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#Post#: 22--------------------------------------------------
Cognitive Biases
DIR By: Dragon Hellfire
Date: March 12, 2019, 12:50 am
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Cognitive Biases on Wikipedia
HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases
Memory Biases on Wikipedia
HTML https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_memory_biases
#Post#: 23--------------------------------------------------
Re: Cognitive Biases
DIR By: Dragon Hellfire
Date: March 12, 2019, 2:22 am
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Memory Biases
Content Memory Biases
- Boundary Extension: Remembering the background of an image as
being larger or more expansive than the foreground
- Conservatism Bias: The tendency to remember high values and
high likelihoods/probabilities/frequencies lower than they
actually were and low ones higher than they actually were.
- Illusion-of-Truth Effect: People are more likely to believe
statements they have previously heard
- Illusory Correlation: inaccurately seeing a relationship
between two events related by coincidence.
- Leveling and Sharpening: memory distortions introduced by the
loss of details in a recollection over time, often concurrent
with sharpening or selective recollection of certain details
that take on exaggerated significance in relation to the details
or aspects of the experience lost through leveling. Both biases
may be reinforced over time, and by repeated recollection or
re-telling of a memory.
- Hindsight bias: the inclination to see past events as being
predictable; also called the "I-knew-it-all-along" effect.
- Peak-End Rule: that people seem not to the sum, or average, of
an experience, but how it was at its peak (e.g. pleasant or
unpleasant) and how it ended.
- Rosy Retrospection the remembering of the past as having been
better than it really was.
- Subadditivity Effect: the tendency to estimate that the
likelihood of a remembered event is less than the sum of its
(more than two) mutually exclusive components.
- Telescoping Effect: the tendency to displace recent events
backward in time and remote events forward in time, so that
recent events appear more remote, and remote events, more
recent.
- Misattribution Content Memory BIases
- Cryptomnesia: misattribution of memories as imagination
because there is no subjective experience of them being
memories.
- Source Confusion: misattributing the source of a memory, e.g.
misremembering that one saw an event personally when actually it
was seen on television.
- Suggestibility: a form of misattribution where ideas suggested
by a questioner are mistaken for memory.
- Identity Content Memory Biases
- Choice-Supportive Bias: Remembering one's chosen options as
having been better than rejected options
- Consistency Bias: Incorrectly remembering one's past attitudes
and behavior as resembling present attitudes and behavior.
- Egocentric bias: Remembering one's past performance as better
than it was.
- Placement Bias:[u] tendency to remember ourselves to be better
than others at tasks at which we rate ourselves above average
(also Illusory superiority or Better-than-average effect) and
tendency to remember ourselves to be worse than others at tasks
at which we rate ourselves below average (also
Worse-than-average effect).
- [u]Self-Serving Bias: perceiving oneself responsible for
desirable outcomes but not responsible for undesirable ones.
Retention Memory Biases
- Childhood Amnesia: Retaining relatively few memories from
before the age of four.
- Fading Affect Bias: The tendency for emotion associated with
unpleasant memories to fade more quickly than the emotion
associated with positive events.
- Gender Differences In Eyewitness Memory: The tendency for a
witness to remember more details about someone of the same
gender.
- List-Length Effect: a smaller percentage of items are
remembered in a longer list, but as the length of the list
increases, the absolute number of items remembered increases as
well.
- Picture Superiority Effect: that concepts are much more likely
to be remembered experientially if they are presented in picture
form than if they are presented in word form.
- Reminiscence Bump: the recalling of more personal events from
adolescence and early adulthood than personal events from other
lifetime periods
- Von Restorff Effect: that an item that sticks out is more
likely to be remembered than other items
Recall Memory Biases
- Confirmation Bias: The tendency to search for, interpret, or
recall information in a way that confirms one's beliefs or
hypotheses
- Context Bias: The tendency to more easily recall in-context
memories than out of context memories.
- Self Generation Effect: that self-generated information is
remembered best. For instance, people are better able to recall
memories of statements that they have generated than similar
statements generated by others.
- Humor Effect: humorous items are more easily remembered than
non-humorous ones, which might be explained by the
distinctiveness of humor, the increased cognitive processing
time to understand the humor or the emotional arousal caused by
the humor.
- Memory Inhibition: that being shown some items from a list
makes it harder to retrieve the other items
- Modality Effect: that memory recall is higher for the last
items of a list when the list items were received via speech
than when they were received via writing.
- Next-in-Line Effect: that a person in a group has diminished
recall for the words of others who spoke immediately before or
after this person.
- Persistence: the unwanted recurrence of memories of a
traumatic event.
- Primacy Effect, Recency Effect & Serial Position Effect: that
items near the end of a list are the easiest to recall, followed
by the items at the beginning of a list; items in the middle are
the least likely to be remembered.
- Self-Reference Effect: the phenomena that memories encoded
with relation to the self are better recalled than similar
information encoded otherwise.
- Spacing Effect: that information is better recalled if
exposure to it is repeated over a longer span of time.
- Testing Effect: that frequent testing of material that has
been committed to memory improves memory recall.
- Zeigarnik Effect: that uncompleted or interrupted tasks are
remembered better than completed ones.
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