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734 y Fb(require)h Fd(EXPR)p Fc(y)472 790 y Fi(If)g Fd(EXPR)e
Fi(is)h(numeric,)h(requires)f(Perl)g(to)g(be)g(at)g(least)g(that)g
(version.)f(Otherwise)472 847 y Fd(EXPR)h Fi(must)g(be)g(the)g(name)h
(of)f(a)g(\256le)h(that)e(is)h(included)f(from)i(the)f(Perl)g(library)m
(.)g(Does)472 903 y(not)g(include)f(more)i(than)e(once,)i(and)f(yields)
f(a)i(fatal)f(error)g(if)g(the)g(\256le)h(does)f(not)472
960 y(evaluate)g(to)g(a)h Fj(true)g Fi(value.)472 1016
y(If)g Fd(EXPR)e Fi(is)h(a)h(bare)f(word,)g(assumes)g(extension)f(`)p
Fh(.pm)p Fi(')j(for)e(the)g(name)h(of)f(the)g(\256le.)354
1083 y Fb(return)i Fd(EXPR)472 1140 y Fi(Returns)e(from)h(a)f
(subroutine)f(with)g(the)h(value)g(speci\256ed.)354 1207
y Fb(sub)i Fd(NAME)d Fh({)i Fd(EXPR)e Fh(;)i Fi(.)t(.)t(.)t
Fh(})472 1263 y Fi(Designates)e Fd(NAME)h Fi(as)g(a)g(subroutine.)f
(Parameters)i(are)g(passed)f(by)f(reference)j(as)472
1320 y(array)f Fh(@_)p Fi(.)h(Returns)d(the)h(value)g(of)g(the)g(last)g
(expression)f(evaluated.)354 1387 y([)i Fb(sub)g Fi(])f
Fh(BEGIN)j({)e Fd(EXPR)e Fh(;)i Fi(.)t(.)t(.)t Fh(})472
1443 y Fi(De\256nes)g(a)f(setup)g Fd(BLOCK)g Fi(to)f(be)i(called)f
(before)g(execution.)354 1510 y([)h Fb(sub)g Fi(])f Fh(END)i({)f
Fd(EXPR)e Fh(;)i Fi(.)t(.)t(.)t Fh(})472 1567 y Fi(De\256nes)g(a)f
(cleanup)g Fd(BLOCK)g Fi(to)g(be)g(called)g(upon)f(termination.)354
1634 y Fb(tie)h Fd(V)m(AR)p Fb(,)f Fd(P)m(ACKAGE)p Fb(,)g
Fi([)h Fd(LIST)g Fi(])472 1690 y(T)n(ies)g(a)h(variable)f(to)g(a)g
(package)g(that)g(will)f(handle)h(it.)g(Can)g(be)g(used)g(to)g(bind)f
(a)i(dbm)f(or)472 1747 y(ndbm)g(\256le)h(to)f(a)g(hash.)354
1814 y Fb(untie)h Fd(V)m(AR)472 1870 y Fi(Breaks)g(the)f(binding)e
(between)i(the)g(variable)g(and)g(the)g(package.)354
1937 y Fb(use)h Fd(MODULE)f Fi([)h Fd(LIST)f Fi(])472
1994 y(Imports)g(semantics)g(from)h(the)e(named)i(module)f(into)f(the)h
(current)g(package.)355 2167 y Fk(7.)19 b(Object)h(oriented)h(pr)o
(ogramming)p 355 2188 1512 2 v 354 2289 a Fi(Perl)12
b(rules)f(of)g(object)f(oriented)h(programming:)354 2358
y Fc(\017)21 b Fi(An)11 b(object)f(is)h(simply)f(a)i(reference)g(that)e
(happens)h(to)g(know)f(which)g(class)h(it)g(belongs)e(to.)390
2414 y(Objects)h(are)i(blessed,)e(references)i(are)g(not.)354
2481 y Fc(\017)21 b Fi(A)11 b(class)g(is)f(simply)h(a)g(package)g(that)
g(happens)f(to)h(provide)f(methods)h(to)f(deal)h(with)g(object)390
2538 y(references.)390 2594 y(If)g(a)h(package)f(fails)g(to)g(provide)f
(a)h(method,)g(the)g(base)g(classes)g(as)g(listed)f(in)h
Fh(@ISA)i Fi(are)390 2651 y(searched.)354 2718 y Fc(\017)21
b Fi(A)11 b(method)g(is)f(simply)h(a)g(subroutine)e(that)i(expects)g
(an)g(object)f(reference)j(\(or)e(a)h(package)390 2774
y(name,)g(for)f(static)g(methods\))f(as)h(the)g(\256rst)g(ar)o(gument.)
390 2831 y(Methods)f(can)i(be)f(applied)f(with:)508 2887
y Fd(METHOD)h(OBJREF)g(P)m(ARAMETERS)180 b Fi(or)508
2943 y Fd(OBJREF)p Fh(->)p Fd(METHOD)12 b(P)m(ARAMETERS)p
354 3018 1512 3 v 354 3065 a Fe(6)p eop
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7 7 bop 1364 -101 a Fe(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -2 a Fk(8.)19 b(Arithmetic)i(functions)p
355 19 1512 2 v 354 120 a Fb(abs)12 b Fd(EXPR)p Fc(y)472
176 y Fi(Returns)f(the)g(absolute)f(value)h(of)g(its)f(operand.)354
241 y Fb(atan2)i Fd(Y)p Fb(,)f Fd(X)472 298 y Fi(Returns)g(the)g
(arctangent)g(of)g Fd(Y)p Fi(/)p Fd(X)f Fi(in)h(the)g(range)g(-)p
Fg(\031)i Fi(to)e Fg(\031)r Fi(.)354 362 y Fb(cos)h Fd(EXPR)p
Fc(y)472 419 y Fi(Returns)f(the)g(cosine)g(of)g Fd(EXPR)f
Fi(\(expressed)h(in)g(radians\).)354 484 y Fb(e)o(xp)i
Fd(EXPR)p Fc(y)472 540 y Fi(Returns)e Fh(e)h Fi(to)f(the)g(power)g(of)g
Fd(EXPR)p Fi(.)354 605 y Fb(int)g Fd(EXPR)p Fc(y)472
661 y Fi(Returns)g(the)g(integer)g(portion)e(of)j Fd(EXPR)p
Fi(.)354 726 y Fb(log)g Fd(EXPR)p Fc(y)472 782 y Fi(Returns)f(natural)g
(logarithm)f(\(base)h Fh(e)p Fi(\))h(of)f Fd(EXPR)p Fi(.)354
847 y Fb(rand)i Fi([)e Fd(EXPR)g Fi(])472 904 y(Returns)g(a)h(random)f
(fractional)g(number)g(between)g(0)g(and)g(the)g(value)f(of)i
Fd(EXPR)p Fi(.)e(If)472 960 y Fd(EXPR)h Fi(is)g(omitted,)f(returns)h(a)
g(value)g(between)g(0)g(and)g(1.)354 1025 y Fb(sin)h
Fd(EXPR)p Fc(y)472 1081 y Fi(Returns)f(the)g(sine)g(of)g
Fd(EXPR)f Fi(\(expressed)h(in)g(radians\).)354 1146 y
Fb(sqr)q(t)h Fd(EXPR)p Fc(y)472 1203 y Fi(Returns)f(the)g(square)g
(root)g(of)g Fd(EXPR)p Fi(.)354 1267 y Fb(srand)i Fi([)e
Fd(EXPR)g Fi(])472 1324 y(Sets)h(the)e(random)i(number)f(seed)g(for)g
(the)g(rand)g(operator)n(.)354 1389 y Fb(time)32 b Fi(Returns)11
b(the)f(number)h(of)g(seconds)f(since)g(January)g(1,)h(1970.)g
(Suitable)f(for)h(feeding)f(to)472 1445 y Fb(gmtime)h
Fi(and)g Fb(localtime)p Fi(.)355 1613 y Fk(9.)19 b(Con)m(ver)o(sion)i
(functions)p 355 1634 V 354 1735 a Fb(chr)12 b Fd(EXPR)p
Fc(y)472 1791 y Fi(Returns)f(the)g(character)h(represented)f(by)g(the)g
(decimal)g(value)g Fd(EXPR)p Fi(.)354 1856 y Fb(gmtime)g
Fd(EXPR)p Fc(y)472 1913 y Fi(Converts)g(a)g(time)h(as)f(returned)g(by)g
(the)f Fb(time)h Fi(function)f(to)h(a)g(9-element)g(array)472
1969 y(\(0:)p Fh($)p Fi(sec,)h(1:)p Fh($)p Fi(min,)f(2:)p
Fh($)p Fi(hour)n(,)g(3:)p Fh($)p Fi(mday)m(,)h(4:)p Fh($)p
Fi(mon,)f(5:)p Fh($)p Fi(year)n(,)h(6:)p Fh($)p Fi(wday)m(,)f(7:)p
Fh($)p Fi(yday)m(,)472 2025 y(8:)p Fh($)p Fi(isdst\))f(with)g(the)h
(time)g(analyzed)g(for)h(the)f(Greenwich)f(time)h(zone.)h
Fh($)p Fi(mon)g(has)f(the)472 2082 y(range)h(0..1)n(1)f(and)g
Fh($)q Fi(wday)g(has)g(the)f(range)i(0..6.)354 2147 y
Fb(he)o(x)h Fd(EXPR)p Fc(y)472 2203 y Fi(Returns)e(the)g(decimal)g
(value)g(of)g Fd(EXPR)g Fi(interpreted)f(as)h(an)h(hex)f(string.)354
2268 y Fb(localtime)g Fd(EXPR)p Fc(y)472 2324 y Fi(Converts)g(a)g(time)
h(as)f(returned)g(by)g(the)f Fb(time)h Fi(function)f(to)h
Fa(ctime)p Fi(\(3\))g(string.)f(In)h(array)472 2381 y(context,)g
(returns)g(a)g(9-element)g(array)h(with)e(the)h(time)g(analyzed)g(for)h
(the)e(local)h(time)472 2437 y(zone.)354 2502 y Fb(oct)h
Fd(EXPR)p Fc(y)472 2558 y Fi(Returns)f(the)g(decimal)g(value)g(of)g
Fd(EXPR)g Fi(interpreted)f(as)h(an)h(octal)e(string.)h(If)g
Fd(EXPR)472 2615 y Fi(starts)g(of)o(f)g(with)f Fh(0x)p
Fi(,)j(interprets)d(it)h(as)g(a)g(hex)g(string)f(instead.)354
2680 y Fb(or)o(d)j Fd(EXPR)p Fc(y)472 2736 y Fi(Returns)e(the)g(ASCII)h
(value)f(of)g(the)g(\256rst)g(character)h(of)f Fd(EXPR)p
Fi(.)354 2801 y Fb(vec)h Fd(EXPR)p Fb(,)e Fd(OFFSET)p
Fb(,)i Fd(BITS)472 2857 y Fi(T)n(reats)g(string)e Fd(EXPR)g
Fi(as)h(a)h(vector)f(of)g(unsigned)f(integers,)g(and)h(yields)f(the)h
(bit)f(at)472 2914 y Fd(OFFSET)p Fi(.)j Fd(BITS)e Fi(must)f(be)i
(between)e(1)i(and)f(32.)g(May)g(be)h(assigned)e(to.)p
354 3018 1512 3 v 1838 3065 a Fe(7)p eop
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8 8 bop 354 -101 a Fe(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -1 a Fk(10.)19 b(Structure)k(con)m(ver)o(sion)p
355 20 1512 2 v 354 121 a Fb(pac)o(k)12 b Fd(TEMPLA)m(TE)p
Fb(,)e Fd(LIST)472 178 y Fi(Packs)i(the)f(values)f(into)g(a)i(binary)e
(structure)h(using)f Fd(TEMPLA)m(TE)p Fi(.)354 244 y
Fb(unpac)o(k)j Fd(TEMPLA)m(TE)p Fb(,)d Fd(EXPR)472 300
y Fi(Unpacks)h(the)g(structure)f Fd(EXPR)h Fi(into)f(an)h(array)m(,)h
(using)e Fd(TEMPLA)m(TE)p Fi(.)472 366 y Fd(TEMPLA)m(TE)h
Fi(is)g(a)g(sequence)g(of)g(characters)h(as)f(follows:)527
432 y Fh(a)28 b Fi(/)42 b Fh(A)55 b Fi(ASCII)12 b(string,)e(null)g(/)h
(space)h(padded)527 489 y Fh(b)28 b Fi(/)42 b Fh(B)55
b Fi(Bit)11 b(string)f(in)h(ascending)f(/)h(descending)f(order)527
545 y Fh(c)28 b Fi(/)42 b Fh(C)55 b Fi(Native)11 b(/)g(unsigned)e(char)
j(value)527 601 y Fh(f)28 b Fi(/)42 b Fh(d)55 b Fi(Single)11
b(/)g(double)f(\257oat)h(in)g(native)f(format)527 658
y Fh(h)28 b Fi(/)42 b Fh(H)55 b Fi(Hex)11 b(string,)f(low)h(/)g(high)f
(nybble)g(\256rst.)527 714 y Fh(i)28 b Fi(/)42 b Fh(I)55
b Fi(Signed)11 b(/)g(unsigned)e(integer)i(value)527 771
y Fh(l)28 b Fi(/)42 b Fh(L)55 b Fi(Signed)11 b(/)g(unsigned)e(long)h
(value)527 827 y Fh(n)28 b Fi(/)42 b Fh(N)55 b Fi(Short)11
b(/)g(long)f(in)h(network)f(\(big)h(endian\))f(byte)h(order)527
884 y Fh(s)28 b Fi(/)42 b Fh(S)55 b Fi(Signed)11 b(/)g(unsigned)e
(short)h(value)527 940 y Fh(u)28 b Fi(/)42 b Fh(p)55
b Fi(Uuencoded)10 b(string)g(/)h(Pointer)g(to)g(a)g(string)527
997 y Fh(v)28 b Fi(/)42 b Fh(V)55 b Fi(Short)11 b(/)g(long)f(in)h(V)-6
b(AX)11 b(\(little)f(endian\))g(byte)h(order)527 1053
y Fh(x)28 b Fi(/)42 b Fh(@)55 b Fi(Null)10 b(byte)h(/)g(null)f(\256ll)h
(until)f(position)527 1110 y Fh(X)165 b Fi(Backup)11
b(a)h(byte)472 1176 y(Each)g(character)g(may)f(be)g(followed)f(by)h(a)h
(decimal)f(number)g(which)g(will)f(be)h(used)g(as)472
1233 y(a)h(repeat)f(count,)g(`)p Fh(*)p Fi(')h(speci\256es)f(all)g
(remaining)g(ar)o(guments.)472 1289 y(If)h(the)f(format)h(is)e
(preceded)i(with)e Fh(\045)p Fd(N)p Fi(,)i Fb(unpac)o(k)h
Fi(returns)d(an)i Fd(N)p Fi(-bit)e(checksum)472 1345
y(instead.)472 1402 y(Spaces)i(may)g(be)f(included)f(in)h(the)f
(template)h(for)h(readability)e(purposes.)355 1573 y
Fk(11.)19 b(String)i(functions)p 355 1594 V 354 1695
a Fb(chomp)12 b Fd(LIST)p Fc(y)472 1751 y Fi(Removes)g(line)f(endings)e
(from)j(all)f(elements)g(of)g(the)g(list;)f(returns)g(the)h(\(total\))
472 1808 y(number)h(of)f(characters)g(removed.)354 1874
y Fb(chop)h Fd(LIST)p Fc(y)472 1930 y Fi(Chops)f(of)o(f)h(the)e(last)h
(character)h(on)f(all)f(elements)h(of)h(the)f(list;)e(returns)i(the)g
(last)472 1987 y(chopped)g(character)n(.)354 2053 y Fb(crypt)i
Fd(PLAINTEXT)p Fb(,)d Fd(SAL)m(T)472 2109 y Fi(Encrypts)g(a)i(string.)
354 2175 y Fb(e)o(v)o(al)g Fd(EXPR)p Fc(y)472 2231 y
Fd(EXPR)f Fi(is)g(parsed)g(and)g(executed)f(as)i(if)f(it)f(were)i(a)g
(Perl)f(program.)h(The)f(value)472 2288 y(returned)g(is)g(the)g(value)g
(of)g(the)g(last)f(expression)g(evaluated.)h(If)h(there)f(is)g(a)g
(syntax)472 2344 y(error)h(or)f(runtime)g(error)n(,)h(an)g(unde\256ned)
e(string)g(is)h(returned)g(by)f Fb(e)o(v)o(al)p Fi(,)j(and)e
Fh($@)h Fi(is)e(set)472 2401 y(to)h(the)g(error)h(message.)f(See)h
(also)f Fb(e)o(v)o(al)h Fi(in)e(section)h(`Miscellaneous'.)354
2467 y Fb(inde)o(x)h Fd(STR)p Fb(,)f Fd(SUBSTR)g Fi([)h
Fb(,)f Fd(OFFSET)h Fi(])472 2523 y(Returns)f(the)g(position)d(of)j
Fd(SUBSTR)g Fi(in)f Fd(STR)h Fi(at)g(or)g(after)g Fd(OFFSET)p
Fi(.)h(If)g(the)e(substring)472 2580 y(is)h(not)g(found,)f(returns)h
Fh(-1)h Fi(\(but)f(see)g Fh($[)h Fi(in)f(section)f(`Special)h
(variables'\).)354 2646 y Fb(length)h Fd(EXPR)p Fc(y)472
2702 y Fi(Returns)f(the)g(length)f(in)h(characters)g(of)h(the)f(value)f
(of)i Fd(EXPR)p Fi(.)354 2768 y Fb(lc)f Fd(EXPR)472 2824
y Fi(Returns)g(a)h(lower)f(case)g(version)f(of)i Fd(EXPR)p
Fi(.)354 2890 y Fb(lc\256r)o(st)g Fd(EXPR)472 2947 y
Fi(Returns)f Fd(EXPR)g Fi(with)f(the)h(\256rst)g(character)h(in)e
(lower)h(case.)p 354 3018 1512 3 v 354 3065 a Fe(8)p
eop
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9 9 bop 1364 -101 a Fe(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
354 -89 1512 3 v 354 -7 a Fb(quotemeta)h Fd(EXPR)472
49 y Fi(Returns)e Fd(EXPR)g Fi(with)f(all)h(regexp)g(meta-characters)h
(quoted.)354 118 y Fb(rinde)o(x)h Fd(STR)p Fb(,)e Fd(SUBSTR)f
Fi([)i Fb(,)f Fd(OFFSET)h Fi(])472 174 y(Returns)f(the)g(position)e(of)
i(the)g(last)g Fd(SUBSTR)f Fi(in)h Fd(STR)g Fi(at)h(or)f(before)g
Fd(OFFSET)p Fi(.)354 243 y Fb(substr)i Fd(EXPR)p Fb(,)c
Fd(OFFSET)k Fi([)e Fb(,)g Fd(LEN)g Fi(])472 299 y(Extracts)g(a)g
(substring)e(out)i(of)g Fd(EXPR)f Fi(and)h(returns)g(it.)g(If)h
Fd(OFFSET)g Fi(is)e(negative,)472 356 y(counts)g(from)i(the)f(end)g(of)
g(the)g(string.)g(May)g(be)g(assigned)f(to.)354 424 y
Fb(uc)i Fd(EXPR)472 481 y Fi(Returns)f(an)g(upper)g(case)h(version)e
(of)h Fd(EXPR)p Fi(.)354 550 y Fb(uc\256r)o(st)i Fd(EXPR)472
606 y Fi(Returns)e Fd(EXPR)g Fi(with)f(the)h(\256rst)g(character)h(in)e
(upper)h(case.)355 780 y Fk(12.)19 b(Arra)o(y)i(and)f(list)g(functions)
p 355 801 1512 2 v 354 904 a Fb(delete)12 b Fh($)p Fd(HASH)p
Fh({)p Fd(KEY)p Fh(})472 960 y Fi(Deletes)f(the)g(speci\256ed)g(value)g
(from)h(the)e(speci\256ed)h(hash.)g(Returns)g(the)g(deleted)472
1017 y(value)g(unless)f Fd(HASH)h Fi(is)g Fb(tie)p Fi(d)f(to)h(a)g
(package)h(that)e(does)h(not)f(support)g(it.)354 1085
y Fb(each)i Fh(\045)p Fd(HASH)472 1142 y Fi(Returns)f(a)h(2-element)f
(array)h(consisting)c(of)k(the)e(key)h(and)g(value)g(for)h(the)f(next)f
(value)472 1198 y(of)i(the)f(hash.)g(Entries)f(are)i(returned)e(in)h
(an)g(apparently)g(random)g(order)n(.)g(After)g(all)472
1255 y(values)g(of)g(the)g(hash)g(have)g(been)g(returned,)g(a)h(null)e
(array)i(is)e(returned.)i(The)f(next)f(call)472 1311
y(to)h Fb(each)h Fi(after)f(that)g(will)f(start)h(iterating)e(again.)
354 1380 y Fb(e)o(xists)j Fd(EXPR)p Fc(y)472 1436 y Fi(Checks)g(if)f
(the)g(speci\256ed)g(hash)f(key)h(exists)f(in)h(its)f(hash)h(array)m(.)
354 1506 y Fb(grep)i Fd(EXPR)p Fb(,)d Fd(LIST)354 1562
y Fb(grep)j Fd(BLOCK)e(LIST)472 1619 y Fi(Evaluates)g
Fd(EXPR)f Fi(or)h Fd(BLOCK)g Fi(for)h(each)f(element)h(of)f(the)g
Fd(LIST)p Fi(,)g(locally)f(setting)g Fh($_)472 1675 y
Fi(to)h(refer)h(to)f(the)g(element.)h(Modifying)d Fh($_)k
Fi(will)d(modify)g(the)h(corresponding)472 1731 y(element)h(from)f
Fd(LIST)p Fi(.)h(Returns)f(the)g(array)g(of)g(elements)g(from)h
Fd(LIST)f Fi(for)h(which)472 1788 y Fd(EXPR)f Fi(returned)g
Fj(true)p Fi(.)354 1857 y Fb(join)g Fd(EXPR)p Fb(,)f
Fd(LIST)472 1913 y Fi(Joins)g(the)h(separate)g(strings)f(of)h
Fd(LIST)g Fi(into)f(a)i(single)e(string)g(with)g(\256elds)h(separated)g
(by)472 1970 y(the)g(value)g(of)g Fd(EXPR)p Fi(,)g(and)g(returns)g(the)
g(string.)354 2038 y Fb(ke)o(ys)h Fh(\045)q Fd(HASH)472
2095 y Fi(Returns)f(an)g(array)h(of)f(all)g(the)g(keys)g(of)g(the)g
(named)h(hash.)354 2164 y Fb(map)g Fd(EXPR)p Fb(,)e Fd(LIST)354
2220 y Fb(map)i Fd(BLOCK)f(LIST)472 2277 y Fi(Evaluates)g
Fd(EXPR)f Fi(or)h Fd(BLOCK)g Fi(for)h(each)f(element)h(of)f(the)g
Fd(LIST)p Fi(,)g(locally)f(setting)g Fh($_)472 2333 y
Fi(to)h(refer)h(to)f(the)g(element.)h(Modifying)d Fh($_)k
Fi(will)d(modify)g(the)h(corresponding)472 2390 y(element)h(from)f
Fd(LIST)p Fi(.)h(Returns)f(the)g(list)e(of)j(results.)354
2459 y Fb(pop)h Fh(@)p Fd(ARRA)m(Y)472 2515 y Fi(Pops)e(of)o(f)h(and)f
(returns)f(the)h(last)g(value)g(of)g(the)g(array)m(.)354
2584 y Fb(push)i Fh(@)p Fd(ARRA)m(Y)p Fb(,)d Fd(LIST)472
2640 y Fi(Pushes)h(the)g(values)f(of)i Fd(LIST)f Fi(onto)f(the)h(end)g
(of)g Fd(ARRA)m(Y)p Fi(.)354 2709 y Fb(re)o(ver)o(se)i
Fd(LIST)472 2765 y Fi(In)f(array)f(context:)f(returns)h(the)g
Fd(LIST)g Fi(in)f(reverse)i(order)n(.)472 2822 y(In)g(scalar)f
(context:)f(returns)g(the)h(\256rst)g(element)h(of)f
Fd(LIST)g Fi(with)f(bytes)g(reversed.)354 2890 y Fb(scalar)i
Fh(@)p Fd(ARRA)m(Y)472 2947 y Fi(Returns)f(the)g(number)g(of)h
(elements)f(in)f(the)h(array)m(.)p 354 3018 1512 3 v
1838 3065 a Fe(9)p eop
%%Page: 10 11
10 10 bop 354 -101 a Fe(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
354 -89 1512 3 v 354 -7 a Fb(scalar)g Fh(\045)p Fd(HASH)472
49 y Fi(Returns)f(a)h Fj(true)g Fi(value)f(if)g(the)g(hash)f(has)h
(elements)g(de\256ned.)354 114 y Fb(shift)g Fi([)h Fh(@)p
Fd(ARRA)m(Y)f Fi(])472 170 y(Shifts)g(the)g(\256rst)g(value)g(of)g(the)
g(array)h(of)o(f)f(and)g(returns)g(it,)g(shortening)e(the)i(array)h(by)
e(1)472 227 y(and)h(moving)g(everything)e(down.)i(If)h
Fh(@)p Fd(ARRA)m(Y)f Fi(is)f(omitted,)h(shifts)f Fh(@ARGV)j
Fi(in)e(main)472 283 y(and)g Fh(@_)i Fi(in)d(subroutines.)354
348 y Fb(sor)q(t)i Fi([)f Fd(SUBROUTINE)g Fi(])g Fd(LIST)472
404 y Fi(Sorts)g(the)g Fd(LIST)g Fi(and)g(returns)g(the)g(sorted)f
(array)i(value.)f(If)h Fd(SUBROUTINE)e Fi(is)472 461
y(speci\256ed,)i(gives)e(the)h(name)h(of)f(a)h(subroutine)d(that)h
(returns)h(less)g(than)f(zero,)i(zero,)g(or)472 517 y(greater)g(than)f
(zero,)h(depending)d(on)i(how)g(the)g(elements)g(of)g(the)g(array)m(,)h
(available)e(to)472 574 y(the)h(routine)f(as)i Fh($a)g
Fi(and)f Fh($b)p Fi(,)h(are)g(to)f(be)g(ordered.)472
630 y Fd(SUBROUTINE)g Fi(may)h(be)f(the)g(name)h(of)f(a)g(user)o
(-de\256ned)g(routine,)g(or)g(a)h Fd(BLOCK)p Fi(.)354
695 y Fb(splice)f Fh(@)p Fd(ARRA)m(Y)p Fb(,)g Fd(OFFSET)h
Fi([)f Fb(,)g Fd(LENGTH)h Fi([)f Fb(,)g Fd(LIST)g Fi(])h(])472
751 y(Removes)g(the)f(elements)g(of)g Fh(@)p Fd(ARRA)m(Y)g
Fi(designated)f(by)g Fd(OFFSET)i Fi(and)f Fd(LENGTH)p
Fi(,)472 808 y(and)g(replaces)h(them)f(with)f Fd(LIST)h
Fi(\(if)g(speci\256ed\).)472 864 y(Returns)g(the)g(elements)g(removed.)
354 929 y Fb(split)g Fi([)h Fd(P)m(A)m(TTERN)e Fi([)i
Fb(,)f Fd(EXPR)p Fc(y)f Fi([)i Fb(,)f Fd(LIMIT)f Fi(])i(])f(])472
985 y(Splits)f(a)i(string)e(into)g(an)h(array)h(of)f(strings,)f(and)h
(returns)g(it.)g(If)g Fd(LIMIT)g Fi(is)f(speci\256ed,)472
1042 y(splits)g(into)g(at)h(most)g(that)f(number)i(of)f(\256elds.)g(If)
h Fd(P)m(A)m(TTERN)f Fi(is)f(also)h(omitted,)g(splits)472
1098 y(on)g(whitespace.)g(If)h(not)e(in)h(array)g(context:)f(returns)h
(number)g(of)g(\256elds)g(and)g(splits)f(to)472 1155
y Fh(@_)p Fi(.)j(See)f(also:)e(`Search)i(and)f(replace)h(functions'.)
354 1220 y Fb(unshift)g Fh(@)p Fd(ARRA)m(Y)p Fb(,)e Fd(LIST)472
1276 y Fi(Prepends)h(list)f(to)h(the)g(front)g(of)g(the)g(array)m(,)h
(and)f(returns)g(the)g(number)g(of)g(elements)g(in)472
1332 y(the)g(new)g(array)m(.)354 1397 y Fb(v)o(alues)h
Fh(\045)p Fd(HASH)472 1454 y Fi(Returns)f(a)h(normal)f(array)h
(consisting)c(of)k(all)e(the)h(values)g(of)g(the)g(named)g(hash.)p
354 3018 V 354 3065 a Fe(10)p eop
%%Page: 11 12
11 11 bop 1364 -101 a Fe(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -2 a Fk(13.)19 b(Regular)i(e)o(xpressions)p
355 19 1512 2 v 354 120 a Fi(Each)12 b(character)f(matches)h(itself,)e
(unless)g(it)h(is)g(one)g(of)g(the)g(special)f(characters)354
176 y Fh(+?.*\303$\(\))q([]{)q(}|)s(\\)p Fi(.)j(The)e(special)f
(meaning)h(of)g(these)g(characters)h(can)f(be)g(escaped)354
233 y(using)f(a)i(`)p Fh(\\)p Fi('.)354 298 y Fh(.)91
b Fi(matches)12 b(an)f(arbitrary)g(character)n(,)h(but)f(not)f(a)i
(newline)e(unless)g(it)h(is)f(a)i(single-line)472 354
y(match)g(\(see)f Fb(m)p Fh(//)p Fb(s)p Fi(\).)354 419
y Fh(\()p Fi(.)t(.)t(.)t Fh(\))22 b Fi(groups)10 b(a)i(series)f(of)g
(pattern)g(elements)g(to)f(a)i(single)e(element.)354
484 y Fh(\303)91 b Fi(matches)12 b(the)f(beginning)e(of)i(the)g(tar)o
(get.)g(In)h(multi-line)d(mode)j(\(see)f Fb(m)p Fh(//)p
Fb(m)p Fi(\))h(also)472 540 y(matches)g(after)f(every)h(newline)e
(character)n(.)354 605 y Fh($)91 b Fi(matches)12 b(the)f(end)g(of)g
(the)g(line.)g(In)g(multi-line)f(mode)h(also)g(matches)g(before)g
(every)472 661 y(newline)g(character)n(.)354 726 y Fh([)p
Fi(.)t(.)t(.)t Fh(])22 b Fi(denotes)11 b(a)g(class)g(of)g(characters)h
(to)e(match.)i Fh([\303)q Fi(.)t(.)t(.)t Fh(])g Fi(negates)f(the)g
(class.)354 791 y Fh(\()p Fi(.)t(.)t(.)t Fh(|)r Fi(.)t(.)t(.)t
Fh(|)p Fi(.)t(.)t(.)t Fh(\))22 b Fi(matches)11 b(one)g(of)g(the)g
(alternatives.)354 856 y Fh(\(?)p Fi(#)h Fd(TEXT)g Fh(\))21
b Fi(Comment.)354 920 y Fh(\(?:)13 b Fd(REGEXP)d Fh(\))21
b Fi(Like)11 b Fh(\()p Fd(REGEXP)p Fh(\))g Fi(but)g(does)f(not)h(make)h
(back-references.)354 985 y Fh(\(?=)h Fd(REGEXP)d Fh(\))21
b Fi(Zero)12 b(width)e(positive)f(look-ahead)h(assertion.)354
1050 y Fh(\(?!)j Fd(REGEXP)d Fh(\))21 b Fi(Zero)12 b(width)e(negative)g
(look-ahead)g(assertion.)354 1115 y Fh(\(?)i Fd(MODIFIER)f
Fh(\))21 b Fi(Embedded)11 b(pattern-match)g(modi\256er)n(.)g
Fd(MODIFIER)f Fi(can)i(be)f(one)g(or)472 1171 y(more)h(of)f
Fb(i)p Fi(,)h Fb(m)p Fi(,)f Fb(s)h Fi(or)f Fb(x)p Fi(.)354
1257 y(Quanti\256ed)g(subpatterns)e(match)i(as)h(many)f(times)g(as)g
(possible.)f(When)h(followed)f(with)g(a)h(`)p Fh(?)p
Fi(')354 1313 y(they)g(match)g(the)g(minimum)h(number)f(of)g(times.)g
(These)g(are)h(the)f(quanti\256ers:)354 1378 y Fh(+)91
b Fi(matches)12 b(the)f(preceding)f(pattern)h(element)g(one)g(or)g
(more)h(times.)354 1442 y Fh(?)91 b Fi(matches)12 b(zero)f(or)h(one)f
(times.)354 1507 y Fh(*)91 b Fi(matches)12 b(zero)f(or)h(more)f(times.)
354 1572 y Fh({)q Fd(N)p Fh(,)p Fd(M)p Fh(})21 b Fi(denotes)10
b(the)h(minimum)g Fd(N)g Fi(and)g(maximum)h Fd(M)f Fi(match)h(count.)e
Fh({)p Fd(N)p Fh(})i Fi(means)472 1628 y(exactly)f Fd(N)g
Fi(times;)g Fh({)p Fd(N)p Fh(,})h Fi(means)g(at)f(least)g
Fd(N)g Fi(times.)354 1714 y(A)h(`)p Fh(\\)p Fi(')g(escapes)f(any)g
(special)f(meaning)h(of)g(the)g(following)e(character)j(if)g
(non-alphanumeric,)354 1770 y(but)f(it)f(turns)h(most)f(alphanumeric)h
(characters)h(into)e(something)g(special:)354 1835 y
Fh(\\w)64 b Fi(matches)12 b(alphanumeric,)f(including)e(`)p
Fh(_)p Fi(',)j Fh(\\W)h Fi(matches)e(non-alphanumeric.)354
1900 y Fh(\\s)64 b Fi(matches)12 b(whitespace,)e Fh(\\S)j
Fi(matches)e(non-whitespace.)354 1965 y Fh(\\d)64 b Fi(matches)12
b(numeric,)f Fh(\\D)i Fi(matches)e(non-numeric.)354 2029
y Fh(\\A)64 b Fi(matches)12 b(the)f(beginning)e(of)i(the)g(string,)f
Fh(\\Z)i Fi(matches)g(the)f(end.)354 2094 y Fh(\\b)64
b Fi(matches)12 b(word)f(boundaries,)f Fh(\\B)i Fi(matches)f
(non-boundaries.)354 2159 y Fh(\\G)64 b Fi(matches)12
b(where)f(the)g(previous)f Fb(m)p Fh(//)p Fb(g)i Fi(search)g(left)f(of)
o(f.)354 2224 y Fh(\\n)p Fi(,)i Fh(\\r)p Fi(,)f Fh(\\f)p
Fi(,)h Fh(\\t)f Fi(etc.)21 b(have)11 b(their)g(usual)f(meaning.)354
2288 y Fh(\\w)p Fi(,)j Fh(\\s)f Fi(and)f Fh(\\d)22 b
Fi(may)11 b(be)g(used)f(within)f(character)i(classes,)g
Fh(\\b)h Fi(denotes)d(backspace)i(in)f(this)472 2345
y(context.)354 2430 y(Back-references:)354 2495 y Fh(\\1)p
Fi(.)t(.)t(.)t Fh(\\9)23 b Fi(refer)12 b(to)f(matched)g
(sub-expressions,)e(grouped)i(with)f Fh(\(\))p Fi(,)i(inside)e(the)h
(match.)354 2560 y Fh(\\10)37 b Fi(and)11 b(up)g(can)h(also)e(be)i
(used)e(if)h(the)g(pattern)g(matches)g(that)g(many)g(sub-expressions.)
354 2625 y(See)h(also)f Fh($1)p Fi(.)t(.)t(.)t Fh($9)p
Fi(,)j Fh($+)p Fi(,)e Fh($&)p Fi(,)h Fh($`)f Fi(and)f
Fh($')h Fi(in)f(section)f(`Special)h(variables'.)354
2710 y(W)n(ith)g(modi\256er)g Fb(x)p Fi(,)h(whitespace)e(can)i(be)f
(used)g(in)f(the)h(patterns)g(for)g(readability)f(purposes.)p
354 3018 1512 3 v 1811 3065 a Fe(11)p eop
%%Page: 12 13
12 12 bop 354 -101 a Fe(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -1 a Fk(14.)19 b(Sear)o(c)o(h)i(and)f(replace)h
(functions)p 355 20 1512 2 v 354 121 a Fi([)12 b Fd(EXPR)e
Fh(=\304)i Fi(])g([)f Fb(m)h Fi(])f Fh(/)p Fd(P)m(A)m(TTERN)p
Fh(/)h Fi([)f Fb(g)h Fi(])g([)f Fb(i)g Fi(])h([)f Fb(m)g
Fi(])h([)f Fb(o)h Fi(])g([)f Fb(s)g Fi(])h([)f Fb(x)h
Fi(])472 177 y(Searches)g Fd(EXPR)f Fi(\(default:)f Fh($_)p
Fi(\))i(for)g(a)f(pattern.)g(If)h(you)e(prepend)h(an)g
Fb(m)h Fi(you)e(can)i(use)472 234 y(almost)f(any)g(pair)g(of)g
(delimiters)f(instead)h(of)g(the)g(slashes.)f(If)i(used)f(in)f(array)i
(context,)472 290 y(an)g(array)f(is)g(returned)g(consisting)e(of)i(the)
g(sub-expressions)e(matched)i(by)g(the)472 347 y(parentheses)g(in)g
(pattern,)g(i.e.)g Fh(\($1,$2,$)q(3,)p Fi(.)5 b(.)t(.)t
Fh(\))p Fi(.)472 403 y(Optional)10 b(modi\256ers:)h Fb(g)g
Fi(matches)h(as)f(many)g(times)g(as)g(possible;)e Fb(i)i
Fi(searches)h(in)e(a)472 459 y(case-insensitive)g(manner;)h
Fb(o)h Fi(interpolates)d(variables)i(only)f(once.)472
516 y Fb(m)i Fi(treats)f(the)f(string)g(as)i(multiple)d(lines;)h
Fb(s)i Fi(treats)f(the)g(string)e(as)j(a)f(single)f(line;)g
Fb(x)472 572 y Fi(allows)g(for)i(regular)f(expression)f(extensions.)472
629 y(If)i Fd(P)m(A)m(TTERN)f Fi(is)g(empty)m(,)g(the)g(most)g(recent)g
(pattern)g(from)h(a)f(previous)f(match)h(or)472 685 y(replacement)h(is)
f(used.)472 742 y(W)n(ith)g Fb(g)h Fi(the)f(match)g(can)g(be)h(used)e
(as)i(an)f(iterator)g(in)f(scalar)i(context.)354 807
y Fh(?)p Fd(P)m(A)m(TTERN)p Fh(?)472 863 y Fi(This)f(is)f(just)g(like)h
(the)g Fh(/)p Fd(P)m(A)m(TTERN)p Fh(/)h Fi(search,)f(except)g(that)g
(it)g(matches)g(only)f(once)472 919 y(between)h(calls)g(to)g(the)g
Fb(reset)g Fi(operator)n(.)354 984 y([)h Fh($)p Fd(V)m(AR)f
Fh(=\304)h Fi(])g Fb(s)p Fh(/)p Fd(P)m(A)m(TTERN)p Fh(/)p
Fd(REPLACEMENT)p Fh(/)e Fi([)i Fb(e)f Fi(])h([)f Fb(g)h
Fi(])f([)h Fb(i)f Fi(])g([)h Fb(m)f Fi(])g([)h Fb(o)g
Fi(])f([)h Fb(s)f Fi(])h([)f Fb(x)h Fi(])472 1041 y(Searches)g(a)g
(string)e(for)h(a)h(pattern,)f(and)g(if)g(found,)g(replaces)g(that)f
(pattern)h(with)f(the)472 1097 y(replacement)i(text.)f(It)g(returns)g
(the)f(number)i(of)f(substitutio)o(ns)d(made,)k(if)f(any)m(,)472
1154 y(otherwise)g(it)f(returns)h Fj(false)p Fi(.)472
1210 y(Optional)f(modi\256ers:)h Fb(g)g Fi(replaces)h(all)e
(occurrences)i(of)f(the)g(pattern;)f Fb(e)i Fi(evaluates)e(the)472
1266 y(replacement)i(string)e(as)h(a)h(Perl)f(expression;)f(for)h(the)g
(other)g(modi\256ers,)g(see)472 1323 y Fh(/)p Fd(P)m(A)m(TTERN)p
Fh(/)h Fi(matching.)f(Almost)f(any)h(delimiter)g(may)g(replace)h(the)f
(slashes;)f(if)472 1379 y(single)g(quotes)g(are)i(used,)f(no)g
(interpolation)e(is)i(done)f(on)h(the)g(strings)f(between)g(the)472
1436 y(delimiters,)h(otherwise)f(they)h(are)h(interpolated)d(as)i(if)g
(inside)f(double)g(quotes.)472 1492 y(If)i(bracketing)e(delimiters)g
(are)i(used,)f Fd(P)m(A)m(TTERN)g Fi(and)g Fd(REPLACEMENT)f
Fi(may)i(have)472 1549 y(their)f(own)g(delimiters,)f(e.g.)i
Fh(s\(foo\)[ba)q(r])q Fi(.)472 1605 y(If)g Fd(P)m(A)m(TTERN)f
Fi(is)g(empty)m(,)g(the)g(most)g(recent)g(pattern)g(from)h(a)f
(previous)f(match)h(or)472 1662 y(replacement)h(is)f(used.)354
1726 y([)h Fh($)p Fd(V)m(AR)f Fh(=\304)h Fi(])g Fb(tr)p
Fh(/)p Fd(SEARCHLIST)p Fh(/)p Fd(REPLACEMENTLIST)p Fh(/)d
Fi([)i Fb(c)h Fi(])f([)h Fb(d)f Fi(])h([)f Fb(s)h Fi(])472
1783 y(T)n(ranslates)f(all)g(occurrences)g(of)g(the)g(characters)h
(found)e(in)h(the)g(search)g(list)f(with)h(the)472 1839
y(corresponding)f(character)i(in)e(the)h(replacement)h(list.)e(It)h
(returns)g(the)g(number)g(of)472 1896 y(characters)h(replaced.)g
Fb(y)f Fi(may)h(be)f(used)g(instead)f(of)h Fb(tr)p Fi(.)472
1952 y(Optional)f(modi\256ers:)h Fb(c)g Fi(complements)g(the)g
Fd(SEARCHLIST)p Fi(;)e Fb(d)j Fi(deletes)f(all)472 2009
y(characters)g(found)e(in)h Fd(SEARCHLIST)f Fi(that)g(do)h(not)g(have)g
(a)g(corresponding)f(character)472 2065 y(in)i Fd(REPLACEMENTLIST)p
Fi(;)e Fb(s)j Fi(squeezes)f(all)f(sequences)h(of)g(characters)h(that)e
(are)472 2122 y(translated)f(into)h(the)f(same)i(tar)o(get)f(character)
h(into)e(one)h(occurrence)h(of)f(this)f(character)n(.)354
2186 y Fb(pos)k Fd(SCALAR)472 2243 y Fi(Returns)e(the)g(position)e
(where)i(the)g(last)g Fb(m)p Fh(//)p Fb(g)h Fi(search)g(left)f(of)o(f)g
(for)h Fd(SCALAR)p Fi(.)e(May)472 2299 y(be)i(assigned)e(to.)354
2364 y Fb(stud)o(y)j Fi([)e Fh($)q Fd(V)m(AR)p Fc(y)g
Fi(])472 2420 y(Studies)g(the)g(scalar)g(variable)g Fh($)p
Fd(V)m(AR)g Fi(in)f(anticipation)f(of)j(performing)f(many)g(pattern)472
2477 y(matches)h(on)f(its)f(contents)g(before)h(the)g(variable)g(is)g
(next)f(modi\256ed.)p 354 3018 1512 3 v 354 3065 a Fe(12)p
eop
%%Page: 13 14
13 13 bop 1364 -101 a Fe(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -2 a Fk(15.)19 b(File)h(test)h(operator)o(s)p
355 19 1512 2 v 354 123 a Fi(These)11 b(unary)g(operators)g(take)g(one)
g(ar)o(gument,)g(either)g(a)h(\256lename)g(or)f(a)g(\256lehandle,)g
(and)g(test)354 180 y(the)g(associated)f(\256le)i(to)f(see)g(if)g
(something)f(is)h(true)g(about)f(it.)h(If)h(the)f(ar)o(gument)g(is)f
(omitted,)354 236 y(they)h(test)f Fh($_)j Fi(\(except)e(for)g
Fh(-t,)i Fi(which)d(tests)g Fh(STDIN)p Fi(\).)k(If)e(the)f(special)f
(ar)o(gument)i Fh(_)354 293 y Fi(\(underscore\))f(is)g(passed,)g(they)g
(use)g(the)f(info)h(of)g(the)g(preceding)g(test)f(or)h
Fb(stat)h Fi(call.)354 367 y Fh(-r)29 b(-w)f(-x)77 b
Fi(File)11 b(is)f(readable/writable/executable)f(by)i(ef)o(fective)h
(uid/gid.)354 439 y Fh(-R)29 b(-W)f(-X)77 b Fi(File)11
b(is)f(readable/writable/executable)f(by)i(real)h(uid/gid.)354
510 y Fh(-o)29 b(-O)159 b Fi(File)11 b(is)f(owned)h(by)g(ef)o
(fective/real)g(uid.)354 581 y Fh(-e)29 b(-z)159 b Fi(File)11
b(exists,)f(has)h(zero)h(size.)354 653 y Fh(-s)242 b
Fi(File)11 b(exists)f(and)h(has)g(non-zero)f(size.)i(Returns)f(the)g
(size.)354 724 y Fh(-f)29 b(-d)159 b Fi(File)11 b(is)f(a)i(plain)e
(\256le,)i(a)g(directory)m(.)354 795 y Fh(-l)29 b(-S)f(-p)77
b Fi(File)11 b(is)f(a)i(symbolic)e(link,)g(a)i(socket,)f(a)g(named)h
(pipe)f(\(FIFO\).)354 866 y Fh(-b)29 b(-c)159 b Fi(File)11
b(is)f(a)i(block/character)e(special)h(\256le.)354 938
y Fh(-u)29 b(-g)f(-k)77 b Fi(File)11 b(has)g(setuid/setgid)o(/st)o
(icky)d(bit)i(set.)354 1009 y Fh(-t)242 b Fi(T)m(ests)10
b(if)h(\256lehandle)g(\()p Fh(STDIN)i Fi(by)e(default\))g(is)f(opened)h
(to)g(a)g(tty)m(.)354 1080 y Fh(-T)29 b(-B)159 b Fi(File)11
b(is)f(a)i(text/non-text)c(\(binary\))j(\256le.)g Fh(-T)i
Fi(and)d Fh(-B)i Fi(return)f Fj(true)h Fi(on)f(a)g(null)650
1137 y(\256le,)g(or)h(a)f(\256le)h(at)f(EOF)g(when)g(testing)e(a)j
(\256lehandle.)354 1208 y Fh(-M)29 b(-A)f(-C)77 b Fi(File)11
b(modi\256cation/access/inode)d(change)j(time.)h(Measured)f(in)g(days.)
650 1265 y(V)-5 b(alue)10 b(returned)g(re\257ects)h(the)g(\256le)f(age)
h(at)g(the)f(time)h(the)f(script)g(started.)h(See)650
1321 y(also)f Fh($\303T)j Fi(in)d(section)h(`Special)g(variables'.)355
1499 y Fk(16.)19 b(File)h(operations)p 355 1520 V 354
1624 a Fi(Functions)10 b(operating)g(on)h(a)g(list)f(of)i(\256les)f
(return)g(the)g(number)g(of)g(\256les)g(successfully)354
1681 y(operated)g(upon.)354 1755 y Fb(chmod)h Fd(LIST)472
1812 y Fi(Changes)f(the)g(permissions)f(of)h(a)h(list)e(of)h(\256les.)g
(The)g(\256rst)g(element)h(of)f(the)g(list)f(must)472
1868 y(be)i(the)f(numerical)g(mode.)354 1939 y Fb(cho)o(wn)i
Fd(LIST)472 1996 y Fi(Changes)e(the)g(owner)g(and)g(group)g(of)g(a)g
(list)f(of)i(\256les.)f(The)g(\256rst)g(two)g(elements)g(of)g(the)472
2052 y(list)f(must)h(be)g(the)g(numerical)g(uid)g(and)g(gid.)354
2124 y Fb(truncate)h Fd(FILE)p Fb(,)f Fd(SIZE)472 2180
y Fi(truncates)g Fd(FILE)g Fi(to)g Fd(SIZE)p Fi(.)g Fd(FILE)g
Fi(may)g(be)h(a)f(\256lename)h(or)f(a)h(\256lehandle.)354
2251 y Fb(link)f Fd(OLDFILE)p Fb(,)g Fd(NEWFILE)472 2308
y Fi(Creates)h(a)g(new)f(\256lename)h(linked)e(to)g(the)h(old)g
(\256lename.)354 2379 y Fb(lstat)g Fd(FILE)472 2436 y
Fi(Like)g(stat,)g(but)f(does)h(not)g(traverse)g(a)g(\256nal)h(symbolic)
e(link.)354 2507 y Fb(mkdir)i Fd(DIR)p Fb(,)e Fd(MODE)472
2564 y Fi(Creates)i(a)g(directory)e(with)g(given)h(permissions.)f(Sets)
h Fh($!)h Fi(on)f(failure.)354 2635 y Fb(readlink)h Fd(EXPR)p
Fc(y)472 2691 y Fi(Returns)f(the)g(value)g(of)g(a)h(symbolic)e(link.)
354 2763 y Fb(rename)i Fd(OLDNAME)p Fb(,)f Fd(NEWNAME)472
2819 y Fi(Changes)g(the)g(name)h(of)f(a)h(\256le.)354
2890 y Fb(rmdir)g Fd(FILENAME)p Fc(y)472 2947 y Fi(Deletes)f(the)g
(directory)f(if)i(it)e(is)h(empty)m(.)g(Sets)g Fh($!)i
Fi(on)d(failure.)p 354 3018 1512 3 v 1811 3065 a Fe(13)p
eop
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354 -89 1512 3 v 354 -7 a Fb(stat)f Fd(FILE)472 49 y
Fi(Returns)g(a)h(13-element)f(array)g(\(0:)p Fh($)p Fi(dev)m(,)h(1:)p
Fh($)o Fi(ino,)f(2:)p Fh($)p Fi(mode,)h(3:)p Fh($)o Fi(nlink,)f(4:)p
Fh($)o Fi(uid,)472 105 y(5:)p Fh($)p Fi(gid,)g(6:)p Fh($)p
Fi(rdev)m(,)g(7:)p Fh($)p Fi(size,)g(8:)p Fh($)p Fi(atime,)h(9:)p
Fh($)p Fi(mtime,)g(10:)p Fh($)o Fi(ctime,)g(1)n(1:)p
Fh($)p Fi(blksize,)472 162 y(12:)p Fh($)p Fi(blocks\).)e
Fd(FILE)i Fi(can)f(be)g(a)h(\256lehandle,)f(an)g(expression)f
(evaluating)g(to)g(a)472 218 y(\256lename,)j(or)e Fh(_)h
Fi(to)e(refer)j(to)d(the)h(last)g(\256le)g(test)g(operation)f(or)h
Fb(stat)g Fi(call.)472 275 y(Returns)g(a)h(null)e(list)g(if)h(the)g
Fb(stat)g Fi(fails.)354 343 y Fb(symlink)g Fd(OLDFILE)p
Fb(,)g Fd(NEWFILE)472 399 y Fi(Creates)h(a)g(new)f(\256lename)h
(symbolically)d(linked)h(to)h(the)g(old)f(\256lename.)354
467 y Fb(unlink)i Fd(LIST)472 523 y Fi(Deletes)f(a)h(list)e(of)h
(\256les.)354 591 y Fb(utime)g Fd(LIST)472 648 y Fi(Changes)g(the)g
(access)h(and)f(modi\256cation)f(times.)h(The)g(\256rst)g(two)g
(elements)g(of)g(the)g(list)472 704 y(must)g(be)g(the)g(numerical)h
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b(Input)i(/)e(Output)p 355 889 1512 2 v 354 991 a Fi(In)12
b(input/outp)o(ut)c(operations,)i Fd(FILEHANDLE)h Fi(may)g(be)h(a)f
(\256lehandle)g(as)g(opened)g(by)f(the)354 1048 y Fb(open)j
Fi(operator)n(,)e(a)h(pre-de\256ned)f(\256lehandle)g(\(e.g.)h
Fh(STDOUT)p Fi(\))i(or)d(a)h(scalar)f(variable)g(which)354
1104 y(evaluates)g(to)g(the)f(name)i(of)g(a)f(\256lehandle)g(to)f(be)i
(used.)354 1174 y Fh(<)q Fd(FILEHANDLE)p Fh(>)472 1230
y Fi(In)g(scalar)f(context:)f(reads)h(a)h(single)e(line)g(from)i(the)f
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y(In)h(array)f(context:)f(reads)h(the)g(whole)g(\256le.)354
1354 y Fh(<)d(>)56 b Fi(Reads)12 b(from)g(the)f(input)e(stream)j
(formed)g(by)e(the)h(\256les)g(speci\256ed)g(in)g Fh(@ARGV)p
Fi(,)j(or)472 1411 y(standard)d(input)f(if)h(no)g(ar)o(guments)f(were)i
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1535 y Fi(Arranges)e(for)h(the)f(\256le)g(opened)g(on)g
Fd(FILEHANDLE)f Fi(to)h(be)g(read)h(or)f(written)f(in)h
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Fi(mode)g(\(null-operation)e(on)i(UNIX\).)354 1659 y
Fb(c)o(lose)h Fd(FILEHANDLE)472 1716 y Fi(Closes)f(the)g(\256le)g(or)h
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1784 y Fb(dbmc)o(lose)i Fh(\045)p Fd(HASH)472 1840 y
Fi(Deprecated,)f(use)f Fb(untie)h Fi(instead.)354 1908
y Fb(dbmopen)h Fh(\045)q Fd(HASH)p Fb(,)d Fd(DBMNAME)p
Fb(,)f Fd(MODE)472 1964 y Fi(Deprecated,)j(use)f Fb(tie)g
Fi(instead.)354 2032 y Fb(eof)h Fd(FILEHANDLE)472 2088
y Fi(Returns)f(1)g(if)g(the)g(next)g(read)h(will)e(return)h(end)g(of)g
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2156 y Fb(eof)56 b Fi(Returns)11 b(the)g(eof)h(status)d(for)j(the)f
(last)f(\256le)i(read.)354 2224 y Fb(eof\()c(\))21 b
Fi(Indicates)10 b(eof)h(on)g(the)g(pseudo-\256le)g(formed)g(of)g(the)g
(\256les)g(listed)f(on)h(the)g(command)472 2280 y(line.)354
2348 y Fb(fcntl)g Fd(FILEHANDLE)p Fb(,)f Fd(FUNCTION)p
Fb(,)i Fh($)p Fd(V)m(AR)472 2405 y Fi(Implements)f(the)g
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e(return)472 2461 y(values.)i(See)h(the)f(manual)g(for)h(details.)354
2529 y Fb(\256leno)g Fd(FILEHANDLE)472 2585 y Fi(Returns)f(the)g
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2653 y Fb(\257oc)o(k)i Fd(FILEHANDLE)p Fb(,)d Fd(OPERA)m(TION)472
2710 y Fi(Calls)h Fa(\257ock)q Fi(\(2\))g(on)g(the)g(\256le.)h
Fd(OPERA)m(TION)e Fi(formed)i(by)f(adding)f(1)h(\(shared\),)h(2)472
2766 y(\(exclusive\),)f(4)g(\(non-blocking\))e(or)i(8)h(\(unlock\).)354
2834 y Fb(getc)g Fi([)g Fd(FILEHANDLE)e Fi(])472 2890
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Fh("")h Fi(on)f(end)g(of)g(\256le.)472 2947 y(If)h Fd(FILEHANDLE)e
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3018 1512 3 v 354 3065 a Fe(14)p eop
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Fi(performs)h Fa(ioctl)p Fi(\(2\))e(on)h(the)g(\256le.)h(This)e
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105 y(See)h(the)f(manual)h(for)f(details.)354 184 y Fb(open)i
Fd(FILEHANDLE)d Fi([)i Fb(,)f Fd(FILENAME)f Fi(])472
240 y(Opens)h(a)g(\256le)h(and)f(associates)f(it)h(with)f
Fd(FILEHANDLE)p Fi(.)h(If)g Fd(FILENAME)f Fi(is)h(omitted,)472
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Fd(FILEHANDLE)g Fi(must)g(contain)f(the)472 353 y(\256lename.)472
424 y(The)h(following)f(\256lename)i(conventions)d(apply)h(when)h
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Fd(FILE)p Fh(")p Fi(.)472 588 y Fh(">)p Fd(FILE)p Fh(")68
b Fi(open)10 b Fd(FILE)h Fi(for)h(output,)e(creating)g(it)h(if)g
(necessary)m(.)472 666 y Fh(">>)p Fd(FILE)p Fh(")41 b
Fi(open)10 b Fd(FILE)h Fi(in)g(append)g(mode.)472 744
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Fi(with)g(read/write)f(access.)472 822 y Fh("|)q Fd(CMD)p
Fh(")60 b Fi(opens)10 b(a)i(pipe)e(to)h(command)h Fd(CMD)p
Fi(.)f(If)g Fd(CMD)g Fi(is)g(`)p Fh(-)p Fi(',)h(forks.)472
900 y Fh(")p Fd(CMD)p Fh(|)q(")60 b Fi(opens)10 b(a)i(pipe)e(from)i
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Fh(-)p Fi(',)h(forks.)472 985 y Fd(FILE)f Fi(may)h(be)f
Fh(&)p Fd(FILEHND)p Fi(,)h(in)f(which)f(case)i(the)f(new)g(\256le)g
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h(\256lehandle)f Fd(FILEHND)p Fi(.)h(If)h(it)f(is)f Fh(&=)p
Fd(N)p Fi(,)j Fd(FILE)e Fi(will)f(be)472 1098 y(connected)h(to)g(the)g
(given)f(\256le)i(descriptor)n(.)472 1170 y Fb(open)h
Fi(returns)e Fb(undef)h Fi(upon)e(failure,)i Fj(true)g
Fi(otherwise.)354 1248 y Fb(pipe)g Fd(READHANDLE)p Fb(,)e
Fd(WRITEHANDLE)472 1304 y Fi(Returns)h(a)h(pair)f(of)g(connected)g
(pipes.)354 1382 y Fb(print)h Fi([)f Fd(FILEHANDLE)g
Fi(])g([)h Fd(LIST)p Fc(y)p Fi(])472 1439 y(Prints)f(the)g(elements)g
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Fi(\).)354 1630 y Fb(printf)h Fi([)f Fd(FILEHANDLE)g
Fi(])g Fd(LIST)g Fi(])472 1686 y(Equivalent)f(to)g Fh(print)k
Fd(FILEHANDLE)c Fh(sprintf)k Fd(LIST)p Fi(.)354 1765
y Fb(read)e Fd(FILEHANDLE)p Fb(,)e Fh($)q Fd(V)m(AR)p
Fb(,)g Fd(LENGTH)i Fi([)f Fb(,)g Fd(OFFSET)h Fi(])472
1821 y(Reads)g Fd(LENGTH)g Fi(binary)e(bytes)g(from)i(the)f(\256le)h
(into)e(the)h(variable)f(at)h Fd(OFFSET)p Fi(.)472 1878
y(Returns)g(number)g(of)h(bytes)e(actually)g(read.)354
1956 y Fb(seek)i Fd(FILEHANDLE)p Fb(,)e Fd(POSITION)p
Fb(,)g Fd(WHENCE)472 2012 y Fi(Arbitrarily)g(positions)f(the)i(\256le.)
g(Returns)g(1)g(upon)g(success,)g(0)g(otherwise.)354
2090 y Fb(select)g Fi([)h Fd(FILEHANDLE)e Fi(])472 2147
y(Returns)h(the)g(currently)g(selected)f(\256lehandle.)h(Sets)g(the)g
(current)g(default)g(\256lehandle)472 2203 y(for)h(output)d(operations)
h(if)h Fd(FILEHANDLE)g Fi(is)f(supplied.)354 2281 y Fb(select)h
Fd(RBITS)p Fb(,)g Fd(WBITS)p Fb(,)f Fd(NBITS)p Fb(,)g
Fd(TIMEOUT)472 2338 y Fi(Performs)i(a)g Fa(select)p Fi(\(2\))f(system)g
(call)g(with)f(the)h(same)h(parameters.)354 2416 y Fb(sprintf)g
Fd(FORMA)m(T)p Fb(,)f Fd(LIST)472 2473 y Fi(Returns)g(a)h(string)e
(formatted)h(by)g(\(almost)f(all)h(of\))g(the)g(usual)g
Fa(printf)p Fi(\(3\))e(conventions.)354 2551 y Fb(sysread)k
Fd(FILEHANDLE)p Fb(,)d Fh($)p Fd(V)m(AR)p Fb(,)g Fd(LENGTH)i
Fi([)f Fb(,)g Fd(OFFSET)h Fi(])472 2607 y(Reads)g Fd(LENGTH)g
Fi(bytes)e(into)g Fh($)p Fd(V)m(AR)h Fi(at)g Fd(OFFSET)p
Fi(.)354 2685 y Fb(sys)o(write)h Fd(FILEHANDLE)p Fb(,)e
Fd(SCALAR)p Fb(,)g Fd(LENGTH)i Fi([)f Fb(,)g Fd(OFFSET)h
Fi(])472 2742 y(W)n(rites)f Fd(LENGTH)h Fi(bytes)e(from)i
Fd(SCALAR)e Fi(at)i Fd(OFFSET)p Fi(.)354 2820 y Fb(tell)f
Fi([)g Fd(FILEHANDLE)g Fi(])472 2876 y(Returns)g(the)g(current)g
(\256le)h(position)d(for)i(the)g(\256le.)h(If)f Fd(FILEHANDLE)g
Fi(is)f(omitted,)472 2933 y(assumes)h(the)g(\256le)h(last)e(read.)p
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Fd(LIST)472 176 y Fi(Formats)i Fd(LIST)f Fi(according)f(to)h
Fd(PICTURE)g Fi(and)g(accumulates)g(the)g(result)f(into)g
Fh($)q(\303A)p Fi(.)354 242 y Fb(write)i Fi([)f Fd(FILEHANDLE)f
Fi(])472 299 y(W)n(rites)h(a)h(formatted)f(record)g(to)g(the)g
(speci\256ed)g(\256le,)h(using)e(the)g(format)i(associated)472
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Fh(=)354 544 y Fd(FORMLIST)354 601 y Fh(.)354 666 y Fd(FORMLIST)g
Fi(pictures)f(the)h(lines,)f(and)h(contains)e(the)i(ar)o(guments)f
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354 779 y(Picture)g(\256elds)g(are:)409 846 y Fh(@<<<)p
Fi(.)t(.)t(.)98 b(left)11 b(adjusted)f(\256eld,)h(repeat)g(the)g
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959 y Fh(@|)q(||)q Fi(.)t(.)t(.)96 b(centered)11 b(\256eld;)409
1015 y Fh(@#.##)p Fi(.)t(.)t(.)71 b(numeric)11 b(format)h(with)e
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Fh(\304\304)i Fi(at)e(the)g(beginning)e(of)i(a)h(line)e(to)h(have)g
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1326 y(are)h(exhausted.)354 1391 y(Set)g Fh($-)g Fi(to)f(zero)g(to)g
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Fi(,)g Fh($\304)p Fi(,)i Fh($\303A)p Fi(,)g Fh($\303F)p
Fi(,)g Fh($-)f Fi(and)f Fh($=)h Fi(in)f(section)f(`Special)h
(variables'.)355 1626 y Fk(19.)19 b(Director)q(y)j(reading)e(r)o
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2050 y Fi(Returns)f(the)g(next)g(entry)g(\(or)g(an)g(array)h(of)f
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2589 y Fk(20.)19 b(System)i(interaction)p 355 2610 V
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Fi(seconds.)354 2834 y Fb(chdir)i Fi([)f Fd(EXPR)g Fi(])472
2890 y(Changes)g(the)g(working)f(directory)m(.)472 2947
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Fi(is)f(0,)g(exits)g(with)f(the)h(value)f(of)i Fh(\($?)28
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1034 y(process\).)354 1104 y Fb(getppid)472 1160 y Fi(Returns)g(the)g
(process)g(id)g(of)g(the)g(parent)g(process.)354 1230
y Fb(getpriority)h Fd(WHICH)p Fb(,)f Fd(WHO)472 1287
y Fi(Returns)g(the)g(current)g(priority)f(for)h(a)h(process,)f(process)
g(group,)f(or)i(user)n(.)354 1357 y Fb(glob)g Fd(P)m(A)m(T)472
1413 y Fi(Returns)f(a)h(list)e(of)h(\256lenames)h(that)e(match)i(the)e
(shell)h(pattern)f Fd(P)m(A)m(T)p Fi(.)354 1483 y Fb(kill)g
Fd(LIST)472 1540 y Fi(Sends)h(a)h(signal)e(to)h(a)g(list)f(of)h
(processes.)g(The)g(\256rst)g(element)h(of)f(the)g(list)f(must)h(be)g
(the)472 1596 y(signal)f(to)h(send)g(\(numeric,)h(or)f(its)f(name)i(as)
f(a)h(string\).)354 1666 y Fb(setpgrp)h Fd(PID)p Fb(,)d
Fd(PGRP)472 1723 y Fi(Sets)i(the)e(process)h(group)g(for)g(the)g
Fd(PID)f Fi(\(0)i(=)f(current)g(process\).)354 1793 y
Fb(setpriority)h Fd(WHICH)p Fb(,)e Fd(WHO)p Fb(,)i Fd(PRIO)472
1849 y Fi(Sets)g(the)e(current)i(priority)d(for)j(a)f(process,)g
(process)g(group,)g(or)g(a)g(user)n(.)354 1919 y Fb(sleep)h
Fi([)f Fd(EXPR)g Fi(])472 1976 y(Causes)h(the)e(script)h(to)g(sleep)f
(for)i Fd(EXPR)e Fi(seconds,)h(or)g(forever)h(if)f(no)g
Fd(EXPR)p Fi(.)f(Returns)472 2032 y(the)h(number)h(of)f(seconds)f
(actually)g(slept.)354 2102 y Fb(syscall)h Fd(LIST)472
2159 y Fi(Calls)g(the)g(system)g(call)g(speci\256ed)g(in)f(the)h
(\256rst)g(element)h(of)f(the)g(list,)f(passing)g(the)h(rest)472
2215 y(of)h(the)f(list)f(as)h(ar)o(guments)g(to)f(the)h(call.)354
2285 y Fb(system)h Fd(LIST)472 2342 y Fi(Does)f(exactly)g(the)g(same)h
(thing)d(as)j Fb(e)o(xec)f Fd(LIST)g Fi(except)g(that)g(a)h(fork)f(is)f
(performed)472 2398 y(\256rst,)i(and)f(the)g(parent)g(process)f(waits)h
(for)g(the)g(child)f(process)h(to)g(complete.)354 2468
y Fb(times)472 2524 y Fi(Returns)g(a)h(4-element)f(array)h(\(0:)p
Fh($)p Fi(user)n(,)f(1:)p Fh($)p Fi(system,)g(2:)p Fh($)p
Fi(cuser)n(,)g(3:)p Fh($)p Fi(csystem\))472 2581 y(giving)f(the)h(user)
g(and)g(system)g(times,)g(in)g(seconds,)f(for)i(this)e(process)g(and)h
(the)472 2637 y(children)g(of)g(this)f(process.)354 2707
y Fb(umask)i Fi([)g Fd(EXPR)e Fi(])472 2764 y(Sets)i(the)e(umask)i(for)
f(the)g(process)f(and)h(returns)g(the)g(old)f(one.)i(If)f
Fd(EXPR)g Fi(is)g(omitted,)472 2820 y(returns)g(current)g(umask)g
(value.)354 2890 y Fb(wait)37 b Fi(W)l(aits)11 b(for)h(a)f(child)f
(process)h(to)g(terminate)g(and)g(returns)f(the)h(pid)g(of)g(the)g
(deceased)472 2947 y(process)g(\(-1)g(if)h(none\).)f(The)g(status)f(is)
g(returned)h(in)g Fh($?)p Fi(.)p 354 3018 V 1811 3065
a Fe(17)p eop
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18 18 bop 354 -101 a Fe(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
354 -89 1512 3 v 354 -7 a Fb(waitpid)g Fd(PID)p Fb(,)e
Fd(FLAGS)472 49 y Fi(Performs)i(the)f(same)h(function)e(as)h(the)g
(corresponding)f(system)g(call.)354 115 y Fb(warn)j Fi([)e
Fd(LIST)g Fi(])472 172 y(Prints)g(the)g(message)g(on)g
Fh(STDERR)j Fi(like)c Fb(die)p Fi(,)i(but)e(does)h(not)g(exit.)472
228 y Fd(LIST)g Fi(defaults)g(to)f Fh("Warning)q(:)30
b(somethin)q(g's)h(wrong")p Fi(.)355 396 y Fk(21.)19
b(Netw)o(orking)p 355 417 1512 2 v 354 518 a Fb(accept)12
b Fd(NEWSOCKET)p Fb(,)f Fd(GENERICSOCKET)472 575 y Fi(Accepts)g(a)h
(new)f(socket.)354 641 y Fb(bind)h Fd(SOCKET)p Fb(,)f
Fd(NAME)472 698 y Fi(Binds)g(the)g Fd(NAME)f Fi(to)h(the)g
Fd(SOCKET)p Fi(.)354 764 y Fb(connect)i Fd(SOCKET)p Fb(,)d
Fd(NAME)472 820 y Fi(Connects)h(the)g Fd(NAME)f Fi(to)h(the)g
Fd(SOCKET)p Fi(.)354 887 y Fb(getpeername)i Fd(SOCKET)472
943 y Fi(Returns)e(the)g(socket)g(address)f(of)i(the)e(other)h(end)g
(of)g(the)g Fd(SOCKET)p Fi(.)354 1010 y Fb(getsoc)o(kname)j
Fd(SOCKET)472 1066 y Fi(Returns)d(the)g(name)h(of)f(the)g(socket.)354
1132 y Fb(getsoc)o(k)o(opt)j Fd(SOCKET)p Fb(,)d Fd(LEVEL)p
Fb(,)f Fd(OPTNAME)472 1189 y Fi(Returns)h(the)g(socket)g(options.)354
1255 y Fb(listen)g Fd(SOCKET)p Fb(,)g Fd(QUEUESIZE)472
1312 y Fi(Starts)g(listening)e(on)i(the)g(speci\256ed)g
Fd(SOCKET)p Fi(.)354 1378 y Fb(recv)h Fd(SOCKET)p Fb(,)f
Fd(SCALAR)p Fb(,)f Fd(LENGTH)p Fb(,)h Fd(FLAGS)472 1435
y Fi(Receives)h(a)f(message)h(on)f Fd(SOCKET)p Fi(.)354
1501 y Fb(send)i Fd(SOCKET)p Fb(,)d Fd(MSG)p Fb(,)h Fd(FLAGS)g([)g
Fb(,)g Fd(T)o(O)i Fi(])472 1557 y(Sends)e(a)h(message)f(on)g(the)g
Fd(SOCKET)p Fi(.)354 1624 y Fb(setsoc)o(k)o(opt)i Fd(SOCKET)p
Fb(,)e Fd(LEVEL)p Fb(,)f Fd(OPTNAME)p Fb(,)g Fd(OPTV)m(AL)472
1680 y Fi(Sets)i(the)e(requested)h(socket)g(option.)354
1747 y Fb(shutdo)o(wn)j Fd(SOCKET)p Fb(,)d Fd(HOW)472
1803 y Fi(Shuts)g(down)f(a)i Fd(SOCKET)p Fi(.)354 1869
y Fb(soc)o(ket)g Fd(SOCKET)p Fb(,)f Fd(DOMAIN)p Fb(,)f
Fd(TYPE)p Fb(,)g Fd(PROT)o(OCOL)472 1926 y Fi(Creates)i(a)g
Fd(SOCKET)f Fi(in)f Fd(DOMAIN)h Fi(with)f Fd(TYPE)h Fi(and)g
Fd(PROT)o(OCOL)p Fi(.)354 1992 y Fb(soc)o(ketpair)h Fd(SOCKET1)p
Fb(,)f Fd(SOCKET2)p Fb(,)g Fd(DOMAIN)p Fb(,)f Fd(TYPE)p
Fb(,)g Fd(PROT)o(OCOL)472 2049 y Fi(As)h(socket,)g(but)g(creates)g(a)h
(pair)f(of)g(bi-directional)e(sockets.)355 2220 y Fk(22.)19
b(SystemV)i(IPC)p 355 2241 V 354 2343 a Fb(msgctl)11
b Fd(ID)p Fb(,)g Fd(CMD)p Fb(,)f Fd(ARGS)472 2399 y Fi(Calls)h
Fa(msgctl)p Fi(\(2\).)g(If)g Fd(CMD)g Fi(is)g Fh(&IPC_STAT)k
Fi(then)10 b Fd(ARG)i Fi(must)f(be)g(a)g(variable.)354
2465 y Fb(msgget)h Fd(KEY)p Fb(,)e Fd(FLAGS)472 2522
y Fi(Creates)i(a)g(message)f(queue)g(for)g Fd(KEY)p Fi(.)g(Returns)g
(the)g(message)g(queue)g(identi\256er)n(.)354 2588 y
Fb(msgsnd)i Fd(ID)p Fb(,)d Fd(MSG)p Fb(,)h Fd(FLAGS)472
2645 y Fi(Sends)g Fd(MSG)g Fi(to)g(queue)g Fd(ID)p Fi(.)354
2711 y Fb(msgr)o(cv)i Fd(ID)p Fb(,)d Fh($)p Fd(V)m(AR)p
Fb(,)h Fd(SIZE)p Fb(,)f Fd(TYPE)p Fb(,)g Fd(FLAGS)472
2768 y Fi(Receives)i(a)f(message)h(from)g(queue)e Fd(ID)h
Fi(into)f Fd(V)m(AR)p Fi(.)354 2834 y Fb(semctl)h Fd(ID)p
Fb(,)g Fd(SEMNUM)p Fb(,)e Fd(CMD)p Fb(,)h Fd(ARG)472
2890 y Fi(Calls)h Fa(semctl)p Fi(\(2\).)472 2947 y(If)h
Fd(CMD)f Fi(is)g Fh(&IPC_STAT)k Fi(of)c Fh(&GETALL)j
Fi(then)d Fd(ARG)g Fi(must)g(be)g(a)g(variable.)p 354
3018 1512 3 v 354 3065 a Fe(18)p eop
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19 19 bop 1364 -101 a Fe(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
354 -89 1512 3 v 354 -7 a Fb(semget)g Fd(KEY)p Fb(,)e
Fd(NSEMS)p Fb(,)g Fd(SIZE)p Fb(,)g Fd(FLAGS)472 49 y
Fi(Creates)i(a)g(set)f(of)g(semaphores)g(for)g Fd(KEY)p
Fi(.)g(Returns)g(the)g(message)g(semaphore)472 105 y(identi\256er)n(.)
354 170 y Fb(semop)h Fd(KEY)p Fb(,)e Fi(...)472 227 y(Performs)i
(semaphore)g(operations.)354 291 y Fb(shmctl)f Fd(ID)p
Fb(,)g Fd(CMD)p Fb(,)f Fd(ARG)472 348 y Fi(Calls)h Fa(shmctl)p
Fi(\(2\).)g(If)g Fd(CMD)g Fi(is)g Fh(&IPC_STAT)k Fi(then)10
b Fd(ARG)i Fi(must)f(be)g(a)g(variable.)354 413 y Fb(shmget)i
Fd(KEY)p Fb(,)d Fd(SIZE)p Fb(,)g Fd(FLAGS)472 469 y Fi(Creates)i
(shared)f(memory)m(.)h(Returns)f(the)g(shared)g(memory)h(segment)f
(identi\256er)n(.)354 534 y Fb(shmread)i Fd(ID)p Fb(,)d
Fh($)q Fd(V)m(AR)p Fb(,)g Fd(POS)p Fb(,)g Fd(SIZE)472
590 y Fi(Reads)i(at)f(most)g Fd(SIZE)f Fi(bytes)h(of)g(the)g(contents)f
(of)h(shared)g(memory)h(segment)f Fd(ID)472 647 y Fi(starting)f(at)h
(of)o(fset)g Fd(POS)g Fi(into)g Fd(V)m(AR)p Fi(.)354
711 y Fb(shmwrite)h Fd(ID)p Fb(,)e Fd(STRING)p Fb(,)h
Fd(POS)p Fb(,)g Fd(SIZE)472 768 y Fi(W)n(rites)g(at)g(most)g
Fd(SIZE)g Fi(bytes)f(of)h Fd(STRING)g Fi(into)g(the)f(contents)g(of)i
(shared)f(memory)472 824 y(segment)g Fd(ID)g Fi(at)g(of)o(fset)g
Fd(POS)p Fi(.)355 993 y Fk(23.)19 b(Miscellaneous)p 355
1014 1512 2 v 354 1114 a Fb(de\256ned)13 b Fd(EXPR)472
1171 y Fi(T)m(ests)e(whether)f(the)h(lvalue)g Fd(EXPR)f
Fi(has)h(an)g(actual)g(value.)354 1235 y Fb(do)h Fd(FILENAME)472
1292 y Fi(Executes)f Fd(FILENAME)f Fi(as)h(a)h(Perl)f(script.)g(See)h
(also)f Fb(require)h Fi(in)e(section)472 1348 y(`Subroutines,)g
(packages)h(and)g(modules'.)354 1413 y Fb(dump)i Fi([)e
Fd(LABEL)g Fi(])472 1470 y(Immediate)h(core)g(dump.)f(When)g
(reincarnated,)g(starts)g(at)g Fd(LABEL)p Fi(.)354 1534
y Fb(e)o(v)o(al)p Fh({)q Fd(EXPR)p Fb(;)f Fi(.)t(.)t(.)t
Fh(})472 1591 y Fi(Executes)h(the)g(code)g(between)g
Fh({)h Fi(and)f Fh(})p Fi(.)h(T)n(raps)f(run-time)g(errors)g(as)g
(described)g(with)472 1647 y Fb(e)o(v)o(al\()p Fd(EXPR)p
Fb(\))p Fi(,)g(section)f(`String)h(functions'.)354 1712
y Fb(local)g Fd(LIST)472 1768 y Fi(Creates)h(a)g(scope)f(for)g(the)g
(listed)f(variables)g(local)h(to)g(the)f(enclosing)g(block,)472
1825 y(subroutine)g(or)h(eval.)354 1890 y Fb(m)o(y)g
Fd(LIST)472 1946 y Fi(Creates)h(a)g(scope)f(for)g(the)g(listed)f
(variables)g(lexically)g(local)h(to)f(the)h(enclosing)f(block,)472
2003 y(subroutine)g(or)h(eval.)354 2067 y Fb(ref)h Fd(EXPR)p
Fc(y)472 2124 y Fi(Returns)f(a)h Fj(true)g Fi(value)f(if)g
Fd(EXPR)f Fi(is)h(a)g(reference.)i(Returns)e(the)g(package)g(name)h(if)
472 2180 y Fd(EXPR)f Fi(has)g(been)g(blessed)f(into)g(a)i(package.)354
2245 y Fb(reset)g Fi([)f Fd(EXPR)g Fi(])472 2301 y(Resets)g
Fh(??)i Fi(searches)e(so)g(that)f(they)h(work)g(again.)g
Fd(EXPR)f Fi(is)h(a)g(list)f(of)i(single)e(letters.)472
2358 y(All)h(variables)f(and)h(arrays)h(beginning)d(with)h(one)h(of)g
(those)g(letters)f(are)i(reset)f(to)g(their)472 2414
y(pristine)f(state.)h(Only)f(af)o(fects)i(the)f(current)g(package.)354
2479 y Fb(scalar)h Fd(EXPR)472 2536 y Fi(Forces)g(evaluation)e(of)h
Fd(EXPR)f Fi(in)h(scalar)g(context.)354 2600 y Fb(undef)i
Fi([)e Fd(L)m(V)m(ALUE)g Fi(])472 2657 y(Unde\256nes)g(the)g
Fd(L)m(V)m(ALUE)p Fi(.)g(Always)f(returns)h(the)g(unde\256ned)f(value.)
354 2722 y Fb(wantarra)o(y)472 2778 y Fi(Returns)h Fj(true)h
Fi(if)f(the)g(current)g(context)g(expects)f(an)i(array)f(value.)p
354 3018 1512 3 v 1811 3065 a Fe(19)p eop
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20 20 bop 354 -101 a Fe(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -2 a Fk(24.)19 b(Inf)o(ormation)i(fr)o(om)f
(system)h(\256les)p 355 19 1512 2 v 354 120 a Fi(See)12
b(the)f(manual)g(about)g(return)g(values)f(in)h(scalar)g(context.)354
185 y Fe(pass)o(wd)354 242 y Fi(Returns)g(\()p Fh($)q
Fi(name,)h Fh($)p Fi(passwd,)f Fh($)p Fi(uid,)g Fh($)p
Fi(gid,)g Fh($)q Fi(quota,)f Fh($)q Fi(comment,)i Fh($)p
Fi(gcos,)f Fh($)p Fi(dir)n(,)h Fh($)p Fi(shell\).)354
307 y Fb(endpwent)517 b Fi(Ends)10 b(look-up)g(processing.)354
373 y Fb(getpwent)528 b Fi(Gets)11 b(next)f(user)h(information.)354
438 y Fb(getpwnam)i Fd(NAME)371 b Fi(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g
(name.)354 503 y Fb(getpwuid)j Fd(UID)443 b Fi(Gets)11
b(information)f(by)g(user)i(ID.)354 568 y Fb(setpwent)530
b Fi(Resets)11 b(look-up)f(processing.)354 659 y Fe(gr)o(oup)354
715 y Fi(Returns)h(\()p Fh($)q Fi(name,)h Fh($)p Fi(passwd,)f
Fh($)p Fi(gid,)g Fh($)p Fi(members\).)354 781 y Fb(endgrent)533
b Fi(Ends)10 b(look-up)g(processing.)354 846 y Fb(getgr)o(gid)k
Fd(GID)457 b Fi(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g(group)h(ID.)354
911 y Fb(getgrnam)i Fd(NAME)387 b Fi(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g
(name.)354 977 y Fb(getgrent)544 b Fi(Gets)11 b(next)f(group)h
(information.)354 1042 y Fb(setgrent)546 b Fi(Resets)11
b(look-up)f(processing.)354 1132 y Fe(hosts)354 1189
y Fi(Returns)h(\()p Fh($)q Fi(name,)h Fh($)p Fi(aliases,)f
Fh($)q Fi(addrtype,)f Fh($)q Fi(length,)g(@addrs\).)354
1254 y Fb(endhostent)487 b Fi(Ends)10 b(look-up)g(processing.)354
1320 y Fb(gethostb)o(y)o(addr)k Fd(ADDR)p Fb(,)c Fd(ADDR)o(TYPE)45
b Fi(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g(IP)i(address.)354 1385
y Fb(gethostb)o(yname)i Fd(NAME)270 b Fi(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g
(host)h(name.)354 1450 y Fb(gethostent)498 b Fi(Gets)11
b(next)f(host)g(information.)354 1516 y Fb(sethostent)j
Fd(ST)m(A)m(YOPEN)266 b Fi(Resets)11 b(look-up)f(processing.)354
1606 y Fe(netw)o(orks)354 1663 y Fi(Returns)h(\()p Fh($)q
Fi(name,)h Fh($)p Fi(aliases,)f Fh($)q Fi(addrtype,)f
Fh($)q Fi(net\).)354 1728 y Fb(endnetent)512 b Fi(Ends)10
b(look-up)g(processing.)354 1793 y Fb(getnetb)o(y)o(addr)k
Fd(ADDR)p Fb(,)c Fd(TYPE)187 b Fi(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g(address)
h(and)g(type.)354 1859 y Fb(getnetb)o(yname)j Fd(NAME)295
b Fi(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g(network)h(name.)354
1924 y Fb(getnetent)523 b Fi(Gets)11 b(next)f(network)h(information.)
354 1989 y Fb(setnetent)h Fd(ST)m(A)m(YOPEN)292 b Fi(Resets)11
b(look-up)f(processing.)354 2080 y Fe(services)354 2136
y Fi(Returns)h(\()p Fh($)q Fi(name,)h Fh($)p Fi(aliases,)f
Fh($)q Fi(port,)f Fh($)q Fi(proto\).)354 2202 y Fb(endservent)489
b Fi(Ends)10 b(look-up)g(processing.)354 2267 y Fb(getservb)o(yname)k
Fd(NAME)p Fb(,)c Fd(PROT)o(O)104 b Fi(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g
(service)i(name.)354 2332 y Fb(getservb)o(ypor)q(t)i
Fd(POR)o(T)p Fb(,)e Fd(PROT)o(O)136 b Fi(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g
(service)i(port.)354 2398 y Fb(getservent)500 b Fi(Gets)11
b(next)f(service)h(information.)354 2463 y Fb(setservent)i
Fd(ST)m(A)m(YOPEN)268 b Fi(Resets)11 b(look-up)f(processing.)354
2553 y Fe(pr)o(otocols)354 2610 y Fi(Returns)h(\()p Fh($)q
Fi(name,)h Fh($)p Fi(aliases,)f Fh($)q Fi(proto\).)354
2675 y Fb(endpr)o(otoent)470 b Fi(Ends)10 b(look-up)g(processing.)354
2741 y Fb(getpr)o(otob)o(yname)15 b Fd(NAME)252 b Fi(Gets)11
b(information)f(by)g(protocol)g(name.)354 2806 y Fb(getpr)o(otob)o
(ynumbe)q(r)k Fd(NUMBER)149 b Fi(Gets)11 b(information)f(by)g(protocol)
g(number)n(.)354 2871 y Fb(getpr)o(otoent)481 b Fi(Gets)11
b(next)f(protocol)g(information.)354 2937 y Fb(setpr)o(otoent)j
Fd(ST)m(A)m(YOPEN)249 b Fi(Resets)11 b(look-up)f(processing.)p
354 3018 1512 3 v 354 3065 a Fe(20)p eop
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21 21 bop 1364 -101 a Fe(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -1 a Fk(25.)19 b(Special)h(v)o(ariab)o(les)p
355 20 1512 2 v 354 121 a Fi(The)11 b(following)f(variables)g(are)i
(global)e(and)h(should)e(be)j(localized)e(in)h(subroutines:)354
188 y Fh($_)64 b Fi(The)11 b(default)g(input)f(and)h(pattern-searching)
f(space.)354 254 y Fh($.)64 b Fi(The)11 b(current)h(input)d(line)i
(number)g(of)g(the)g(last)g(\256lehandle)f(that)h(was)g(read.)354
321 y Fh($/)64 b Fi(The)11 b(input)f(record)i(separator)n(,)f(newline)g
(by)f(default.)h(May)h(be)f(multi-character)n(.)354 387
y Fh($,)64 b Fi(The)11 b(output)f(\256eld)h(separator)g(for)h(the)e
(print)h(operator)n(.)354 453 y Fh($")64 b Fi(The)11
b(separator)g(which)g(joins)f(elements)h(of)g(arrays)g(interpolated)f
(in)g(strings.)354 519 y Fh($\\)64 b Fi(The)11 b(output)f(record)h
(separator)g(for)h(the)f(print)f(operator)n(.)354 585
y Fh($#)64 b Fi(The)11 b(output)f(format)i(for)f(printed)f(numbers.)h
(Deprecated.)354 651 y Fh($*)64 b Fi(Set)12 b(to)e(1)h(to)g(do)g
(multiline)e(matching)h(within)g(strings.)g(Deprecated,)h(see)g(the)g
Fb(m)g Fi(and)g Fb(s)472 708 y Fi(modi\256ers)h(in)e(section)g(`Search)
j(and)e(replace)g(functions'.)354 774 y Fh($?)64 b Fi(The)11
b(status)f(returned)h(by)g(the)g(last)f Fh(`)p Fi(.)t(.)t(.)t
Fh(`)j Fi(command,)f(pipe)f Fb(c)o(lose)g Fi(or)h Fb(system)472
830 y Fi(operator)n(.)354 897 y Fh($])64 b Fi(The)11
b(Perl)h(version)e(number)n(,)i(e.g.)g Fh(5.001)p Fi(.)354
963 y Fh($[)64 b Fi(The)11 b(index)g(of)g(the)g(\256rst)g(element)g(in)
g(an)g(array)m(,)h(and)f(of)h(the)f(\256rst)g(character)h(in)e(a)472
1019 y(substring.)g(Default)h(is)f(0.)i(Deprecated.)354
1085 y Fh($;)64 b Fi(The)11 b(subscript)f(separator)h(for)g
(multi-dimensional)e(array)j(emulation.)e(Default)h(is)472
1142 y Fh("\\034")p Fi(.)354 1208 y Fh($!)64 b Fi(If)12
b(used)f(in)f(a)i(numeric)f(context,)g(yields)f(the)h(current)g(value)g
(of)g Fh(errno)p Fi(.)j(If)d(used)g(in)g(a)472 1264 y(string)f
(context,)h(yields)f(the)h(corresponding)e(error)j(string.)354
1331 y Fh($@)64 b Fi(The)11 b(Perl)h(error)g(message)f(from)h(the)f
(last)f Fb(e)o(v)o(al)i Fi(or)f Fb(do)h Fd(EXPR)f Fi(command.)354
1397 y Fh($:)64 b Fi(The)11 b(set)g(of)h(characters)f(after)h(which)e
(a)i(string)e(may)h(be)h(broken)e(to)h(\256ll)g(continuation)472
1453 y(\256elds)g(\(starting)f(with)g(`)p Fh(\303)p Fi('\))j(in)d(a)i
(format.)354 1519 y Fh($0)64 b Fi(The)11 b(name)h(of)g(the)e(\256le)i
(containing)d(the)i(Perl)h(script)e(being)g(executed.)i(May)f(be)472
1576 y(assigned)f(to.)354 1642 y Fh($$)64 b Fi(The)11
b(process)f(number)h(of)g(the)f(Perl)h(interpreter)f(running)f(this)h
(script.)g(Altered)g(\(in)h(the)472 1698 y(child)g(process\))g(by)f
Fb(f)o(ork)p Fi(.)354 1764 y Fh($<)64 b Fi(The)11 b(real)h(user)f(ID)g
(of)h(this)e(process.)354 1831 y Fh($>)64 b Fi(The)11
b(ef)o(fective)h(user)f(ID)g(of)h(this)e(process.)354
1897 y Fh($\()64 b Fi(The)11 b(real)h(group)e(ID)i(of)f(this)f
(process.)354 1963 y Fh($\))64 b Fi(The)11 b(ef)o(fective)h(group)e(ID)
i(of)f(this)f(process.)354 2029 y Fh($\303A)37 b Fi(The)11
b(accumulator)h(for)f Fb(f)o(ormline)g Fi(and)g Fb(write)g
Fi(operations.)354 2095 y Fh($\303D)37 b Fi(The)11 b(debug)g(\257ags)g
(as)g(passed)g(to)g(Perl)g(using)f(`)p Fh(-D)p Fi('.)354
2161 y Fh($\303F)37 b Fi(The)11 b(highest)f(system)h(\256le)g
(descriptor)n(,)g(ordinarily)f(2.)354 2228 y Fh($\303I)37
b Fi(In-place)12 b(edit)e(extension)g(as)h(passed)g(to)f(Perl)i(using)e
(`)p Fh(-i)p Fi('.)354 2294 y Fh($\303L)37 b Fi(Formfeed)13
b(character)e(used)g(in)g(formats.)354 2360 y Fh($\303P)37
b Fi(Internal)11 b(debugging)e(\257ag.)354 2426 y Fh($\303T)37
b Fi(The)11 b(time)g(\(as)f(delivered)g(by)h Fb(time)p
Fi(\))f(when)g(the)h(program)f(started.)h(This)e(value)i(is)f(used)472
2482 y(by)h(the)g(\256le)h(test)e(operators)h(`)p Fh(-M)p
Fi(',)h(`)p Fh(-A)p Fi(')h(and)e(`)p Fh(-C)p Fi('.)354
2549 y Fh($\303W)37 b Fi(The)11 b(value)g(of)h(the)e(`)p
Fh(-w)p Fi(')j(option)c(as)j(passed)e(to)h(Perl.)354
2615 y Fh($\303X)37 b Fi(The)11 b(name)h(by)f(which)g(this)f(Perl)h
(interpreter)g(was)g(invoked.)354 2682 y(The)g(following)f(variables)g
(are)i(context)e(dependent)g(and)h(need)g(not)g(be)g(localized:)354
2748 y Fh($\045)64 b Fi(The)11 b(current)h(page)f(number)g(of)g(the)g
(currently)g(selected)f(output)g(channel.)354 2815 y
Fh($=)64 b Fi(The)11 b(page)h(length)e(of)h(the)g(current)g(output)e
(channel.)j(Default)e(is)h(60)g(lines.)354 2881 y Fh($-)64
b Fi(The)11 b(number)h(of)f(lines)f(remaining)h(on)g(the)g(page.)354
2947 y Fh($\304)64 b Fi(The)11 b(name)h(of)g(the)e(current)i(report)e
(format.)p 354 3018 1512 3 v 1811 3065 a Fe(21)p eop
%%Page: 22 23
22 22 bop 354 -101 a Fe(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
354 -89 1512 3 v 354 -7 a Fh($\303)64 b Fi(The)11 b(name)h(of)g(the)e
(current)i(top-of-page)e(format.)354 59 y Fh($|)64 b
Fi(If)12 b(set)f(to)g(nonzero,)g(forces)g(a)h(\257ush)f(after)g(every)g
(write)g(or)g(print)g(on)g(the)f(output)472 115 y(channel)h(currently)g
(selected.)g(Default)f(is)h(0.)354 181 y Fh($ARGV)23
b Fi(The)11 b(name)h(of)f(the)g(current)g(\256le)h(when)e(reading)h
(from)h Fh(<)c(>)k Fi(.)354 248 y(The)f(following)f(variables)g(are)i
(always)e(local)h(to)g(the)g(current)g(block:)354 314
y Fh($&)64 b Fi(The)11 b(string)f(matched)i(by)f(the)f(last)h
(successful)f(pattern)h(match.)354 380 y Fh($`)64 b Fi(The)11
b(string)f(preceding)h(what)g(was)g(matched)g(by)g(the)g(last)f
(successful)h(match.)354 446 y Fh($')64 b Fi(The)11 b(string)f
(following)g(what)g(was)h(matched)h(by)e(the)h(last)g(successful)f
(match.)354 512 y Fh($+)64 b Fi(The)11 b(last)g(bracket)g(matched)g(by)
g(the)g(last)g(search)g(pattern.)354 578 y Fh($)q(1)p
Fi(.)t(.)t(.)t Fh($)q(9)p Fi(.)t(.)t(.)25 b(Contain)11
b(the)g(subpatterns)e(from)j(the)f(corresponding)e(sets)i(of)g
(parentheses)f(in)472 635 y(the)h(last)g(pattern)f(successfully)g
(matched.)i Fh($10)p Fi(.)t(.)t(.)t(and)g(up)f(are)h(only)e(available)h
(if)g(the)472 691 y(match)h(contained)e(that)h(many)g(subpatterns.)355
862 y Fk(26.)19 b(Special)h(arra)o(ys)p 355 883 1512
2 v 354 984 a Fh(@ARGV)42 b Fi(Contains)10 b(the)h(command)h(line)f(ar)
o(guments)f(for)i(the)f(script)f(\(not)h(including)e(the)531
1041 y(command)j(name\).)354 1107 y Fh(@EXPORT)531 1163
y Fi(Names)g(the)f(methods)f(a)i(package)f(exports)f(by)h(default.)354
1229 y Fh(@EXPORT_)t(OK)531 1286 y Fi(Names)h(the)f(methods)f(a)i
(package)f(can)h(export)e(upon)g(explicit)g(request.)354
1352 y Fh(@INC)69 b Fi(Contains)10 b(the)h(list)f(of)i(places)f(to)f
(look)g(for)i(Perl)f(scripts)f(to)h(be)g(evaluated)g(by)g(the)531
1408 y Fb(do)i Fd(FILENAME)d Fi(and)h Fb(require)h Fi(commands.)354
1474 y Fh(@ISA)69 b Fi(List)11 b(of)g Fa(base)f(classes)h
Fi(of)g(a)g(package.)354 1540 y Fh(@_)123 b Fi(Parameter)12
b(array)f(for)f(subroutines.)e(Also)h(used)h(by)g Fb(split)f
Fi(if)h(not)g(in)f(array)i(context.)354 1606 y Fh(\045ENV)69
b Fi(Contains)10 b(the)h(current)g(environment.)354 1672
y Fh(\045INC)69 b Fi(List)11 b(of)g(\256les)g(that)f(have)i(been)f
(included)f(with)g Fb(require)i Fi(or)f Fb(do)p Fi(.)354
1738 y Fh(\045OVERLOA)q(D)531 1795 y Fi(Can)h(be)f(used)g(to)g
(overload)f(operators)h(in)f(a)i(package.)354 1861 y
Fh(\045SIG)69 b Fi(Used)11 b(to)g(set)g(signal)f(handlers)g(for)i
(various)e(signals.)355 2031 y Fk(27.)19 b(En)m(vir)o(onment)i(v)o
(ariab)o(les)p 355 2052 V 354 2153 a Fi(Perl)12 b(uses)f(the)f
(following)g(environment)g(variables.)354 2220 y Fh(HOME)69
b Fi(Used)11 b(if)g Fb(chdir)h Fi(has)f(no)g(ar)o(gument.)354
2286 y Fh(LOGDIR)531 2342 y Fi(Used)g(if)g Fb(chdir)h
Fi(has)f(no)g(ar)o(gument)g(and)g Fh(HOME)i Fi(is)d(not)h(set.)354
2408 y Fh(PATH)69 b Fi(Used)11 b(in)g(executing)f(subprocesses,)g(and)h
(in)g(\256nding)f(the)h(Perl)h(script)e(if)h(`)p Fh(-S)p
Fi(')h(is)531 2465 y(used.)354 2531 y Fh(PERL5LIB)531
2587 y Fi(A)g(colon-separated)e(list)g(of)h(directories)f(to)h(look)f
(in)h(for)g(Perl)h(library)e(\256les)h(before)531 2644
y(looking)f(in)g(the)h(standard)g(library)f(and)h(the)g(current)g
(directory)m(.)354 2710 y Fh(PERL5DB)531 2766 y Fi(The)h(command)f(to)g
(get)g(the)g(debugger)f(code.)531 2823 y(Defaults)h(to)g
Fh(BEGIN)29 b({)f(require)i('perl5db.)q(pl')h(})q Fi(.)354
2889 y Fh(PERLLIB)531 2945 y Fi(Used)11 b(instead)f(of)i
Fh(PERL5LIB)i Fi(if)d(the)g(latter)g(is)g(not)f(de\256ned.)p
354 3018 1512 3 v 354 3065 a Fe(22)p eop
%%Page: 23 24
23 23 bop 1364 -101 a Fe(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -3 a Fk(28.)19 b(The)i(perl)f(deb)o(ug)o(g)q(er)p
355 18 1512 2 v 354 119 a Fi(The)11 b(Perl)h(symbolic)e(debugger)h(is)f
(invoked)g(with)g(`)p Fh(perl)29 b(-d)p Fi('.)354 184
y Fh(h)269 b Fi(Prints)10 b(out)h(a)g(help)g(message.)354
249 y Fh(T)269 b Fi(Prints)10 b(a)i(stack)e(trace.)354
313 y Fh(s)269 b Fi(Single)10 b(steps.)354 378 y Fh(n)269
b Fi(Single)10 b(steps)g(around)h(subroutine)e(call.)p
354 400 112 2 v 354 455 2 56 v 368 443 a Fd(RET)p 464
455 V 354 457 112 2 v 199 w Fi(Repeats)i(last)f(`)p Fh(s)p
Fi(')i(or)g(`)p Fh(n)p Fi('.)354 508 y Fh(r)269 b Fi(Returns)10
b(from)i(the)f(current)g(subroutine.)354 572 y Fh(c)h
Fi([)g Fd(LINE)e Fi(])112 b(Continues)9 b(\(until)h Fd(LINE)p
Fi(,)h(or)g(another)g(breakpoint,)f(or)h(exit\).)354
637 y Fh(p)h Fd(EXPR)p Fc(y)123 b Fi(Prints)10 b Fd(EXPR)p
Fi(.)354 702 y Fh(l)i Fi([)g Fd(RANGE)f Fi(])56 b(Lists)9
b(a)j(range)f(of)g(lines.)g Fd(RANGE)g Fi(may)h(be)f(a)g(number)n(,)h
(start\261end,)650 758 y(start+amount,)e(or)h(a)g(subroutine)f(name.)i
(If)f(omitted,)g(lists)f(next)g(window)m(.)354 823 y
Fh(-)269 b Fi(Lists)9 b(previous)h(window)m(.)354 888
y Fh(w)269 b Fi(Lists)9 b(window)h(around)h(current)g(line.)354
953 y Fh(f)h Fd(FILE)169 b Fi(Switches)10 b(to)h Fd(FILE)g
Fi(and)g(start)f(listing)g(it.)354 1017 y Fh(l)i Fd(SUB)171
b Fi(Lists)9 b(the)i(named)h Fd(SUB)p Fi(routine.)354
1082 y Fh(S)269 b Fi(List)10 b(the)h(names)g(of)g(all)g(subroutines.)
354 1147 y Fh(/)p Fd(P)m(A)m(TTERN)p Fh(/)54 b Fi(Searches)12
b(forwards)e(for)i Fd(P)m(A)m(TTERN)p Fi(.)354 1212 y
Fh(?)p Fd(P)m(A)m(TTERN)p Fh(?)54 b Fi(Searches)12 b(backwards)e(for)i
Fd(P)m(A)m(TTERN)p Fi(.)354 1276 y Fh(b)g Fi([)g Fd(LINE)e
Fi([)i Fd(CONDITION)f Fi(]])650 1333 y(Sets)g(breakpoint)f(at)h
Fd(LINE)p Fi(,)g(default:)f(current)h(line.)354 1398
y Fh(b)h Fd(SUBNAME)e Fi([)h Fd(CONDITION)h Fi(])650
1454 y(Sets)f(breakpoint)f(at)h(the)g(subroutine.)354
1519 y Fh(d)h Fi([)g Fd(LINE)e Fi(])112 b(Deletes)10
b(breakpoint)g(at)h(the)g(given)g(line.)354 1584 y Fh(D)269
b Fi(Deletes)10 b(all)h(breakpoints.)354 1648 y Fh(L)269
b Fi(Lists)9 b(lines)i(that)f(have)h(breakpoints)f(or)h(actions.)354
1713 y Fh(a)h Fd(LINE)f(COMMAND)650 1769 y Fi(Sets)g(an)g(action)f(for)
i(line.)354 1834 y Fh(A)269 b Fi(Deletes)10 b(all)h(line)g(actions.)354
1899 y Fh(<)h Fd(COMMAND)37 b Fi(Sets)11 b(an)g(action)f(to)h(be)g
(executed)g(before)h(every)f(debugger)g(prompt.)354 1964
y Fh(>)h Fd(COMMAND)37 b Fi(Sets)11 b(an)g(action)f(to)h(be)g(executed)
g(before)h(every)f(`)p Fh(s)p Fi(',)i(`)p Fh(c)p Fi(')f(or)f(`)p
Fh(n)p Fi(')650 2020 y(command.)354 2085 y Fh(V)h Fi([)g
Fd(P)m(ACKAGE)e Fi([)h Fd(V)m(ARS)f Fi(])i(])650 2141
y(Lists)d(all)i(variables)g(in)f(a)i(package.)g(Default)e(package)i(is)
e(main.)354 2206 y Fh(X)i Fi([)g Fd(V)m(ARS)e Fi(])94
b(Like)10 b(`)p Fh(V)p Fi(',)j(but)d(assumes)h(the)g(current)g
(package.)354 2271 y Fh(!)h Fi([)g([-])p Fd(NUMBER)e
Fi(])650 2327 y(Re-executes)h(a)h(command.)g(Default)e(is)h(the)g
(previous)f(command.)354 2392 y Fh(H)i Fi([)g(-)p Fd(NUMBER)e
Fi(])650 2449 y(Displays)f(the)i(last)f(-)p Fd(NUMBER)h
Fi(commands)g(of)g(more)h(than)f(one)g(letter)n(.)354
2513 y Fh(t)269 b Fi(T)m(oggles)9 b(trace)j(mode.)354
2578 y Fh(=)24 b Fi([)11 b Fd(ALIAS)f(V)m(ALUE)h Fi(])650
2635 y(Sets)g(alias,)g(or)g(lists)f(current)h(aliases.)354
2699 y Fh(q)269 b Fi(Quits.)10 b(Y)-5 b(ou)11 b(may)h(also)e(use)h
(your)p 1197 2656 114 2 v 1197 2713 2 57 v 25 w Fd(EOF)p
1309 2713 V 1197 2715 114 2 v 26 w Fi(character)n(.)354
2764 y Fd(COMMAND)76 b Fi(Executes)10 b Fd(COMMAND)g
Fi(as)i(a)f(Perl)h(statement.)p 354 3018 1512 3 v 1811
3065 a Fe(23)p eop
%%Page: 24 25
24 24 bop 354 -101 a Fe(P)o(erl)14 b(Reference)e(Guide)p
354 -89 1512 3 v 355 -3 a Fk(Notes)p 355 18 1512 2 v
354 2938 a Fi(Perl)g(Reference)h(Guide)d(Revision)g(5.001.2)1347
2937 y(c)1335 2938 y Fc(\015)p Fi(1989,1996)g(Johan)g(V)m(romans)p
354 3018 1512 3 v 354 3065 a Fe(24)p eop
%%Trailer
end
userdict /end-hook known{end-hook}if
%%EOF

.