DIR Return Create A Forum - Home
---------------------------------------------------------
FUNDAY
HTML https://funday.createaforum.com
---------------------------------------------------------
*****************************************************
DIR Return to: LK2 Fossils & Dating
*****************************************************
#Post#: 253--------------------------------------------------
UPDATE/C14
By: Admin Date: May 27, 2019, 12:42 pm
---------------------------------------------------------
1. SIS/STONEHENGE; 2. ENYART/C14; 3. APPLICATIONS
1. SIS
C14 plateau affects Stonehenge dating
HTML http://www.sis-group.org.uk/news/c14-plateau-affects-stonehenge-dating.htm
Archaeology
14 Dec 2012
Mike Parker-Pearson, on page 344 of his 2012 book, Stonehenge,
says that when all sorts of things were going on, between 2470
and 2280BC, we are unable to precisely date the sequence of
events as the calibration curve flattens out at this point in
time. It is more or less impossible to get a single date any
more precise than the broad 190 year plateau. We cannot be
certain of the order in which things happened. Right on the
button, somewhere within this plateau, is the low growth tree
ring event Mike Baillie dates to 2345BC - central in the thrust
of the series of SIS articles we have published by the late Moe
Mandelkehr.
However, two events are associated elsewhere with the end of the
Early Bronze Age in Sumeria, Egypt and the Levant, separated by
around 150 to 200 years. In i) Sumeria = end of Early Dynastic
III and end of Akkad, and ii) in Egypt end of dynasty 5 and
dynasty 6, and iii) in the Levant end of Early Bronze III and
IV. In Britain the C14 plateau is marked by the end of the
Neolithic era, followed by the so called Copper Age, and again,
followed by the Early Bronze Age (until around 1600BC). Now,
looking at Stonehenge we might ask ourselves - is the plateau in
C14 levels (an increase or a double increase episodes) as a
result of two events. Why do plateaus in C14 appear to
congregate near anomalous events such as narrow growth tree ring
clusters? This is especially noticeable at i) the Younger Dryas
boundary event, 13,000 years ago, the end of the Ice Age,
anywhere between 18,000 and 15,000 years ago, and iii) the mass
die off event somewhere between 40,000 and 30,000 years ago.
This plateau is so big nothing prior to it can be dated by the
C14 methodology. It would actually be useful to have a catalogue
of C14 plateaus as they persisted right through the Holocene
period. For instance, around 800BC, and C14 dates in the Late
Roman period have thrown up several archaeological
inconsistencies etc.
-----
2. ENYART (from File: EnyartDat)
Sifted
.2/19/16) 10:22AM)
Bob Enyart Live
(First part here is duplicate of BE/RAPID FORMATION)
RSR's List of Not So Old Things
HTML http://kgov.com/list-of-not-so-old-things
Date: Jan 24, 2014 Length: 28:20
Real Science Radio hosts Bob Enyart and Fred Williams observe
their annual tradition by updating their growing list of
scientific observations that challenge those who claim that the
earth is millions of years old. Many of these scientific finds
demand a re-evaluation of supposed billion-year ages.
- Man's Genetic Diversity in 200 Generations,
- Opals Form in Months,
- C-14 Everywhere
See also Dr. Jonathan Sarfati's great article, How Old is the
Earth? and RSR's very own youngearth.com!
_1. RAPID FORMATION: ROCK
* Wet Sand Hardens into Stone in Hours: Rather than taking
geologic ages, here are three methods of rapidly turning
sediments rock hard:
- water and common soil bacteria, in a couple hours, turn "soft
sand" into "something resembling marble more than sandstone",
according to scientists at Murdoch University who have gone from
lab experiments to the marketplace where they spray
bacteria-laden water onto sand for landowners who want to
prevent erosion. See RSR's Oops show, Science Alert, and
Creation magazine's Speedy Stone article.
- vibration, forcing the water out of mud and causing the grains
to settle into an extremely rock-hard material
- plain water, sprayed on soft limestone (as miners do in
Australia) to turn it into hard rock.
If you are aware of documentation for these last two methods of
forming rapid rocks, which were related to RSR by our listeners,
please email any documentation to us. Thanks!
_1. RAPID FORMATION: SHALE
mudstone deposit* One Half of the Earth's Sedimentary Layers
Given the Green Light to Speed: A paper in the journal Science
has documented experimental (and common sense) evidence that
refutes a fundamental uniformitarian claim that had persisted
for many decades. Mudstone, secular geologists believed, had to
be deposited slowly over long ages because particles of mud
cannot settle, they claimed, out of fast running water but, they
believed, required long ages to precipitate out of still waters.
That claim, evidently false on its face but uncritically
accepted because it appeared to falsify the Bible's chronology,
has now been refuted as published in one of the world's most
prestigious journals.
_1. RAPID FORMATION: HEART MOUNTAIN
The Heart Mountain Detachment: in Wyoming just east of
Yellowstone, this mountain did not break apart slowly by
uniformitarian processes but in only about half-an-hour as
widely reported including in the evolutionist LiveScience.com,
"Land Speed Record: Mountain Moves 62 Miles in 30 Minutes." The
evidence indicates that this mountain of rock covering 425
square miles rapidly broke into 50 pieces and slid apart over an
area of more than 1,300 square miles in a biblical, not a
"geological," timeframe.
_1. RAPID FORMATION OF OPALS
HTML http://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0011/398099/QN136.pdf
Opals Can Form in "A Few Months" And Don't Need 100,000 Years: A
leading authority on opals, Allan W. Eckert, observed that,
"scientific papers and textbooks have told that the process of
opal formation requires tens of thousands of years, perhaps
hundreds of thousands... Not true." A 2011 peer-reviewed paper
in a geology journal from Australia, where almost all the
world's opal is found, reported on the "new timetable for opal
formation involving weeks to a few months and not the hundreds
of thousands of years envisaged by the conventional weathering
model." More knowledgeable scientists resist the uncritical,
group-think insistence on false super-slow formation rates....
Regarding opals, Darwinian bias led geologists to long ignore
possible quick action, as from microbes, as a possible
explanation for these mineraloids. For both in nature and in the
lab, opals form rapidly, not even in 10,000 years, but in weeks.
(What also form rapidly are: manganese nodules, gold veins,
stone, petroleum, canyons and gullies, and even gut fossils, all
below)
_1. RAPID FORMATION: GOLD
Gold Precipitates in Veins in Less than a Second: After
geologists submitted for decades to the assumption that each
layer of gold would deposit at the alleged super slow rates of
geologic process, the journal Nature Geoscience reports that
each layer of deposition can occur within a few tenths of a
second. Meanwhile, at the Lihir gold deposit in Papua New
Guinea, evolutionists assumed the more than 20 million ounces of
gold in the Lihir reserve took millions of years to deposit, but
as reported in the journal Science, geologists can now
demonstrate that the deposit could have formed in thousands of
years, or far more quickly!
_1. RAPID FORMATION: CANYON
Box Canyon, Idaho: Geologists now think Box Canyon in Idaho,
USA, was carved by a catastrophic flood and not slowly over
millions of years with 1) huge plunge pools formed by
waterfalls; 2) the almost complete removal of large basalt
boulders from the canyon; 3) an eroded notch on the plateau at
the top of the canyon; and 4) water scour marks on the basalt
plateau leading to the canyon. Scientists calculate that the
flood was so large that it could have eroded the whole canyon in
as little as 35 days. See the journal Science, Formation of Box
Canyon, Idaho, by Megaflood.
_1. RAPID FORMATION: MANGANESE NODULES
Source of beer can claim: World Almanac documentary* Manganese
Nodules Rapid Formation: Allegedly, as claimed at the Wikipedia
entry from 2005 through 2014: "Nodule growth is one of the
slowest of all geological phenomena – in the order of a
centimeter over several million years." Wow, that would be slow!
And a Texas A&M Marine Sciences technical slide presentation
says, “They grow very slowly (mm/million years) and can be tens
of millions of years old.” But according to a World Almanac
documentary they have formed "around beer cans," said marine
geologist Dr. John Yates in the 1997 video Universe Beneath the
Sea: The Next Frontier. There are also reports of manganese
nodules forming around ships sunk in the First World War. See
more at at youngearth.com, at TOL, in the print edition of the
Journal of Creation, and in this typical forum discussion with
atheists (at the Chicago Cubs forum no less :).
--- (Above is duplicate of BE/RAPID FORMATION)
--- (The rest below is not duplicate)
2a. - Diamonds from Botswana carbon-14 dated at 55,000 years old
mined from rock dated 2 billion years old
2a. - Mount St. Helens rock that should date as solidifying 30
years ago but dating 350,000 to 2.8 million years old
2a. - Geologists say Uganda lava is just thousands of years ago
but it's radioactively dated at 773 million years old
And separately, as microbial action forms opals rapidly, is
there a similar function with cell membrane chemistry
[a]ffecting the formation of Dolomite.
2a. RADIOACTIVE DECAY: C14 DATING
Accelerator Mass Spectrometer* Carbon-14 Found Everywhere It's
Not Supposed To Be: Carbon-14, C14, decays in only thousands of
years and therefore cannot last for millions. Thus evolutionists
did not expect to find C-14 EVERYWHERE it shouldn't be if the
earth were old (Answers 2011). Carbon-14 is found in petrified
wood, coal, oil, limestone, graphite, natural gas, marble, deep
ground water, dinosaur fossils, and even in supposedly
billion-year-old diamonds! A secondary assumption by old-earth
scientists proposes that the C-14 in diamonds (coal, etc.) must
have come from C-13 and neutron capture. However, first, radio
activity is concentrated in continental rock (see RSR Prediction
below), and secondly, relatively speaking, radioactivity is
relatively scar[c]e even in the continental crust, at least as
documented by this U.S.G.S. report for enormous swatches of
land. Thirdly, a geologist with a degree from Colorado's School
of Mines who has a background in nuclear physics (who also spent
years bombarding various elements with neutrons to make isotopes
for industry), explained to RSR that Carbon does not easily
absorb neutrons because it is the heavier elements beginning
with Sodium that readily capture neutrons. Further, while it is
possible but extremely unlikely that a Carbon atom will capture
a free neutron, industrial processes use Carbon to slow down
neutrons, whereas they use heavier elements, typically starting
with Silicon, which is almost double the atomic weight of
Carbon, for neutron capture. Consider also, as Dr. Paul Giem
writes, that "since nitrogen-14 captures neutrons 110,000 times
more easily than does carbon-13," samples with even tiny amounts
of nitrogen would dramatically increase carbon dates, such that,
"If neutron capture is a significant source of carbon-14 in a
given sample, radiocarbon dates should vary wildly with the
nitrogen content of the sample." Giem adds, "I know of no such
data." And recognizing that U.S.G.S report of scarce crustal
radioactivity for coal, basalt, shales, granite, fly ash, etc.,
Dr. Jonathan Sarfati builds upon Dr. Giem's research arguing
that neutron capture could account for less than one 10,000th of
the C-14 in diamonds (see these peer-reviewed calculations). See
more at rsr.org/Carbon-14.
2a. RADIOACTIVE DECAY: HELIUM
* Helium Found Everywhere It's Not Supposed to Be: By the
evolutionary time frame, zircon crystals should not have loads
of helium in them, but they do. The periodic table shows helium
to be an ultralight element. As even birthday balloons suggest,
because its atom is so tiny helium easily escapes from virtually
any enclosures, especially natural ones, including from
crystals! The crystal lattice is large compared to the size of
the tiny helium atom and any movement from natural molecular
vibrations, especially as increased by temperature variations,
will result in helium escaping any confinement. Empirical
laboratory experiments confirm this obvious physical reality.
Continental crust contains uranium, and uranium has a super slow
half-life and its decay chain produces helium. The above facts
enable us to test a huge assumption made by old-earth
geologists, namely, That zircons, which also contain radioactive
uranium, are a billion years old. :) If Real Science Radio on
the periodic tablezircons were that old, and if uranium always
decayed slowly over hundreds of millions of years, then zircons
should have almost no helium in them becuase it would have
diffused out relatively quickly. However, a Ph.D. geophysicist
from Los Alamos Nat'l Labs and other physicists and scientists
published a prediction of the rate of helium diffusion from
zircons at various temperatures. A high-precision laboratory
then measured actual diffusion rates which dramatically matched
their predictions, which were based on a 6,000 year age of the
zircons. Meanwhile, a prediction based on billion-year ages
would be off by a factor of about 10,000. more...
2a. DATING METHODS INACCURACIES
Accelerator Mass Spectrometer* Even Faster Rocks: As listed in
Dec, 2010 Creation Matters, radiometric dating by
Rubidium-Strontium gives a 1.3 billion year age for lava atop
the Grand Canyon which would be 300 million years older than the
Precambrian basalt at the bottom of the canyon, as reported by
Steven Austin, Ph.D. Also, the Potassium-Argon dating method
incorrectly indicates that certain minerals hardened into stone
350,000 years ago, when in reality they solidified just
recently, in 1986, from lava that flowed six years after the
enormous 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption. And some of the mineral
within the then ten-year old rock was wrongly dated as having
solidified two million years earlier.
DATING
MORE: From Creation magazine as discussed on RSR:
2b. - Fossil wood from England dated at 25,000 years by
carbon-14 embedded in allegedly 183-million year old limestone
2b. - Mammal hair found in supposedly 100 million year old amber
looks surprisingly "similar" to... modern hair
2b. SHORT EVOLUTION: HONEY BEES
European and Asian Honey Bee Can Still "Talk" to Each Other. A
researcher decided to put the two together to see what would
happen. They are still able to communicate, putting into doubt
the evolutionary claim that they were separated for 7 million
years. See the Public Library of Science.
2b. FOSSILS: STANDING NAUTILOIDS
In the Grand Canyon there is a limestone layer averaging seven
feet thick that runs the 277 miles of the canyon (and beyond)
that covers hundreds of square miles and contains an average of
one nautiloid fossil per square meter. Along with many other
dead creatures in this one particular layer, 15% of these
nautiloids were killed and then fossilized standing on their
heads. Yes, vertically. They were caught in such an intense and
rapid catastrophic flow that gravity was not able to cause all
of their dead carcasses to fall over on their sides. Famed Mount
St. Helens geologist Steve Austin is also the world's leading
expert on nautiloid fossils and has worked in the canyon and
presented his findings to the park's rangers at the invitation
of National Park Service officials. Austin points out, as is
true of many of the world's mass fossil graveyards, that this
enormous nautiloid deposition provides indisputable proof of the
extremely rapid formation of a significant layer of limestone
near the bottom of the canyon, a layer like the others we've
been told about, that allegedly formed at the bottom of a calm
and placid sea with slow and gradual sedimentation. But a
million nautiloids, standing on their heads, literally, would
beg to differ. At our sister stie, RSR provides the relevant
Geologic Society of America abstract, links, and video.
2b. FROZEN LEAVES
* Now It's Allegedly Two Million Year-Old Leaves: "When we
started pulling leaves out of the soil, that was surreal, to
know that it's millions of years old..." sur-re-al: adjective: a
bizarre mix of fact and fantasy. In this case, the leaves are
the facts. Earth scientists from Ohio State and the University
of Minnesota say that wood and leaves they found in the Canadian
Arctic are at least two million years old, and perhaps more than
ten million years old, even though the leaves are just dry and
crumbly and the wood still burns!
2b. DINOSAUR SOFT TISSUES + DNA
Check out these images among a dozen journal papers confirming
dinosaur soft tissue* After the Soft Tissue Discoveries, NOW
Dino DNA: Back in 2007 a North Carolina State University
paleontologist took the Tyrannosaurus Rex photos to the right of
original biological material. Now, in 2013, the dinosaur soft
tissue discoveries include DNA, blood vessels, collagen,
osteocytes, hemoglobin, red blood cells, and various proteins,
as published in many leading scientific journals, including
Nature, Science, PNAS, PLoS One, Bone, Journal of Vertebrate
Paleontology, which have published peer-reviewed papers
confirming the discovery of original biological material and
even of dinosaur soft tissue from many dinosaurs and
dinosaur-layer creatures including from T. Rex., hadrosaur,
titanosaur, triceratops, Lufengosaur, mosasaur, and
Archaeopteryx.
- See the web's most complete listing of these journal papers,
with links and excerpts, at RSR's DinosaurSoftTissue.com
#research.
2b. SOFT TISSUE FOSSILS: SQUID INK
"150 Million" year-old Squid Ink Not Decomposed: This
still-writable ink had dehydrated but had not decomposed! The
British Geological Survey's Dr. Phil Wilby, who excavated the
fossil, said, "It is difficult to imagine how you can have
something as soft and sloppy as an ink sac fossilised in three
dimensions, still black, and inside a rock that is 150 million
years old." And the Daily Mail states that, "the black ink was
of exactly the same structure as that of today’s version", just
desiccated. And Wilby added, "Normally you would find only the
hard parts like the shell and bones fossilised but... these
creatures... can be dissected as if they are living animals, you
can see the muscle fibres and cells. It is difficult to
imagine... The structure is similar to ink from a modern squid
so we can write with it..." Why is this difficult for
evolutionists to imagine? Because as Dr. Carl Wieland writes,
"Chemical structures 'fall apart' all by themselves over time
due to the randomizing effects of molecular motion."
2b. SOFT TISSUE FOSSILS: CUTTLEFISH INK
* "160 Million" year-old Cuttlefish "ink sacs somehow escaped
decomposition": Yes. Somehow. In their May 2012 National
Geographic article, Fossil Ink Sacs Yield Jurassic Pigment--A
First, the NG editors report that the ink is "'strikingly'
similar to that of modern cuttlefish". [But as RSR says, read
this as "identical" to modern cuttlefish, similar to the
multitude of examples documented by creation Dr. Carl Werner in
his fabulous Living Fossils DVD.] RSR appreciates evolutionary
scientist and ink study co-author, University of Virginia Prof.
John D. Simon, for acknowledging that, "As far as we can tell by
everything we've thrown at it, the [ancient] ink is
indistinguishable from modern ink." Hopefully though, Dr. Simon
will reconsider the mountain of evidence for a young earth. For
only then can he help his students understand how it is
possible, as Nat'l Geographic reports, that "the Jurassic ink
sacs somehow escaped decomposition, providing scientists with
'exceptional' soft tissue specimens." Exceptional. Yes!
2b. SOFT TISSUE & POLYSTRATE FOSSILS
Removed Yellowstone Petrified Tree Sign:
Rare School of Jellyfish Fossilized: Previously, seven
sedimentary layers had been described as taking a million years
to form. And because jellyfish have no skeleton, it is rare to
find them among fossils. But now, reported in the journal
Geology, a school of jellyfish fossils have been found
throughout those same seven layers in central Wisconsin, showing
that they were not deposited over a million years, but during a
single event and quickly enough to trap a school of jellyfish.
This fossil school, therefore, taken as a unit forms a
polystrate fossil.
- Examples are everywhere that falsify the claims of strata
deposition over millions of years and even though they rarely
fossilize, there's another locale with jellyfish fossils in
multiple layers, in the Brockman Iron Formation in northwestern
Australia. (Evolution's Big Squeeze: Like galaxies evolving just
too quickly, and galaxy clusters no less, jellyfish too have
gotten into the act squeezing the evolution timeline, here by
200 million years when they were found in strata allegedly a
half-a-billion years old, and other examples, ironically
referred to as Medusoid Problematica, are even found in
pre-Cambrian strata!)
- Likewise, see the 171 tadpoles, and the whale, separately, all
fossilized in a polystrate way in diatom deposits. And then,
remember all those whales buried in the desert in Chile?
According to Dr. Nick Pyenson, "What's really interesting is
that this didn't just happen once. It happened four times," said
this Smithsonian Institution evolutionist. Why's that? Because
"the fossil site has at least four layers", to which Real
Science Radio's Bob Enyart replies: "Ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha ha
ha ha", with RSR co-host Fred Williams thoughtfully adding, "Ha
ha!"
2b. RAPID FORMATION: POLYSTRATE FOSSILS
Polystrate Fossils: In a thousand locations including the Fossil
Cliffs of Joggins, Nova Scotia, polystrate fossils such as trees
span many strata. Not only should such fossils, generally, not
exist, but polystrate trees, jellyfish, and whales, etc.,
typically show no evidence of erosion increasing with height.
All of this powerfully disproves the claim that the layers were
deposited slowly over millions of years.
2b. PETRIFIED TREES: FLOOD DEPOSITION
Removed Yellowstone Petrified Tree Sign* Yellowstone Petrified
Tree Sign Removed: The National Park Service removed their
incorrect sign (see left). The NPS had claimed that in dozens of
different strata over a 40-square mile area, many petrified
trees were still standing where they had grown. The NPS
eventually removed the sign partly because those petrified trees
had no root systems at their bases, which they would have had if
they had grown there. Instead, the trees of this "fossil forest"
have roots that are abruptly broken off within two or three feet
of the base of the tree trunks. If these mature trees actually
had been remnants of sequential forests that had grown up in
strata layer on top of strata layer, 27 times on Specimen Ridge
(and 50 times at Specimen Creek), such a natural history may
imply passage of more time than permitted by biblical
chronology. No root systems on Yellowstone petrified trees shows
they did NOT grow in place...Long before we adopted the Real
Science Radio name, Bob Enyart broadcast a geology program about
the catastrophic destruction of forests and the hydraulic
transportation and upright deposition of trees. The chief ranger
from Haleakala National Park on Hawaii's island of Maui, Mark
Tanaka-Sanders, whom Bob had the honor of meeting (over dinner
in Mark's home) corresponded with his colleagues at Yellowstone
urging them to remove the sign, which they did. (See also AIG,
CMI, and all the original Yellowstone exhibit photos.)
Groundbreaking research conducted by creation geologist Dr.
Steve Austin in Spirit Lake after the eruption of Mount St.
Helens provided a modern-day analog to the formation of
Yellowstone fossil forest. A steam blast from that volcano blew
over tens of thousands of trees leaving them without attached
roots. Many thousands of those trees were floating upright in
Spirit Lake, and began sinking at varying rates into rapidly and
sporadically deposited sediments. Once Yellowstone's successive
forest interpretation was falsified (though like with junk DNA,
it's too big to fail, so many atheists and others still cling to
it), the erroneous sign was removed.
2b. RAPID FORMATION: ISLAND ECOSYSTEM
Surtsey Island, Iceland: Of the volcanic island that formed in
1963, New Scientist reported in 2007 about Surtsey that
"geographers... marvel that canyons, gullies and other land
features that typically take tens of thousands or millions of
years to form were created in less than a decade." Yes. And
Iceland's official geologist wrote in the months after Surtsey
formed, "that the time scale," he had been trained "to attach to
geological developments is misleading." For what is said to
"take thousands of years... the same development may take a few
weeks or even days here," including to form "a landscape... so
varied and mature that it was almost beyond belief" with "wide
sandy beaches and precipitous crags... gravel banks and lagoons,
impressive cliffs… hollows, glens and soft undulating land...
fractures and faultscarps, channels and screes… confounded by
what met your eye... boulders worn by the surf, some of which
were almost round..."
2b. SHORT EVOLUTION: GENOMES
Genome "History" Contradicts Alleged Tree of Life: the
chimpanzee Y chromosome and the genomes of kangaroos, worms,
and sponges [are also recent].
2b. FOSSIL REEF CATASTROPHISM
Fossil "Reefs": As we report in our Real Science Radio program
on modern reefs and alleged fossil "reefs" (rsr.org/reefs), PhD
geologist Andrew Snelling did a great job presenting the
widespread secular, peer-reviewed journal conclusions that
fossil reefs are not reefs at all, that they lack the reef
framework of layers upon layers of skeletons, and that they
cannot be explained by comparison to modern reefs. Rather,
"fossil reefs" are typically jumbled and broken flood deposits
which often lack widespread remains of the very creatures that
form reefs. Likewise Dr. Tas Walker undermined the old-earth
argument for paleosols (alleged ancient soil horizons which are
actually pseudosols), which typically lack multiple diagnostic
features including lacking evidence of roots, lacking expected
layer horizons, and where relevant, lack the burned organic
matter that would have been expected from overlying lava flows).
And Dr. John Woodmorappe likewise undermined the old-earth
argument regarding alleged paleokarsts (geologic column strata
supposedly shaped by long exposure to surface erosion, a.k.a.
pseudokarsts).
2b. RAPID FORMATION: OIL
* Algae to Petroleum in Less than One Hour: Scientists at the
U.S. Department of Energy’s Pacific Northwest National
Laboratory have discovered a way of turning algae into crude
oil. They begin with "algae and water, and have remarkably
turned the mixture into a kind of crude oil in less than an
hour. The crude oil is suitable to be turned into burnable gases
like jet fuel, gasoline or diesel." See this in the must-read
Creation magazine, and you may enjoy CMI's Oil Not Always a
Fossil Fuel!
2b. FOSSIL PROTEIN
* Fossils with Protein, DNA and Bacteria: For years
evolutionists ridiculed the greatest paleontological discovery
in history, dinosaur soft tissue, in deference to their
old-earth evolutionary assumptions. Now that original dinosaur
tissue and even T. rex DNA has been found, the existence of
biological material and even living bacteria in allegedly
million-year-old specimens should be acknowledge[d] and
re-assessed. As listed by Dr. Walt Brown…
2b. FOSSIL DNA & BACTERIA
- allegedly 17 million year old magnolia leaf contains DNA
(Scientific American 1993)
- allegedly 80 million year old hadrosaur and T. rex DNA (the
Journal Bone, 2013)
- allegedly 120 million year old insect fossil contains DNA
(Nature 1993)
- allegedly 200 million year old fish fossil contains DNA
(Science. News 1992)
- allegedly 30 million year old bee fossil contains LIVING
bacteria (Science 1995)
- allegedly 600 million year old rock contains LIVING bacillus
(Nature 2000).
2b. DATING: AMINO ACIDS
* Initial Tests Show Mostly Left-Handed Amino Acids in Amber,
Shale, Titanosaur & T. rex Eggshells, and Chert! Like hands and
hockey sticks, some molecules are right or left handed. Life
uses 100% left-handed amino acids to build proteins (and purely
right-handed sugars to build DNA). The laws of chemistry
demonstrate that after death, amino acids racemize back to a
50-50 mixture of right- and left-handed acids. England's Royal
Society published a time range for this physical process which,
"produces totally racemized amino acids in 10(5)-10(6) [100,000
to 1,000,000] years in most environments on the Earth." (So
researchers have even begun dating whale carcasses by the
spherical growth patterns in the eye by measuring the percent of
left-handed acids in each lens layer.) Yet allegedly far older
insects in amber yield mostly left-handed amino acids such that
researchers shockingly suggest a half-life of a billion years
for racemization in amber! See more at
rsr.org/dinos#amino-acids.
2b. RAPID EVOLUTION: LIZARDS
Lizard "evovles" new gut in 37 years! :)* Lizard "Evolves" New
Gut in 37 Years! A change in habitat forced a vegetarian diet
upon Podarcis sicula lizards. The leafy diet in turn activated
pre-existing genetic instructions that modified the digestive
system in the offspring of seven lizards that had been
transported to a nearby island in 1971. When existing genetic
information suddently expresses itself, biased scientists, like
the Darwin marketing reps at National Geographic, will attempt
to trick folks who are not paying close attention into believing
that mutation and natural selection created some new biological
information. The NG headline reads, "Lizards Rapidly Evolve
After Introduction to Island" and the article wrongly claims
that, "They evolved an expanded gut [with cecal valves] to allow
them to process these leaves... This was a brand-new structure."
Once again the pop science press misrepresented the actual
findings of a scientific paper. For other populations of related
species, and of the exact same species, have the same structure!
"These valves are similar in overall appearance and structure to
those found in herbivorous lacertid, agamid, and iguanid lizards
and are not found in other populations of P. sicula or in P.
melisellensis."
2c. HUMANS: 6,000 YEARS
"6,000 year-old" Mitochondrial Eve: As the Bible calls "Eve...
the mother of all living" (Gen. 3:20), genetic researchers have
named the one woman from whom all humans have descended
"Mitochondrial Eve." But in a scientific attempt to date her
existence, they openly admit that they included chimpanzee DNA
in their analysis in order to get what they viewed as a
reasonably old date of 200,000 years ago (which is still
surprisingly recent from their perspective, but old enough not
to strain Darwinian theory too much). But then as widely
reported including by Science magazine, when they dropped the
chimp data and used only actual human mutation rates, that
process determined that Eve lived only six thousand years ago!
In Ann Gibbon's Science article, "Calibrating the Mitochondrial
Clock," rather than again using circular reasoning by assuming
their conclusion (that humans evolved from ape-like creatures),
they performed their calculations using actual measured mutation
rates. This peer-reviewed journal then reported that if these
rates have been constant, "mitochondrial Eve… would be a mere
6000 years old." See also the journal Nature and creation.com's
"A shrinking date for Eve," and Walt Brown's assessment.
Expectedly though, evolutionists have found a way to reject
their own unbiased finding (the conclusion contrary to their
self-interest) by returning to their original method of using
circular reasoning, as reported in the American Journal of Human
Genetics, "calibrating against recent evidence for the
divergence time of humans and chimpanzees," to reset their
mitochondrial clock back to 200,000 years.
2c. HUMANS: 200 GENERATIONS
Most Human Mutations Arose in 200 Generations: From Adam until
Real Science Radio, in only 200 generations! The journal Nature
reports The Recent Origin of Most Human Protein-coding Variants.
As summarized by geneticist co-author Joshua Akey, "Most of the
mutations that we found arose in the last 200 generations or so"
(the same number previously published by biblical creationists).
Another 2012 paper, in the American Journal of Physical
Anthropology (Eugenie Scott's own field) on High mitochondrial
mutation rates, shows that one mitochondrial DNA mutation occurs
every other generation, which, as creationists point out,
indicates that mtEve would have lived about 200 generations ago.
That's not so old!
2c. HUMANS: Under 6,000 YEARS
Even Younger Y-Chromosomal Adam: (Although he should be called,
"Y-Chromosomal Noah.") While we inherit our mtDNA only from our
mothers, only men have a Y chromosome. Based on documented
mutation rates on and the extraordinary lack of mutational
differences in this specifically male DNA, the Y-chromosomal
Adam would have lived only a few thousand years ago! (He's
significantly younger than mtEve because of the genetic
bottleneck of the global flood.) Yet while the Darwinian camp
wrongly claimed for decades that humans were 98% genetically
similar to chimps, secular scientists today, using the same type
of calculation only more accurately, have unintentionally
documented that chimps are about as far genetically from what
makes a human being a male, as mankind itself is from sponges!
Geneticists have found now that sponges are 70% the same as
humans genetically, and separately, that human and chimp Y
chromosomes are "horrendously" 30% different. (See also Why Was
Canaan Cursed?)
2c. DATING: NEANDERTHALS
* A Not So Old Tooth: This "Neanderthal tooth" was initially
dated by the inaccurate "rock layer method" to tens of thousands
of years old. Now, secular scientists have now used reliable
scientific methods to date the tooth. Turns out that it belonged
to someone who lived less than 5,000 years ago. (And of course,
Neanderthal's were people too! It's just that "cavemen" didn't
live all that long ago :)
2c. EARTH CHANGES
* Calendars: Aside from the worldwide evidence that ancient
cultures used a 360-day year (which fact itself points to the
reality of the global flood), realize also that the great
cultures of the world have calendars that begin not tens of
thousands of years ago, but only a few thousand years ago,
agreeing roughly speaking with the chronology of Genesis. For
example:
- the Mayan calendar begins at 3114 B.C.
- the Jewish calendar begins 3761 B.C.
- the Chinese calendar begins with the (mythical?) Yellow
Emperor at 2697 B.C.
- the Christian calendar that resets with the birth of Christ
- the reckoning of creation, by the chronologies of Isaac
Newton, Johann Kepler, and Bishop Ussher, at ~4000 B.C.
- the Catholic reckoning of creation, in Pope Gregory's Roman
Catholic Martyrology, of 5199 B.C.
- the biblical reckoning of creation, per the Septuagint (and by
cometary reckoning) at about 5000 B.C.
3. DATING: DIAMONDS
* Tiny Diamonds that Seemingly Formed Almost Instantaneously:
While their short-lived carbon-14 indicates that diamonds are
not a billion years old, a University of Tennessee geologist
presented findings at an annual meeting of the American
Geophysical Union on a rock filled with tiny diamonds, stating,
"It's like they formed instantaneously." Diamonds are also known
to form virtually instantaneously in impact craters. The high
pressure required to form diamonds has misled secularists to
assume that most are formed in the Earth's mant[le] about 100
miles below the surface, and then transported over millions of
years to the surface. In reality though, many diamonds were
formed in the enormous pressures produced in the Earth's crust
during the compression phase of the global flood.
E. RAPID FORMATION: WA SCABLANDS
Scablands formed rapidly; case study reveals bias...* The
Scablands: The primary surface features of the Scablands, which
cover thousands of square miles of eastern Washington, were long
believed to have formed gradually. Yet, against the determined
claims of uniformitarian geologists, there is now overwhelming
evidence as presented even in a NOVA TV program that the primary
features of the Scablands formed rapidly from a catastrophic
breach of Lake Missoula causing a massive regional flood. Of
course evolutionary geologists still argue that the landscape
was formed over tens of thousands of years, now by claiming
there must have been a hundred Missoula floods. However, the
evidence that there was Only One Lake Missoula Flood has been
powerfully reinforced by a University of Colorado Ph.D. thesis.
So the Scablands itself is no longer available to old-earthers
as de facto evidence for the passage of millions of years.
E. YOUNG UNIVERSE: GALAXIES
UGC 12158 spiral galaxy* Spiral Galaxies: after their alleged
billions of years the spiral arms of “pinwheel” galaxies should
now be deformed, since as has been known for decades, the speed
of the arms does not align with the galaxy centers, so there is
“missing billions of years” of deformation in spiral galaxies.
Atheistic astronomers have great difficulty even explaining
where our own Moon came from, let alone our entire solar system
and the entire universe. And just like Darwin's "Origin of
Species" begins with species, the standard models of star
formation begin with the explosion of preexisting stars or with
star formation already underway. Astrophysicists even admit they
can’t figure out which formed first, stars or galaxies, showing
that their Big Bang hypothesis does not merit the absolute trust
that millions put in it. Thus far from being able to explain how
the universe could form apart from God, they are groping in the
dark. See RSR 7-25-08 at KGOV.
E. TRANSIENT EVENTS: SOLAR SYSTEM
* Transient Solar System Events: The many unexpected transient
elements in our solar system including changes on the Moon's
surface, changes in Saturn's rings (see below), and the lifespan
of our short-period comets which last only thousands, and not
millions, of years because of the significant percent of their
mass burning off each time their orbit approaches perihelion,
when they are nearest to the Sun.
E. TRANSIENT EVENTS: QUASAR
* Transient Galactic Events: There are also transient galactic
elements such as the extreme variability from 1987 till 1991 in
one of the brightest objects in the gamma-ray sky, quasar 3C
279, which then faded from gamma-ray view!
E. YOUNG UNIVERSE: SNRs
NASA Supernova photo & story: "just a few thousand years ago" *
Supernova Remnants: an explosion appeared in the night sky in
1054 A.D. as a supernova remnant (SNR) forming the Crab Nebula.
Evolutionary scientists have measured and calculated the
expected rate that stars would explode. However, if the universe
is billions of years old, the vast majority of SNRs (like the
Crab Nebula) that should exist, are missing! Instead, the number
of SNRs corresponds well to the expected number if the universe
is less than 10,000 years old, especially considering that
astronomers have not found a single SNR at Stage 3 (a great
diameter)! Of course, the lack of Stage 3 SNRs is consistent
with the young universe. Listen to this Real Science Radio
program at KGOV.com!
E. YOUNG UNIVERSE: NO BIG BANG SHADOW
* The Missing Big Bang Shadow: The missing "shadow" of the Big
Bang from behind nearby galaxies is a prediction of biblical
creationism. Yet the Astrophysical Journal reported that no
shadow was detected after averaging measurements from NASA data
for 31 galaxy clusters. As a Huntsville, Alabama scientist Dr.
Richard Lieu stated, "Either... the Big Bang is blown away or
... there is something else going on'." Other evidence
consistent with a not-so-old universe includes connected
galaxies, galaxy clusters, the missing gas and dust of
intracluster medium (ICM) in globular clusters of hundreds of
thousands of stars purportedly emitting matter from solar winds
for billions of years, and nearby blue stars!
E. YOUNG UNIVERSE: SATURN'S RINGS
* Saturn’s Rings: Not evincing the stability suggested by their
presumed 50 to 100 million year-old age, instead of showing
their predicted stability, Saturn's rings have changed
significantly since man’s first mappings, including the
startling (to evolutionists) rapid approach of the inner-most
ring toward the planet. See RSR 4-10-06 at KGOV.
E. YOUNG UNIVERSE: STAR CLUSTERS
* "Surprisingly Orderly" Star Clusters in Spiral Galaxies: The
Big Bang model predicted that the bulge of stars in the center
of spiral galaxies resulted from millions of years of
collisions. But about the perfect orderliness of those stars, as
reported in the New Scientist article, Galaxies too good to be
true, Princeton University cosmologist Jim Peebles admitted
that, "It's really an embarrassment." And cosmologist John
Kormendy says that the pristine bulges "were something of a
shock" and "look rather too perfect." To which RSR says :) and
about which Spike Psarris created the greatest astronomy DVDs
ever made, and thanks to Creation magazine for alerting RSR to
this! Those who believe in naturalist origins are forever
dismayed, shocked, and even call the latest discoveries
"horrendous" because scientific observations typically
contradict the fundamental predictions of atheistic origins.
(One small example: Most animals reproduce sexually, yet
Darwinism would never predict sexual reproduction.)
E. YOUNG UNIVERSE: GALAXIES
* 9 Billion Years of Missing Metal in Spiral Galaxies: Some
people don't like heavy metal, but who would have chucked nine
billion years worth? Fifteen entire galaxies studied contradict
the standard model of star and galaxy formation which claims
that as billions of years pass during star evolution, they're
supposed to create way more heavier metals than these trillion
or so stars possess. See this at Space.com.
E. YOUNG UNIVERSE: EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD
* Earth's Magnetic Field Rapid Decay: As summarized by
University of Maryland geophysicist Daniel Lathrop, “In
particular, over the last 150 years or so, the Earth’s magnetic
field has declined in strength about ten percent, and continues
to decline in strength [as is evident] every time people go and
make new measurements.” Creationists point out that this rapid
decay is not expected in such a brief snapshot in time if our
planet were 4.6 billion years old. On the other hand, these
careful, long-term, and worldwide measurements that document the
rapidly decreasing strength of Earth's magnetic field are
consistent with a young Earth. Lathrop, not surprisingly, is an
old-earth geophysicist who nonetheless acknowledged this data.
Creationist physicist Russell Humphreys of Sandia National Labs
has updated his previous work by publishing Earth's Magnetic
Field Is Decaying Steadily, which includes global data through
2010. Humphreys observes that, "in 1968 the International
Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy (IAGA) began more
systematically measuring, gathering, and analyzing geomagnetic
data from all over the world. ... Every five years starting in
1970, they have published both dipole and non-dipole components
of the field. Using older data, the IAGA also extended the
model..." backward in time. See more at our RSR site,
youngearth.com/magnetic-field.
E. RAPID FORMATION: EARTH'S MAGNETIC REVERSALS
Earth's Rapid Magnetic Reversals: Do not confuse the field's
decay with its reversals. Dr. Walt Brown, with a Ph.D. in
electrical engineering from MIT, lists here and here the
published research opposing any notion that magnetic "reversals"
must occur over long periods. For example:
- Evidence Suggesting Extremely Rapid Field Variations During a
Geomagnetic Reversal, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 1989.
- Earth's Field Flipping Fast, New Scientist, 1992.
- New Evidence for Extraordinarily Rapid Change of the
Geomagnetic Field During a Reversal, Nature 1995.
In his book In the Beginning, Dr. Brown points out that, "At one
time the orientation of the earth's magnetic field changed
rapidly by up to 6 degrees per day for several days." Update: In
2014, an old-earth scientist disclaimed his own research,
retracting his support for rapid reversals based, not on the
large reliable magnetic grains that are difficult to reorient,
but on the smaller, less reliable grains which move far more
easily. Click for the references and for Dr. Russell Humphrey's
answer to the question: Why has one author retracted?
E. RAPID FORMATION: RIVER GORGE
* The Palouse River Gorge: In the southeast of Washington State,
the Palouse River Gorge is one of many features formed rapidly
by 500 cubic miles of water catastrophically released with the
breaching of a natural dam in the Lake Missoula Flood (which
gouged out the Scablands as described above). So, hard rock can
be breached and eroded rapidly.
E. RAPID FORMATION: GRAND CANYON
Missing strata from the geologic column in the grand canyon*
Grand Canyon's Millions of Missing Years: According to
evolutionary geologists, there are MORE THAN 100 MILLION YEARS
MISSING in the extraordinarily regular and straight layers of
the Grand Canyon. The supposed geological layers entirely
missing from the beautifully formed Grand Canyon strata,
according to the National Park Service, include the Ordovician
and the Silurian. The flat boundaries between strata provide
hard evidence proving that millions of years of erosion DID NOT
OCCUR, and that therefore, those millions of years DID NOT PASS,
neither in the canyon nor anywhere on Earth. Also, the enormous
side canyons, many of which would be major tourist attractions
if they had formed elsewhere on Earth, have no river, Colorado
or otherwise, to explain their existence, for they were formed
by the rapid drainage of groundwater in the weeks after the
flood catastrophically formed after the breach of a natural dam.
The Grand Canyon formed rapidly.
E. RAPID FORMATION: CAVERN
* Carlsbad Cavern Formation: The National Park Service
repeatedly changed the sign at the cave entrance which at first
claimed that formation took "260 million years", then "8 million
years", then "2 million years", and then they took the sign down
altogether. See YoungEarth.com for the documentation. On Bob
Enyart's family vacation in 2005 they heard onsite the official
Carlsbad audio tour which now accurately states that the, "rate
of formation depends on the amount of available water."
(Previously, you could enjoy listening to that audio tour online
but apparently it has now been removed from the web. In 2016 RSR
will try to make that available again.)
E. DATING: VOLCANO
* Death Valley Volcano Erupts AFTER Formation of Earth:
According to the USGS, "The understanding of the timing of
eruptions [in Death Valley] and the timing of the building up to
eruptions is changing." Anti-biblical bias frequently leads
scientists to a knee-jerk claim of events occurring tens of
thousands or millions of years ago, which if true would falsify
the Bible account of the creation week and the literal
interpretation of Genesis presented by Jesus Christ Himself.
According to USA Today, in this particular instance, the old
claim that a Death Valley eruption occurred 10,000 years ago,
which as Isaac Newton himself would have pointed out, would
awkwardly have been prior to God's creation of the universe,
actually occurred only 800 years ago, according to more careful
scientific observations, as per the trend evident on this
list-of-not-so-old-things!
-----
3. APPLICATIONS
Applications of radiocarbon dating [TO DO: Add Links]
HTML http://www.c14dating.com/applic.html
The development of this page will be gradual and contributions
are invited. There are many, many interesting applications of
radiocarbon dating in a variety of different fields. If you
would like to set up information regarding a project in which
radiocarbon dating illuminated or solved a problem or in which
C14 played a central role, please contact
f.petchey@waikato.ac.nz
ARCHAEOLOGY
The Dead Sea scrolls Page describing the Dead Sea scrolls at the
Library of Congress, Washington.
Dead Sea Scrolls Short press release concerning the recent
radiocarbon dating of some of the scrolls.
Kennewick Man Newspaper reports concerning the 9,200-year-old
bones found recently along the banks of the Columbia River in
Kennewick, Washington.
Debert, a palaeoIndian site in Nova Scotia Extensive radiocarbon
dating from the Debert site, Nova Scotia indicates occupation
between 10,600 and 10,700 BP.
Archaeometry and Stonehenge Presentation of results of
excavations and dating of the Stonehenge 20th century
excavations project.
Dating Stonehenge 52 radiocarbon dates have been measured in the
reexcavation of parts of this famous archaeological site.
The Cave of Chauvet-Pont-D'Arc Radiocarbon dates from the caves
are the earliest currently known for rock art in the region.
Archaeological research at Oslonki, Poland The site of Oslonki
is dated by 24 radiocarbon dates, which when calibrated to
calendar years point to a dating of between 4300 and 4000 B.C.
Dombate passage tomb, Spain WWW page about the megalithic
monument of Dombate (La Corunha, Galicia, NW Spain) with several
C14 dates for different moments of the life of the monument (in
Spanish).
The Origins of Angkor Archaeological Project From the University
of Otago (New Zealand) and the Fine Arts Department of Thailand,
the project is concerned with investigating archaeology of
pre-formative Angkorean society of South East Asia. Radiocarbon
dating underpins the chronological aspects of the investigation.
Radiocarbon dating of the Angel site and phase in regional
perspective. Sherri Hilgeman and Mark Schurr of the Glenn A.
Black Laboratory of Archaeology.
Radiocarbon chronology from the prehistoric Caborn site,
Indiana. by Cheryl Ann Munson (Indiana University) and Marjorie
Melvin Jones (University of Southern Indiana).
Excavations at Pinarbasi, near Catal Huyuk, Turkey. Radiocarbon
data.
Database of radiocarbon dates for British & Irish archaeology.
Archaeometry (University of Oxford) Past datelists.
Absolute Chronology for Early Civilisations in Austria and
Central Europe using 14C Dating with Accelerator Mass
Spectrometry
Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database.
Mapping Ancient History A Java based map of Canada, showing the
location and spread of dated sites based on the radiocarbon
dates held in the Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon database
Scientific American article, "Artful Dating" - dating geoglyphs,
found on the desert floor of the southwestern U.S.
OCEANOGRAPHY
The World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE) The World Ocean
Circulation Experiment (WOCE); at the Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution's NOSAMS Facility. Measuring carbon in the Pacific
and Indian Ocean to understand better the processes of ocean
circulation.
Ocean sediment C-14 data The Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of
Columbia University has compiled 974 C-14 dates from 309 ocean
sediments cores, covering the period from 40,000 years BP to the
present worldwide.
PALAEOENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
The America's Project A palaeovegetational reconstruction of
the North and South Americam continents using a radiocarbon
dated timeframe from 15-9 ky BP.
Wrangel Island Mammoths Abstract of the Radiocarbon article of
the fascinating discovery that mamoths were still alive on this
subarctic island at 2000 BC.
TephraBase Radiocarbon Search Search the Tephrabase directory
for radiocarbon dated volcanic tephras.
Dating of Bear Lake, Western USA. The USGS Bear Lake Project
aims to create records of past climate change for the Bear Lake
region,including changes in precipitation patterns during the
last 10,000 years and how the size of Bear Lake has varied in
the past, to assess the possibility of future flooding and
drought.
Radiocarbon dating the inundation of the Bering Land Bridge New
Evidence on the Timing of Inundation of the Bering Land Bridge,
Based on Radiocarbon Ages of Macrofossils.
CALIBRATION AND DENDROCHRONOLOGY
Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, University of Arizona.
Ancient Bristlecone Pine homepage.
Aegean Dendrochronology Project at Cornell University.
The International Tree-Ring Data Bank (ITRDB)maintained by the
NOAA Paleoclimatology Program and World Data Center for
Paleoclimatology.
The Sheffield Dendrochronology Laboratory, Sheffield, England.
The Climatic Research Unit, University of East Anglia, Norwich,
England.
PALAEOCLIMATOLOGY
Current research in palaeoclimates and solar variation using
tree ring dated C14 chronologies at the University of Arizona.
Palaeoclimates from Arctic Lakes and Estuaries (PALE) Home Page,
including palaeoclimate databases from around the world.
Various Paleoclimatology links, University of Massachusetts,
Climate System Research Center.
METEOROLOGY
The Mars Meteorite. Investigation of the "terrestrial age"of
Martian Meteorites using radiocarbon.
*****************************************************