in another posture; That the
year had no diversity of Seasons; That the Torrid Zone was
uninhabitable; That the two Hemispheres had no possibility of
intercourse, and such like: These all hang on the same string;
or lean one upon the other as Stones in the same Building;
whereof we have, by this Theory, laid the very foundation bare,
that you may see what they all stand upon, and in what order'.
[3 ] Burnet realised that the shift of the poles would have made
possible those climatic changes noted by the Ancient Poets, a
change from a perpetual spring to a year of four seasons. Virgil
wrote [4 ] Non alios primâ crecentus origine mundi lluxisse
dies, aliumve habuisse tenorum, Credidderim Verillud erat, Ver
magnus agebat Orbis, & hybernus flatibus Euri. Such days the
new-born Earth enjoy'd of old, And the calm Heavens in this same
rowl'd All the great World had then one constant Spring, No cold
East-winds, such as our Winters bring. On the expiry of the
Golden Age, Ovid says [5 ], Jupiter antiqui contraxit tempora
Veris, &c. When Jove began to reign he changed the Year, And for
one Spring four Seasons made appear.' Velikovsky also referred
to the quarters of the World being displaced and changes in the
times and seasons [6 ]. In Earth in Upheaval [7 ] he expanded
upon this subject and included sliding continents', changing
orbit' and rotating crust'. None of these early authors was
aware that the shift of the poles was the second and lesser of
two catastrophic episodes. The geologists' insistence on the
stability of the Earth has also influenced astronomers who
maintain that there has been no radical deviation in the
behaviour of the planets of the solar system. As the poets
informed us, it was the action of Jupiter that ushered in the
change of seasons. In the full analysis it is expected that a
change of 90 deg. in the Earth's axis occurred with a shift of
the poles from an equatorial position to near their present
position. It would have been during this time that the Sun moved
on the plane of the Ecliptick' [8 ]. It was Venus that succeeded
Jupiter as the brightest planet at the time of the tilting of
the Earth about 3,500 years later. As to Venus, tis a remarkable
passage that St. Austin hath preserv'd out of Varro, he saith,
That about the same time of the great Deluge there was a
wonderful alteration or Catastrophe happen'd to the planet
Venus, and that she change'd her colour, form, figure, and
magnitude' [9 ]. To the modern geologist any suggestion that the
Earth could have changed its attitude has been, and still is,
unacceptable. Yet, at some time in the historical past people
saw and recorded a dramatic change in the Earth's attitude to
the heavens which, many years after the event, was recorded by
the ancient writers. Without the knowledge of the Earth's
surface that is available today they would not have had the
means to recognise the signs of Earth having tilted.
_Our Tilted Earth
_The hypothesis is the Earth did undergo a change of axis within
historical time. In accepting that a tilt occurred, evidence of
stress on the Earth's crust should be evident. Stress and
compression formations indicative of a change of Earth's axis
should be visible where changes in velocity have caused stress
within the Earth's crust [10, 11, 12].
_The Demise of the Dinosaurs
_This movement of the continental crust in response to the
stresses about the North Pole may have been the cause of the
extinction of the mammoths. In Siberia there would have been an
over-run of the continental crust as friction reduced the
crust's velocity at the position of the new North Pole. In
northern North America, friction of the oceanic sea-bed moving
beneath the American north-west coast accelerated the
continental crust. These changes could not be achieved without
considerable seismic activity. The area about the new North Pole
had been lowered by the earlier catastrophe, which had left its
mark on the morphology of the area. The depression, which had
been rapidly infilled with sediment, has since been raised by
isostatic uplift. This uplift has continued since this time
about the northern Atlantic in N. E. Canada about Hudson Bay,
Greenland, Scotland, Scandinavia and the Barents Sea as is shown
by the strand lines, so that land levels are higher now than at
the time of the seismic activity 3,500 years ago. The
sedimentary plains about the Arctic Ocean were also further from
the old site of the Pole and people lived within the present
Arctic Circle in a settlement on the Kolyna River [13], as
predicted by Velikovsky in Worlds in Collision. This now
provides the two important and previously unknown factors
affecting the demise of the mammoths - seismic activity and
sudden cooling. The prolonged seismic activity associated with
the inertial displacement occurring within the area would have
reduced the sedimentary plains through a process of liquefaction
to a vast area of quicksand'. As the liquefaction increased, the
mammoths would have become further embedded in the
water-weakened mass as they struggled to escape. The rapid
freezing came with the shift of the North Pole more than 20-deg
closer to their territory. The sketch of the Berezovka mammoth
in Cardona's Kronos article [14] appears to be a posture typical
of a large mammal struggling to avoid being trapped in
quicksand'. The action of the earthquake would have [been] so
sudden that the last mouthful of grass was still in its mouth.
Numerous other mammals may be awaiting discovery as meandering
streams expose an ever-increasing area. A continuation of this
theme would involve a study of the oceanic surges that followed
the continental displacement. These would have reached far
inland over low lying lands and contributed to the quantity of
ivory deposited on the Arctic islands. Waves would have caused
more erosion in shallow valleys and more devastation to coastal
and riverside dwellers in a brief period of encroachment and
retreat than geologists would expect in a thousand or more
years.
_References 1. Burnet, Bishop T, The Sacred Theory of the Earth,
(Sec. Ed.), Printed by R Norton for Walter Ketilby, at
Bishops-Head in S. Paul's Churchyard, 1691. Reprinted 1965. 2.
Ibid, Lat Treat. lib. 2. C. 10. (Burnet's reference), Burnett,
Book 2, P. 192. 3. Ibid, Book 2, P. 192-3. 4. Ibid, p. 135. 5.
Ibid, p. 136. 6. Velikovsky, I, Worlds in Collision, Gollancz,
1950, Pt. 1. Ch. V. 7. Velikovsky, I, Earth in Upheaval,
Gollancz, 1955. 8. Burnet, op. cit. 9. Ibid, Bk.1 , Ch.VII, p.
128. 10. Williams, GP, Our Tilted Earth, 1993 (Available from
the author at 11 Camellia Court, 280 Grey Street, Palmerston
North, New Zealand.) Williams, GP, Our Tilted Earth', C&CW
1994:1 , pp. 9-15. 12. Williams, GP, Macrogeomorphology its
contribution to analysing the shaping of South-east Asia,
Australasia and the South-west Pacific Ocean, 1997, unpublished,
available from the author. 13. Ferté 1972, Pensée, Vol. 2, No.
2. 14. Cardona, D, The Problem of the Frozen Mammoths', Kronos,
Vol. 1, No. 4. 1976, p. 85.
#Post#: 342--------------------------------------------------
Re: PAST SEA LEVELS
By: Admin Date: September 14, 2021, 9:56 am
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TWO FLOODS
Confusion Breeds on Assumptions [Journals] [SIS Review]
_From: SIS C & C Review 2004:1 Incorporating Workshop 2004:2
(May 2004) Home | Issue Contents Confusion Breeds on Assumptions
G. P. Williams
_The author proposes that there were two distinct major
catastrophes – the Deluge, which ended the Paradisical Age, and
the Flood, which ended the Golden Age and ushered in the Modern
Age. He uses geological and mythical evidence to show that the
first catastrophe was due to the destruction of a world mountain
and the second was due to an axial tilt.
_My investigation into ancient records and mythology was
prompted by my interest in the land-forms of the world and from
the geomorphological information conveyed in their shapes. While
the erosion and decay of the land-forms within a continent are
the objects of geomorphology, continental land-forms in their
entirety are the traditional field of the geologist. After
attending university and taking papers to the third stage in
geomorphology, I could not understand why the principles of
geomorphology could not be applied to continental forms. To this
end I accepted the record of the ancients as noted by Burnet [1
]. The poles of the World did once change their situation, and
were at first in another posture from what they are in now, till
the inclination happen'd; This the ancient Philosophers often
make mention of, as Anagoras, Empedocles, Orogenes, Leucippus,
Democritus; as may be seen in Laertius, and in Plutarch; and the
Stars, they say, at first were carried about the Earth in a more
uniform manner, poles had once stood in another posture. A shift
of the poles would have serious repercussions on the crust, due
to the changes required in rotational velocity when moved to
different latitudes. Such an event was recorded globally in myth
and ancient records which told of such things as aberration in
the Sun's movement, the disappearance of Atlantis, the twelve
tasks of Hercules and the original Flood mythology. In fact,
there is so much in the records that comparative mythologists
are thoroughly confused. To discover the cause of this confusion
I looked at the foundation of geological theory and in an
article by George Grinell [2 ] found that it rests with Lyell,
the leading geologist of the early 19th century. By his brief
foray into the political arena in support of his friend Scrope,
in promoting the aims of the Liberals against the ruling
Conservatives, Lyell used his position as President with the
London Geology Society to further Hutton's Gradualism, later to
become known as Uniformitarianism, which relegated catastrophism
to the background. Many articles were re-written without their
catastrophic content, while others were widely ridiculed. The
outcome was that stories in mythology that were worthy of
investigation were denied completely because they were totally
irrelevant to the accepted geological timescale. This tacit ban
is still being applied, mainly by peer review reluctant to
accept anything new except from a credible source – irrespective
of whether it is right or wrong. Being aware of this ban on
mythological and biblical evidence and having had the benefit of
the work in preparing Our Tilted Earth (C&CW 1994:1, pp. 9-15),
I retraced the movement of continental land-forms through their
morphology, such as the island arcs of the south-west Pacific
Ocean area I was familiar with from my previous work. As such
forms are the result of movement down-slope, being found in the
toe of a slip, or slump, I located an ancient mountain that gave
rise to them and which I identified as a crustal bulge formed
when Earth was under the influence of the gravity of Saturn.
This was the source of the potential energy, which, when
released and modified by seismic waves and the Coriolis Effect
on a continental mass, was responsible for all initial
continental movement. In possession of information denied by
Lyell to subsequent geologists until much later, I was able to
predict the probable path of the energy on its release and
locate areas which confirm the predicted movement in the
land-forms created. By using this methodology I could account
for unexplained land-forms and find explanations for geologic
and geomorphic formations that geologists could explain only by
speculative theories. There is no large island or continental
land–form and no sea that cannot be accounted for. Instead, as
the energy path is followed through, more and more information
resulting from concurrent action is revealed. Unfortunately, in
following the mytho-historical record and accepting it as
correct, it was not possible to make a clear distinction between
past Ages because no clear line had been drawn between the
Deluge and the Flood. The Book of Moses is accepted as the
infallible scriptural record and Moses is regarded as living in
the era of the Flood. However, in Genesis, Ch. 1, verse 14,
Moses relates of the time when there were seasons before the
advent of night and day – even though it was the two greater
lights (Sun and Moon) that brought night and day to era 3,500
years before the Flood. Therefore, both the event of the Deluge
and the event of the Flood appear to have been merged in the
telling, but I consider that each of these events marked the end
of one era and the beginning of the next, with the upheaval
accompanying each transition providing material for a spate of
sedimentary deposition – in river valleys to begin with and
later in delta regions. There was also aggradation in inlets and
bays as the transported material reached the sea and moved along
the coast. When given their correct dating according to the
historical record, on the global scale these indicated two
separate dates. The best example of this is in the
Tigris-Euphrates Valley which has been dated in two stages: a)
c. 7,000 years ago – the area towards the confluence of the two
rivers, b) 3-4,000 years ago – the area further from there
through the swamplands, which are in an eutrophic state, to the
coast. The absence of lateral coastal currents in the gulf has
enabled the sedimentation process to proceed without the usual
coastal erosion that affects most other deltas. As in the case
of most earthquakes, there may be one or more small preliminary
tremors followed by several after-shocks, as the the disturbed
mass settles and returns to equilibrium with its environment. A
preliminary quake may loosen the first material deposited, with
the bulk coming from the damage caused by the main quake. While
after-shocks continue, material will be loosened for transport,
with the average volume of the bed-load of the rivers and
streams decreasing as the material becomes depleted. A shift of
the Earth's axis would have provided the material for the second
phase. While the actual trigger of the event was quick, the
process in its complete form would have extended over a
considerable period. The story of these two events is told in
its cryptic form in the mythological and historical records, but
they await suitable translation. Most geologists have opposed
and disregarded these accounts and substituted their own, based
on a false chronological timescale relating to a period long
before the date indicated by the scriptural record for the
Creation. The Creation (when Earth, as a satellite of Saturn,
was accumulating its smooth form) is told in the ancient
literature as follows: They say the first Earth was much greater
than the present, higher and more advanc'd into the Air: That it
was smooth and regular in its surface, without Mountains or
Valleys, but hollow within,[3 ] and was spontaneously fruitful,
without ploughing or sowing [4 ]. The only true record of a
timescale is the Earth itself. The formation of the Earth as a
celestial body was a physical creation long before time could be
measured. Although the biblical record tells of events before
Creation, the biblical Creation and first catastrophe, or
Deluge, which ended the Paradisical Age, begins with the
break-up of the smooth form into the broken state it is today.
This occurred when Saturn was banished to the netherworld,
according to one of several versions, and Earth's crustal bulge,
or mountain, consequently collapsed. The reflected light from
Saturn was replaced by the weaker reflection of the Moon as
Earth changed from being a satellite of Saturn to being a planet
in its own right., in its own orbit about the Sun. With the
Moon, born of Earth, as its new satellite and rotating on the
Plane of the Ecliptic, Earth experienced a regular night and day
for the first time and a continuous spring climate, known as the
Golden Age, was enjoyed by most people in the Northern
hemisphere. This Golden Age lasted until the tilting of the
Earth about 3,500 years later with records until the advent of
the Flood being handed down orally and only much later being
written down. Some of these remain undeciphered and of those
that have been deciphered it is highly likely some were
influenced by prevailing contemporary conditions rather than by
long past conditions described in the oral histories. But if
Homer's epics were recited and sung, what was their purpose?
Clearly, they were more than after-dinner entertainment. They
were works of genius, designed to tell listeners where their
roots lay and what made them what they were. To do so they
included vast amounts of information, so much that Eric Havelock
called them tribal encyclopaedias [5 and 6]. What could be more
natural than for the contemporary historian to modify his story
so that it is better understood and retained in his present
environment? He was never aware that his record would one day
have to stand up in a court of law. Where the truth is not
evident assumptions are made and when assumptions cannot be
refuted they tend to assume the status of facts. A similar
process operates with comparative mythology. Because a
difference between the Deluge and the Flood was not clearly
determined, it was assumed that the Deluge and the Flood were
one and the same event. However, when the available evidence is
taken into account, it can be seen that they were several
thousand years apart and geological erosion cycles indicate the
interval as being about 3,500 years.
_Notes and references
1. Thomas Burnet. 1691, The Sacred Theory of the Earth, Book II,
Ch. VIII, p. 192. (Using a reprint published in 1965). See also
Knowledge Computing's CD-Rom Catastrophism: Man, Myth and Mayhem
in Ancient History and the Sciences'.
2. George Grinell, The Origins of Modern Geological Theory',
Kronos, Volume I:4 , Winter 1976.
3. The term hollow within' would be a state similar to that of
Moses' Tohem Rabbah, which would be an apt description of
limestone caverns containing a vast store of water. A surviving
form of this type would be the Nullarbor Plains of Southern
Australia.
4. Fransisco Patricio. 1562. Cited by Thomas Burnet in The
Sacred Theory of the Earth (1699 edition).
5. John Man. 2000. Alpha Beta, How Our Alphabet Shaped the
Western World.
6. Eric Havelock. The Muse Learns to Write, New Haven, London
1986.
-----
New Zealand Maoris Myths [Journals] [SIS Internet Digest]
... From: SIS Internet Digest 2000:2 (Dec 2000) Home | Issue
Contents New Zealand Maoris Myths Gordon Williams, Sat, 22 Jul
2000
_This is a short comment on "The Day the Sun Stood Still". One
of the better known myths of the New Zealand Maoris, a branch of
the Polynesian family tells this story. The Maoris were becoming
increasingly dissatisfied by the short length of the days. Maui,
the most powerful god decided to rectify this. With his brothers
he paddled towards the sunrise and waited for the Sun to appear.
When it did they cast the net wide to trap the Sun. The
struggling of the Sun shook the earth but was eventually beaten
into submission when it was ready to promise Maui that it would
move more slowly through the heavens. The anger of the Mooris
was appeased. About 90 deg of longitude to the east of New
Zealand the Polynesians of Hawaii tell a similar story. They
intended trapping the Sun for the same reason but because of
their position they waited for the Sun to arrive. Each time it
put a tentacle over the horizon the Hawaians securely tethered
it. Eventually all tentacles were securely tethered and they
were able to extract the same promise from the sun who was
released to go on his way. Without knowing the background, or
wanting to know, the background [of] these stories have been
regarded as pure myth. The third story comes from the Greek
mythology. It is told in the NLEM. p. 142. (N.B. Any discrepancy
between this story may be taken [as] an illustration of how
myths become changed.) In a rash moment Helios promised his son,
Phaeton, that one day he would let him drive the sun chariot
through the heavens. Almost immediately Helios realised what a
foolish promise he had made. However, Phaeton was not going to
be put off and pleaded with his father to allow him to take the
reins. Helios finally relented because as a god he was obliged
to honour his promise. The day when Phaeton was to take the
reins and Helios, reluctant as he was, handed over control.
Pheaton set off but it was soon apparent from the erratic course
followed by the team that Phaeton was not in control. Eventually
the escape was resolved when Zeus shot a thunderbolt at the sun
chariot and it fell into the sea of Aridanus. The prime reason
for this myth being consigned to the realm of fantasy is the
movement of the chariot. The chariot is the sun and its position
and orbit remains unchanged. But hold on a moment. How many of
you have had a flight in a small plane as it performed even
simple manoeuvres. Although your position is fixed relative to
the aircraft, the horizon is moving each and every way. However,
you are wise enough to realise that it is your viewing platform
[that] is unstable. And so it is with the Helios/Phaethon myth,
it is your platform Earth that is unstable. And so it was with
the three stories told above. We realise that each is describing
the same event, the efects of the tilting of the Earth at the
time. (See "Our Tilted Earth", SIS Workshop, 1994/1) The tasks
of Hercules accounted for some changes that took place, e.g.
opening the Pillars of Gibraltar. Perhaps Jason rode with the
flood through the Bosphorus as the Black Sea filled up. To
understand a myth look for the base upon which it is founded.
Many are global in extent. macrogeo@mail.manawatu.gen.nz E.J.
(Ted) Bond, Wed, 26 Jul 2000 I forgot to add that this is
perfectly compatible with Velikovsky's account of the day the
sun stood still. TedB. ejb@post.queensu.ca
-----
Letters [Journals] [SIS Review]
... after a 6th century AD monk, St. Brynach, experienced
visions there. He claimed to have spoken with the angels. There
is also evidence of very early human activity at Carn Ingli,
suggesting that it was venerated for thousands of years. The
strange effects are caused by a fossilised geomagnetic field
contained in the iron content of the peak. Strange light
phenomena, even in the form of rainbows gleaming over the peak
at night, have been recorded in fairly recent years. The author
claims to have discovered similar magnetic anomalies in America,
at holy sites of native Americans. Radioactivity is another
feature common to holy places. Uranium deposits have been found
at American and Australian Aborigine sites. It is claimed that
even in France the distribution of megaliths corresponds very
well with known uranium deposits. This would be especially
pertinent where those same megalithic sites were found to be
also located near or on fault lines. Even small tremors may have
generated a radioactive response, or some kind of phenomenon
associated with the gods. Radiation locked inside rocks has been
found at Long Meg in Cumbria and Moel ty Uchef in Wales and in
the Cornish dolmen of Chun Quoit. At the Rollright Stones in
Oxfordshire there was little radiation in the stones, but
monitoring revealed an area outside the site that gave high
readings. It is not known why. The King's Chamber in the Great
Pyramid is clad with granite brought from Aswan. It has high
natural radioactivity. The author suggests that this was a
purposeful element of the design. No doubt arguments could be
made contrary to this position ... but what if he is right? What
does it mean? A Belgian researcher, Pierre Mereaux, found
magnetic anomalies around the Carnac Stone rows. John Michel,
author of the 1960's bestseller, The View Over Atlantis, was the
first person to suggest a direct link between standing stones
and fault lines. Many years later, this novel idea was given
scientific credibility during a study of stone circles. This
found that many of those looked at were situated within a mile
of a surface fault or tectonic intrusion. However, this does not
apply to henge monuments and standing stones are too numerous to
have been examined and catalogued in detail. Mereaux also noted
the Carnac Stones were hemmed in by fault lines. What might any
of this have to do with Wal Thornhill's Electrified Universe I
wonder? It is worth noting that during catastrophic incidents,
fault lines, uranium deposits and geomagnetic anomalies may have
exhibited weird and wonderful aspects, incredible light
phenomena that could have impressed the people of the time. This
means they may not have the kind of astronomical origins we, and
others, have been looking for. Mereaux has a pet theory too, a
link with balls of gas or energy that he claims are released
along fault lines during earth tremors, even very small ones.
This can be seen as a possible explanation of the UFO lights
that were very popular in the 1950's and 1960's, during the
formative periods of Devereux and Michel as prolific authors.
UFO's affected both of them but neither were into little green
men from Mars. Michel is an extremely eloquent speaker and
writes with broad brush strokes on a subject that has very often
been seen as the fringe of science. However, as the years tick
by, the fog seems to lift and Michel can be seen as innovative
in many respects. It is known that many ancient sites were built
on fault lines. Delphi in Greece, for example, the Althing in
Iceland, the Serpent Mound in Ohio and Machu Picchu in the
Andes. Light phenomena, or gas balls, are occasionally a feature
of fault lines. During catastrophic incidents this must have
increased considerably. Mountains on fault lines exhibit, even
nowadays, great sheets of light, like blankets floating in the
sky, gushing forth in many colours. It is, perhaps, simplistic
just to think in terms of comets and meteoric firework displays.
Catastrophic too. These factors seem to be wholly relevant to
the late 5th and early 6th centuries AD. The folklore attached
to St. Columba and several other early saints of the Celtic
Church is explicable in terms of enhanced sun activity,
increased electro-magnetism at the poles and auroral phenomena.
Sacred sites may have earned a reputation due to light and other
phenomena at particular moments in history. Holy wells are an
example of the process, as their roots may lie in a sudden
appearance of water out of the ground during tectonic
disturbances. Christian holy wells seem to very often have
origins in the 5th and 6th centuries AD. They were venerated for
many generations after these signs of wonder and astonishment.
Holy mountains are very often associated with light phenomena,
or dragons – in the Americas, China, India, etc. Pendle Hill in
Lancashire is a British example, having connections with witches
and things that go bump in the night. It was also associated
with visions and the beginnings of the Quaker movement and, in
more recent years, with UFO's. This might add a further
dimension to the Moses story and the Mountain of God. Could it
have been a light phenomenon associated with tectonic activity
in the bowels of the mountain that Moses experienced, possibly
even an element of radiation? The alternative might be an
electrical event of some kind [see Emmet Sweeney's Horeb: The
Mountain of God' in this issue]. Comments by other readers would
be interesting. I take on board the significance to be attached
to the fact that Moses was thought to have actually encountered
God. Might this have been his likeness, I wonder – an extremely
bright light? Phillip Clapham, High Wycombe, Bucks. Dear Reader
Re: Derek Allan's article in C&C Review 2004:1 (incorporating
C&C Workshop 2004:2 ), I support the summation of the situation
as he sees it with respect to the Ice Age. Personally, I do not
believe there was an Ice Age. What is seen is evidence of the
extent of the normal polar ice sheet at its greatest in the
latter part of the Golden Age; when Earth rotated on the plane
of the ecliptic and when the poles were in the North Atlantic
and south of western South Australia. With the shift of the
poles the ice became centred on the poles in their present
position and the extent of the ice has been steadily reduced by
the annual migration of the Sun from Cancer to Capricorn and
back. In this annual variation of the Sun there is a much more
efficient contributor to global warming than air pollution that
has been working away since the Flood and Exodus 3,500 YPB.
Gordon Williams, Palmerston North, New Zealand
#Post#: 344--------------------------------------------------
Re: G.WMS: PAST SEA LEVELS
By: Admin Date: September 14, 2021, 12:30 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
TWO FERRALITE EVENTS
Comments: on the First Issue [Journals] [Catastrophist Geology]
_I would like to comment on some remarks you made in your reply
to the letter from Harold Tresman, Chairman of the Society for
Interdisciplinary Studies. Harold Tresman has asked me to reply
to you on behalf of the SIS, as you invited comment on the
correctness of your view of Velikovsky's work. Yes, we do
believe you are wrong in saying that Velikovsky's theories
provide us with another kind of reductionism. Your claim that he
tries to explain everything with a unified theory that leaves
only with the spiritual or the divine to contemplate is very
much an exaggeration. Without looking any further than the pages
of your journal, one can find in the circular distributed at the
Charles Lyell Centenary Conference several areas of discussion
which Velikovsky's theories do not even attempt to solve - I
refer to the question of UFO's, alien contacts with humanity in
ancient times, telepathy, telekinesis, and the claims of water
dowsers and ore diviners. One could think of numerous other
problems which his work avoids. So, unless you class such topics
as "within the divine or spiritual realm", and indeed, beyond
the scope of your own Journal, you must admit that your broad
generalisation about Velikovsky's work is incorrect.
Velikovsky's theories, like many others - may I suggest the
theory of evolution MAY be accepted and applied by some in a way
that smacks of reductionism. Indeed, there has been a tendency
among a few Velikovskian scholars to assume that Velikovsky's
theories provide a golden key to understanding every problem of
the Universe, but this tendency of a few enthusiasts should not
be confused with either the work or the intentions of Velikovsky
himself. The following quote from Velikovsky, from a lecture
given at the MacMaster Symposium, 1974, should make his own
position on this clear: "Don't bring every question to me:
decide it among yourselves. And those of you who know how to ask
questions should continue to provide answers. Then you will
find that I am not infallible." The policy of the SIS stands
firmly against the abuse of Velikovsky's work by handling it in
a reductionist manner, and the editorial policy of the Society's
Review follows closely the lines laid down by Stephen Talbott,
the editor of the now defunct Pensée: "Velikovsky is the giant
among contemporary synthesising catastrophists, and no one is
likely to overshadow his achievements for a long time to come.
But the issues he raises stand independent of him, and are at
least partially separable from each other, and ought not to be
considered in terms of one man's theoretical construction." Now,
this policy, developed by Pensée and adopted by the SIS, does
not spring from a reductionist philosophy. To conclude on this
point, we must not confuse Velikovsky's synthesis, because it is
interdisciplinary and far-reaching, with an attempt to reduce
all scientific problems to one solution "with his
electromagnetic solar system and near collisions". Certainly
Velikovsky has cast his net wider than any other catastrophist,
but it is this interdisciplinary nature of his work that is his
greatest strength. Your own journal recognises the need for a
united effort from all fields to break down the artificial
barriers that have grown up between different disciplines. What
you see as an "attempt to give an all embracing physical
description of the Universe", is, as I see it, the most
important lesson to be learnt from Velikovsky's theories: he has
reminded us that the planet Earth is not in splendid isolation
from the rest of the solar system, nor the solar system from the
rest of the Universe. Any philosophy of "catastrophist geology"
that ignores the possibility of extraterrestrial causes could
itself become a kind of reductionism: it would run the risk of
becoming as sterile as those 18th century "explanations" of
meteorites that restricted themselves to purely terrestrial
effects (1 ). In my opinion Velikovsky's greatest contribution
to catastrophism is his demonstration of the value of human
records, myths and traditions in questions of the past of the
Earth and the solar system - for example of the value of the
persistent traditions of bituminous materials falling from the
sky. Velikovsky was the first to consider problems in geology
and mythology together to develop valid models. He concluded
from the human record that some of the Earth's petroleum
deposits are of recent date and are extraterrestrial in origin.
This claim of a late date for the formation of some petroleum
deposits has been verified by the radiocarbon tests of oil from
the Gulf of Mexico, which show it must have been deposited
within the last 9,200 years (2 ). Moreover, A.T. Wilson, in
1966, suggested an extraterrestrial origin for all oil deposits
(3 ). (This is one of several claims concerning geology made by
Velikovsky which have been vindicated by recent research, all of
which Derek Ager has apparently chosen to overlook.) Now, in
view of this recent support for Velikovsky's claim, which
scientists can honestly ignore the ancient accounts of fiery
substances falling from the sky? And linking human traditions
with geological problems together with one explanation is hardly
reductionism, but the formation of a perfectly valid hypothesis.
As another example of Velikovsky-type linking of mythology with
geology I would like to make some remarks in answer to your
interesting observation on ferralitic soils. You postulate from
the geological evidence two ferralite events, when large
quantities of ferralite dust descended onto the Earth to settle
in thick layers one in the early Eocene, and another much later
at the close of the Pleistocene. At the time of the second
event, homo sapiens was already modern man to all intents and
purposes, and had long possessed an Advanced Palaeolithic
culture - he was in fact, not far from taking his first steps
towards a Neolithic culture and civilisation. If huge amounts of
ferralitic-dust did fall at the close of the Pleistocene as you
argue, they must have made quite an impression on our
Palaeolithic ancestors: a search through human records for
memories of such ferralite events' would be a valuable first
step in checking the probability of your deduction. We are
fortunate in having several modern examples of local falls of
red dust or hematoid pigment, which can give us a guide for the
kind of feature we will be looking for in ancient accounts.
Numerous accounts of recent falls of red material were collected
by the famous eccentric Charles Fort (4 ) - these might be
thought of as minor ferralite events'. Red coloured dust,
precipitated by rainfall, is regularly described in these modern
accounts in terms of raining blood. Now, legends from throughout
the world describe the fall of blood from the sky (usually said
to be the blood of wounded deities), and Velikovsky collected
many examples of these in the chapter "The Red World" of "Worlds
in Collision" (Part I, chapter II), from the Mayans, the
Egyptian and Hebrew literature, Greek myth, and Finnish and
Tartar legends amongst others. Some of these stories describe
rivers turning to blood, or even the world turning red.
Velikovsky associated many of these myths with his projected
Venus disaster of c.1500 BC, but I would like to cite a few
extra examples not included in "Worlds in Collision", which
according to the ancients referred to the very dawn of Man's
history: these might well refer to the ferralite event
postulated at the end of the Pleistocene. In Greek myth the
Sky-god Ouranos, the first ruler of the Universe, was castrated
by his son Kronos and his blood fell to the Earth, impregnating
it with a number of dreadful deities(5 ). To turn to Roman
literature, we have a very graphic description of a fall of
blood in Ovid's "Metamorphoses" (6), in his account of the fall
of the Giants: "The terrible bodies of the giants lay crushed
beneath their own massive structures, and the Earth was drenched
and soaked with the blood of her sons." Egyptian myth tells a
tale of the Sun-god Re (7 ) similar to the Greek myth of Ouranos
- it was said that Re mutilated himself and that new deities
sprang from his blood as it fell. In another Egyptian myth Re
decides to punish mankind by sending down the Goddess
Hathor/Sekhmet. She performs her task enthusiastically, gorging
herself in the blood of men, but Re does not want Man utterly
destroyed, and he has to devise a stratagem to stop her in her
path of destruction. He mixes red ochre with beer, and pours a
vast quantity over the Earth during the night, to a depth of
three palms (about 9 inches). The goddess sates herself on this
blood, and intoxicated she returns to heaven having forgotten
her task(8 ) . I realise that most geologists will not for a
moment consider that such myths which are merely a few examples
from a vast corpus of evidence are of any value to his field, or
that they may have the remotest relevance to postulated
ferralite events'. If this is the case, then they are
neglecting, rather sadly, one of the most valuable features of
our heritage the myths of the human race. Perhaps they have been
misled by the modern abuse of the word myth, for in the current
usage the word is a synonym for lie', untruth', fanciful story',
a connotation that could not be further from the truth; or
perhaps they have been deceived by the apparently flippant
rendition of some of these tales. Be that as it may, the fact
remains that there are widespread and persistent traditions
among mankind of falls of blood from heaven, and of the rivers
turning to blood and becoming impotable, and it would seem
eminently possible that some of these myths, particularly those
purporting to describe the earliest times, hold the memory of a
ferralite event in the late Pleistocene. There are, however,
many descriptions of similar phenomena on a large scale from the
time of written history rather than in myths relating to the
earliest times. I would suggest the possibility that some layers
of ferralite soils were formed after the Late Pleistocene. Peter
J. James
-----
1. Comments on Ferralite Events [Journals] [Catastrophist
Geology]
_From: Catastrophist Geology Year 1 No. 2 (Dec 1976) Home |
Issue Contents Comments on Ferralite Events
_(APOPHORETA - I) The theory of professor Doeko Goosen, that the
iron content of our older coversands would be too high for the
combined fluviatile and aeolian origin is not adhered to by any
other researcher in the Netherlands. L.J. Pons Wageningen,
Holland * * * Apparently Prof. Pons tries to create the
impression that my theory is not worth considering because it
would not be shared by any other researcher in the Netherlands.
Such appears as a common sense argument, but is not
substantiated by a scientific nose-count. Incidentally, Heaven
forbid that
... ) events among the cyclical motions of Earth as the
alpha-body of the Earth-Moon pair, a member of the solar system,
and a very minute part of our galaxy, itself a member of the
local group of galaxies said to be 2,4 mega light years long.
For example, when reading an abstract of G.E .Williams' "2 ,500
m.y . Period a/c Obliquity of the Ecliptic & Late pre-Cambrian
Glacial Climate" (J . Geol.Soc.London, Vol.130, 1974 (178) ), I
concluded that he was referring to the period of 2 522 016 000
anomalistic (inertial) years of Earth (AYE) that were the
cumulative total of a series of 50 repetitions of the shortest
period that would allow for the simultaneous and fractionless
completion of all of Earth's cycles in 50 440 320 AY-E, or 139
times the 362 880 AY-E of each ORBIT FLUCTUATION CYCLE (OF-E).
See LIST A herewith,
2. Apophoreta [Journals] [Catastrophist Geology]
... traced the layer for several kilometers, and later found it
in places tens and even hundreds of kilometers away, on
different geomorphological levels. The only possible explanation
for these observations seemed aeolic precipitation on a barren,
moist surface. As I had only a vaguely remembered textbook
knowledge, I started, back in Rio, a literature search on
____ferralitic soils (laterite, bauxite, terra rossa). I found
that in the pages of Economic Geology a lively discussion on
bauxite formation had been in progress for several years,
between proponents of the residual theory, the alluvial theory,
and the volcanic ash theory. I also discovered, from the
official geological literature, that: 1 ...
3. Comments: on the First Issue [Journals] [Catastrophist
Geology]
... scientists can honestly ignore the ancient accounts of fiery
substances falling from the sky? And linking human
traditions,with geological problems together with one
explanation is hardly reductionism, but the formation of a
perfectly valid hypothesis. As another example of
Velikovsky-type linking of mythology with geology I would like
to make some remarks in answer to your interesting observation
on ____ferralitic soils. You postulate from the geological
evidence two ____ferralite events', when large quantities of
____ferralite dust descended onto the Earth to settle in thick
layers one in the early Eocene, and another much later at the
close of the Pleistocene. At the time of the second event, homo
sapiens was already modern man to all intents and ...
4. Mythology and Repression [Journals] [SIS Review]
... However, I no not think that Wescott and myself are in any
real disagreement over the historical value of myths. I think he
must have misread my letter if he feels that I believe myths are
in some sense the "truth" per se. Of course they are not. In my
discussion of possible mythological references to falls of
____ferralitic material I referred to such absurdities as giants
having mountains dumped on them, Hathor (goddess of Venus) being
drunk on beer, et hoc genus omne, and suggested that geologists
may often be deceived by the "apparently flippant rendition of
some of these tales" into rejecting them as completely fanciful.
I sincerely hope that no-one who ...
5. Catastrophist Geology Year 1 No 2 [Journals] [Catastrophist
Geology]
... From: Catastrophist Geology Year 1, No. 2. December 1976
Texts Home | Catastrophist Geology Home Catastrophist Geology
Year 1, No. 2. December 1976 A magazine dedicated to the study
of discontinuities in Earth history In this issue: Comments
Chemical Abstracts, Chester Davids, Stephen Henley, A.
Cramwinckel and Peter J.James. ____ferralite events - a
discussion L.J .Pons, Doeko Goosen, Peter Buurman, Johan B.
Kloosterman, E.A .FitzPatrick, V.V .Dobrovolsky, V.Axel Firsoff
and Clyde M.Stacey What has happened to Worzel's deep-sea ash?
Johan B.Kloosterman Catastrophism and Uniformitarianism Alistair
F.Pitty Horizontal Landslides ...
6. Focus Overseas [Journals] [SIS Review]
... neighbours has been misinterpreted or twisted to support
current doctrine. (His insight into the neuroses of the
"Establishment" is brilliantly demonstrated by his noting the
omission from the specialist's vocabulary, when discussing the
once-flooded surface of Mars, of the tabooed word deluge.) Also
of relevance are an open-ended discussion by a number of parties
on "____ferralite events" (the mysterious formation of levels of
red soil by falls or large quantities of ferruginous dust); and
"What has happened to Worzel's Deep-Sea Ash?" - a brief plea for
information on the extensive layers of ash found in 1958 on the
floor of the Atlantic, the Editor having been unable to find
either discussion ...
7. Catastrophist Geology [Journals] [Catastrophist Geology]
... Catastrophist Geology 1976 - 1978 [Back to CD-Rom Contents ]
Catastrophist Geology Year 1 No 1 Scientific Censorship and
Thought Control, Horace C. Dudley Whimsical Aspects of
Scientific Theory, Norman MacBeth Actualism in Geology and in
Geography, W. J. Jong Geophysical Time Series and Catastrophism,
Vít Klemeš June 1976 Catastrophist Geology Year 1 No 2
____ferralite events - a discussion What has happened to
Worzel's deep-sea ash? Johan B. Kloosterman Catastrophism and
Uniformitarianism, Alistair F.Pitty Horizontal Landslides during
the 1960 Chile Earthquake, Haroun Tazieff Mass movements in
level areas, Doeko Goosen Overnight Valley Formation in Siã
Nicolau, Johan B. Kloosterman The Yuty crater on Mars, V.Axel
Firsoff ...
9. Cratonic Stability and Rapid Erosion Events [Journals]
[Catastrophist Geology]
... is the normal' inasmuch as it is of great duration while the
rhexistatic state prevails during much shorter intervals. The
weathering and soils regime of the biostatic state is
characterized by chemical erosion; dissolved silica and calcium
are transported leaving iron-rich residual soils. The
rhexistatic state involves induration of formerly soft
saprolites and regoliths and is followed by stripping of
____ferralitic soils. The deep chemical weathering "prepares"
the cratonic surface for future lowering and is the key to
future planation, notably to pediplanation under hyperarid to
semiarid climates (King, 1962; Garner, 1974) and to
etchplanation under semi-arid to humid climates (Finkl and
Churchward, 1973; Thomas, 1974; Finkl, 1979) ...
#Post#: 345--------------------------------------------------
Re: G.WMS: PAST SEA LEVELS
By: Admin Date: September 14, 2021, 2:18 pm
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Ice Age Anomalies [Journals] [SIS Workshop]
_From: SIS Chronology and Catastrophism Workshop 2005:3 (October
2005) Home | Issue Contents IN PASSING Ice Age Anomalies Phillip
Clapham Michael Collins of the Texas Archaeological Research
Laboratory at the University of Texas in Austin has noted
striking similarities between projectile points, point preforms,
blades and cores, burins and small engraved stones belonging to
the Clovis culture in North America and the flint assemblage of
the Solutrean culture in Late Palaeolithic western Europe. [1 ]
HTML http://www.centrefirstamericans.com/
Unable to find clear
antecedents for Clovis flint work in NE Asia has meant that some
archaeologists, including Collins, are beginning to look at Late
Pleistocene western Europe – and
... a change in the axis of rotation, coincided with the end of
the Ice Age/Pleistocene, volcanism along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge
may have caused the plates either side to move – to slide on the
gooey mantle material below. On that scenario the Atlantic would
have widened by an unspecified degree in a matter of days or
weeks. Gordon Williams, in an article in C&C Workshop 1994:1
(see also the SIS website at www.knowledge.co.uk/sis ),
suggested the crust may have crumpled, especially in the
Caribbean region and the SE United States, at the end of the
Pleistocene – as a result of a shift in the geographical
position of the North Pole. The Atlantic began life as a rift
valley system and has expanded in width on multiple occasions. A
shallow sea existed in the Atlantic basin during the Cretaceous
Period for example and the Alvarez asteroid impact probably
would have made it expand quickly – and likewise geological
changes in the the Miocene, Oligocene, and the Eocene. Hence,
there was probably limited expansion in the width of the
Atlantic at the end of the Pleistocene. What is remarkable is
that eels have adapted on each widening episode – by swimming
that much further from their nursery to the continents
surrounding the Atlantic basin. Hence, the awe expressed by
modern biologists when they discovered the immense distances
involved in the eel life cycle. Crustal distortion may mean the
extremities of NW Europe were once closer to NE America – in a
sort of skew whiff manner. This would make the idea of a shift
in the polar ice cap more feasible as at the moment the two
regions appear to be too far apart. In addition, crustal
distortion along the lines of Paul Dunbavin [2 ] is also worth
considering as there were significant changes in sea level at
the end of the Pleistocene. Where the ocean now exists dry land
may once have prevailed. The continental shelf systems of both
North America and NW Europe are large and are thought to have
been engulfed at this point in time. Volcanism on the ridge
would have played a role in combination with plate movement and
crustal dynamics. Looking at a map of the ocean floor the small
dot of Rockall seems to have been a much larger island, and at
an even earlier period it was attached to the continental shelf
system surrounding NW Europe. The same might be said of the
Porcupine Bank off the west coast of Ireland and on the other
side of the Atlantic there is an extensive continental shelf
system around Newfoundland, including the Grand
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