news.utdallas.edu!hermes.chpc.utexas.edu!cs.utexas.edu!uwm.edu!linac!att!mcdchg!ftpbox!cssmp.corp.mot.com!mmuegel Thu Feb 25 18:29:27 CST 1993
Article: 1234 of comp.lang.perl
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Path: feenix.metronet.com!news.utdallas.edu!hermes.chpc.utexas.edu!cs.utexas.edu!uwm.edu!linac!att!mcdchg!ftpbox!cssmp.corp.mot.com!mmuegel
From: mmuegel@cssmp.corp.mot.com (Michael S. Muegel)
#Subject: Re: socket-based server (not from inetd)
Message-ID: <1993Feb25.190732.23418@ftpbox.mot.com>
Sender: news@ftpbox.mot.com (C News)
Organization: Corporate Information Office, Schaumburg, Illinois, Motorola, Inc.
References: <1mimbd$ac3@milk.Warren.MENTORG.COM>
Date: Thu, 25 Feb 1993 19:07:32 GMT
Lines: 696

Previously, tal@Warren.MENTORG.COM (Tom Limoncelli) wrote:
> In the past people have posted code fragments that show how to write a
> perl program that is started via "inetd".
> 
> I would like to develop a long-running daemon that accepts connections
> via sockets but never spawns.  (i.e. all connections are handled by one
> program, a lot like INN's innd).

The following may help with ideas. easy_tcp.pl does fork a child to
handle the connection. I am unsure of whatyou mean by "... but never 
spawns." That would indicate you have a very fast server or a fast 
service you provide.

Let me know if these are useful...
-Mike

---- Cut Here and feed the following to sh ----
#/bin/sh
# This is a shell archive (produced by shar 3.49)
# To extract the files from this archive, save it to a file, remove
# everything above the "!/bin/sh" line above, and type "sh file_name".
#
# made 02/25/1993 19:08 UTC by mmuegel@mot.com (Michael S. Muegel)
# Source directory /home/ustart/NeXT/contrib/lib/perl
#
# existing files will NOT be overwritten unless -c is specified
#
# This shar contains:
# length  mode       name
# ------ ---------- ------------------------------------------
#   7794 -r--r--r-- easy_tcp.pl
#  11557 -r--r--r-- tcp_support.pl
#
# ============= easy_tcp.pl ==============
if test -f 'easy_tcp.pl' -a X"$1" != X"-c"; then
	echo 'x - skipping easy_tcp.pl (File already exists)'
else
echo 'x - extracting easy_tcp.pl (Text)'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'easy_tcp.pl' &&
X
# NAME
#    easy_tcp.pl - easy to use TCP package
#
# DESCRIPTION
#    Easy to use routines to set up a socket connection for a client (mk_user)
#    and server (mk_server). Get_Connection_Info will return information
#    about the other end of a socket connection.
#
#    See the test programs easy_tcp1.pl and easy_tcp2.pl in the 
#    test area (/usr/local/ustart/src/perl-stuff/libs/tests) for examples
#    of how to use these programs.
#
# NOTES
#    If you are interested in how this code works get a copy of Wally Mann's
#    easy_tcp.c.  This code is based on that.
#
# AUTHOR
#    John Newlin <jnewlin@fwrdc.rtsg.mot.com>
#
#    More flexible argument syntax, better error checking, extra functions,
#    and documentation by Michael S. Muegel <mmuegel@mot.com>
#    
# RCS INFORMATION
#    $Source: /usr/local/ustart/src/perl-stuff/libs/local/RCS/easy_tcp.pl,v $
#    $Revision: 1.5 $ of $Date: 1993/02/13 22:45:04 $
X
# socket.ph is converted with h2ph from /usr/include/sys/socket.h
require 'sys/socket.ph';  
X
# This matches an IP address and sets $1 to it
$IP_EXPR = '^\s*((\d+\.){3}\d+)\s*$';
X
# This matches a port number and sets $1 to it
$PORT_EXPR = '^\s*(\d+)\s*$';
X
# Protocol of choice
$PROTOCOL = 'tcp';
X
# The pack/unpack template for the sockaddr structure
$SOCKADDR_TEMPLATE = 'S n a4 x8';
X
# The maximum length  the  queue of pending connections may grow to for
# the server listen()
$LISTEN_QUEUE = 5;
X
###############################################################################
# mk_user
#
# Opens a connection to a $Server host on port $Port. $Server can be
# either a hostname or an IP address. $Port can be either a service
# name or port number. Finally, $Socket_Handle should be the name of the
# file handle to which the connection should be bound to.
#
# If everything went AOK $Status is 1; otherwise, $Status is 0 and $Msg will
# be a text message of what went wrong.
#
# Arguments:
#   $Server, $Port, $Socket_Handle
#
# Returns:
#    $Status, $Msg
###############################################################################
sub mk_user 
{
X  
X  local ($Server, $Port, $Socket_Handle) = @_;
X
X  # Get raw address info for the host. Do it differently depending on whether
X  # $Server is a hostname or IP address.
X  if ($Server =~ /$IP_EXPR/)
X  {
X     $Server_Addr = pack ('C4', split (/\./, $1));
X  }
X  else
X  {
X     $Server_Addr = (gethostbyname ($Server))[4];
X     return (0, "no such host $Server") if (! length ($Server_Addr));
X  };
X
X  # Get the protocol number for TCP
X  $TCP_Protocol_Num = (getprotobyname ($PROTOCOL))[2];
X  return (0, "no such protocol $PROTOCOL") if ($TCP_Protocol_Num eq "");
X
X  # Convert service to port number if necessary
X  ($Status, $Msg, $Port) = &Service_Or_Port_To_Port ($Port);
X  return (0, $Msg) if (! $Status);
X
X  # Create the socket name structures for use with bind and connect
X  $My_Name = pack ($SOCKADDR_TEMPLATE, &AF_INET, 0, "\0\0\0\0");
X  $Server_Name = pack ($SOCKADDR_TEMPLATE, &AF_INET, $Port, $Server_Addr);
X
X  # Create the socket and bind to it
X  return (0, $!) 
X     if (! socket ($Socket_Handle, &AF_INET, &SOCK_STREAM, $TCP_Protocol_Num));
X  return (0, $!) if (! bind ($Socket_Handle, $My_Name)); 
X
X  # Call up server
X  return (0, $!) if (! connect ($Socket_Handle, $Server_Name));
X
X  # Set socket to be line buffered
X  $Present_Handle = select ($Socket_Handle);  
X  $| = 1;   
X  select ($Present_Handle);
X
X  return (1);
};
X
X
###############################################################################
# mk_server
#
# Listens on $Port for a connection and returns when a connection suceeds.
# $Port can be either a service name or port number. Finally, $Socket_Handle 
# should be the name of the file handle to which the connection should be 
# bound to.
#
# The parent process always hangs around looking for connections. It forks
# off a child for each connection. This child is what returns. So you
# just call mk_server once. See the example program easy_tcp2.pl for
# hints.
#
# If everything went AOK $Status is 1; otherwise, $Status is 0 and $Msg will
# be a text message of what went wrong. $Connection_Num starts at 1 and is 
# increaed for each connection.
#
# Arguments:
#   $Server, $Port, $Socket_Handle
#
# Returns:
#    $Status, $Msg, $Connection_Num
###############################################################################
sub mk_server 
{
X  local ($Port, $Socket_Handle) = @_;
X  local ($Status, $Msg, $My_Name, $TCP_Protocol_Num, $Present_Handle,
X	 $Child_Pid, $Connection_Num);
X
X  # Convert service to port number if necessary
X  ($Status, $Msg, $Port) = &Service_Or_Port_To_Port ($Port);
X  return (0, $Msg) if (! $Status);
X
X  # Create the socket name structures for use with bind and connect
X  $My_Name = pack ($SOCKADDR_TEMPLATE, &AF_INET, $Port, "\0\0\0\0");
X
X  # Get the protocol number for TCP
X  $TCP_Protocol_Num = (getprotobyname ($PROTOCOL))[2];
X  return (0, "no such protocol $PROTOCOL") if ($TCP_Protocol_Num eq "");
X
X  # Crteate the temp socket, bind to it, and listen for connections
X  socket (LISTEN_SOCKET, &AF_INET, &SOCK_STREAM, $TCP_Protocol_Num) || return (0, $!);
X  bind (LISTEN_SOCKET, $My_Name) || return (0, $!);
X  listen (LISTEN_SOCKET, $LISTEN_QUEUE);
X
X  # Set temp socket to be line buffered
X  $Present_Handle = select (LISTEN_SOCKET);  
X  $| = 1;   
X  select ($Present_Handle);
X
X  while (1)
X  {
X    accept ($Socket_Handle, LISTEN_SOCKET) || return (0, $!);
X    ++$Connection_Num;
X
X    FORK:
X    {
X       # Parent continues to look for connections
X       if ($Child_Pid = fork)
X       {
X          close ($Socket_Handle);
X       }
X
X       # Child handles this connection
X       elsif (defined ($Child_Pid))
X       {
X          # Set socket to be line buffered
X          $Present_Handle = select ($Socket_Handle);  
X          $| = 1;   
X          select ($Present_Handle);
X          return (1, "", $Connection_Num);
X       }
X   
X       # Out of processes
X       elsif ($! =~ /No more process/)
X       {
X          sleep 5;
X          redo FORK;
X       }
X   
X       else
X       {
X          return (0, "can not fork: $!");
X       };
X     };
X  };
};
X
X
;###############################################################################
;# Get_Connection_Info
;#
;# Returns the $Port and $Host that is at the other end of $Socket_Handle.
;# $Host will be a hostname if the IP address maps into a hostname. $Port
;# will always be a number since it will be an ephemeral port number.
;#
;# Arguments:
;#    $Socket_Handle
;#
;# Returns:
;#    $Port, $Host
;###############################################################################
sub Get_Connection_Info
{
X   local ($Socket_Handle) = @_;
X   local ($Port, $Host, $Host_Addr);
X
X   # Get port and addr info
X   ($Port, $Host_Addr) = 
X      (unpack ($SOCKADDR_TEMPLATE, getpeername ($Socket_Handle)))[1,2];
X
X   # Convert addr info to host name if possible
X   return ($Port, $Host) if ($Host = (gethostbyaddr ($Host_Addr, &AF_INET))[0]);
X
X   # Or just return addr info as IP address
X   $Host = join (".", unpack ('C4', $Host_Addr));
X   return ($Port, $Host);
};
X
X
;###############################################################################
;# Service_Or_Port_To_Port
;#
;# Converts $Port to a number if necessary. Returns a bad $Status and sets
;# $Msg on error.
;#
;# Arguments:
;#    $Service
;#
;# Returns:
;#    $Status, $Msg, $Port
;###############################################################################
sub Service_Or_Port_To_Port
{
X   local ($Port) = @_;
X   local ($Service);
X
X   # If the port is a service name look it up
X   if ($Port =~ /$PORT_EXPR/)
X   {
X      return (1, "", $1);
X   }
X   else
X   {
X      $Service = $Port;
X      $Port = (getservbyname ($Service, $PROTOCOL))[2];
X      return (0, "no such service $Service") if (! $Port);
X      return (1, "", $Port);
X   };
X
};
X
1;
SHAR_EOF
chmod 0444 easy_tcp.pl ||
echo 'restore of easy_tcp.pl failed'
Wc_c="`wc -c < 'easy_tcp.pl'`"
test 7794 -eq "$Wc_c" ||
	echo 'easy_tcp.pl: original size 7794, current size' "$Wc_c"
fi
# ============= tcp_support.pl ==============
if test -f 'tcp_support.pl' -a X"$1" != X"-c"; then
	echo 'x - skipping tcp_support.pl (File already exists)'
else
echo 'x - extracting tcp_support.pl (Text)'
sed 's/^X//' << 'SHAR_EOF' > 'tcp_support.pl' &&
;# NAME
;#    tcp_support.pl - support functions for a TCP command-based client/server
;#
;# DESCRIPTION
;#    Command_Parse can be used to build a command parser for a TCP server.
;#    Code_Print is used to send output to the client from the server.
;#    Code_Parse is used to parse input from a server in a client.
;#
;#    The test program for the package shows in greater detail the calling
;#    semantics of these functions. It should have been distributed with
;#    this package. At the author's system it is in /usr/local/ustart/src/
;#    perl-stuff/libs/tests/tcp_support.pl.
;#
;# AUTHOR
;#    Michael S. Muegel <mmuegel@mot.com>
;#
;# RCS INFORMATION
;#    $Author: mmuegel $
;#    $Source: /usr/local/ustart/src/perl-stuff/libs/local/RCS/tcp_support.pl,v $
;#    $Revision: 1.2 $ of $Date: 1993/02/15 04:23:32 $
X
package tcp_support;
X
;###############################################################################
;# Command_Parse
;#
;# Used to parse for commands passed to a TCP server. When a command is
;# sucessfully entered the function will return; otherwise, and error message
;# will be printed. Commands are case-InSeNsItIvE.
;#
;# $Socket_Handle should contain the actual name of the handle for the
;# previously opened socket (maybe via easy_tcp.pl :-). If you do not supply
;# a package qualifier the main package is assumed.
;#
;# %Command_To_One_Liner maps the command to a short, one line description
;# of the command. This is required for each command you support. This
;# short description is printed in the server help. %Command_To_Help
;# should provide more detailed help on the command. The text may have 
;# multiple newlines in it. If help is not available for a command
;# (because you did not create an element for a command) a message
;# to that effect is printed when the user asks for help on the command.
;# 
;# Thus help is available both for the server and a command. Example:
;#
;#    HELP
;#    HELP FOO
;#
;# Both help types are recognized and automatically serviced. Since you 
;# might want to add something to the generic server help information you 
;# can include $Extra_Help. This will be displayed after the list of commands.
;# You might include information on the author of the server or the like
;# via this text.
;#
;# Similiar to the FTP and SMTP protocols, this function enforces a reply
;# code structure to its output. This ensures the server's output can
;# be easily parsed. The only codes this function will output on its own
;# are a code for information, bad command, and bad help usage. Specify these
;# reply codes via $Info_Code, $Command_Syntax_Code, and $Help_Syntax_Code,
;# respectfully. See the function header to Code_Print for a description of 
;# reply code quoting and the $Wrap_All argument to this function. No need 
;# to quote the help text yourself as Code_Print will take care of it for you.
;# 
;# Once a valid command is entered (non-HELP) the command is returned in
;# $Command and a $Status of -1 is set. If anything else (whitespace eaten 
;# up) was left over on the line it is returned in $Left_Over.
;#
;# Returns a $Status of -1 if $Socket_Handle returns EOF (the client
;# probably hung up). If something else went wrong $Status is 0 and 
;# $Msg tells what went wrong.
;#
;# Arguments:
;#    $Socket_Handle, $Info_Code, $Command_Syntax_Code, $Help_Syntax_Code,
;#    $Extra_Help, *Command_To_One_Liner, *Command_To_Help, $Wrap_All
;#
;# Returns:
;#    $Status, $Msg, $Command, $Left_Over
;###############################################################################
sub main'Command_Parse
{
X   local ($Socket_Handle, $Info_Code, $Command_Syntax_Code, $Help_Syntax_Code,
X      $Extra_Help, *Command_To_One_Liner, *Command_To_Help, $Wrap_All) = @_;
X   local ($Command, $*);
X
X   # Multi-line matching
X   $* = 1;
X
X   # Fix up socket handle 
X   $Socket_Handle = "main'$Socket_Handle" if ($Socket_Handle !~ /^\S+'/);
X
X   # For speed we only want do startup stuff once for each *new* socket
X   if (! $Socket_Status {$Socket_Handle})
X   {
X      $Socket_Status {$Socket_Handle} = 1;
X
X      # Check out some args
X      return (0, "info code \"$Info_Code\" is non-numeric") 
X         if ($Info_Code !~ /^\d+$/);
X      return (0, "syntax error code \"$Command_Syntax_Code\" is non-numeric") 
X         if ($Command_Syntax_Code !~ /^\d+$/);
X   
X      # Preparse the commands to:
X      #    - Convert all commands to upper case 
X      #    - Get info for server help text
X      #    - Set up default command help text
X      #    - Build a list of the sorted commands in @Commands
X      $Help = "Commands\n\n";
X      $Command_To_One_Liner {"HELP"} = "get help on the server or a command";
X
X      foreach $Command (sort (keys (%Command_To_One_Liner)))
X      {
X         # Index via UPPER case command name
X         $One_Liner = $Command_To_One_Liner {$Command};
X         delete $Command_To_One_Liner {$Command};
X         $Command =~ tr/a-z/A-Z/;
X         $Command_To_One_Liner {$Command} = $One_Liner;
X   
X         # Set default command help text
X         $Command_To_Help {$Command} = "No help available" 
X	    if ($Command_To_Help {$Command} eq "");
X         # Help text info
X         push (@Commands, $Command);
X         $Max_Command_Length = length ($Command) 
X	    if (length ($Command) > $Max_Command_Length);
X      };
X
X      # Add to server help text
X      foreach $Command (@Commands)
X      {
X         $Help .= sprintf ("   %-${Max_Command_Length}s   %s\n", 
X	    $Command, $Command_To_One_Liner {$Command});
X      };
X      $Help .= "\nFor more information use \"HELP <topic>\"\n";
X      $Help .= $Extra_Help;
X   };
X
X   # Once we find a valid non-HELP command return
X   while (<$Socket_Handle>)
X   {
X      # Delete leading and trailing whitespace
X      s/^\s+//;
X      s/\s+$//;
X
X      # Server help?
X      if (/^HELP$/i)
X      {
X	 &main'Code_Print ($Socket_Handle, $Help, $Info_Code, $Wrap_All);
X      }
X
X      # Command help?
X      elsif (/^HELP\s+(\S+)$/i)
X      {
X	 ($Topic = $1) =~ tr/a-z/A-Z/;
X	 if ($Command_To_Help {$Topic} eq "")
X	 {
X	    &main'Code_Print ($Socket_Handle, "HELP topic \"$Topic\" unknown",
X	       $Help_Syntax_Code, $Wrap_All);
X	 }
X	 else
X	 {
X	    &main'Code_Print ($Socket_Handle, $Command_To_Help {$Topic}, 
X	       $Info_Code, $Wrap_All);
X	 };
X      }
X
X      # Command?
X      else
X      {
X	 foreach $Command (@Commands)
X	 {
X	    if (/^($Command)\s*/i)
X	    {
X               $Command =~ tr/a-z/A-Z/;
X	       return (1, "", $Command, $');
X	    };
X	 };
X	 &main'Code_Print ($Socket_Handle, "Command unrecognized", $Command_Syntax_Code);
X      };
X   };
X
X   # EOF on socket if we get here
X   $Socket_Status {$Socket_Handle} = 0;
X   return (-1);
};
X
X
;###############################################################################
;# Code_Print
;#
;# Prints out $Buffer with $Reply_Code to $Socket_Handle wrapped as 
;# appropriately for reply code look-and-feel ala FTP or SMTP. That is, each
;# line in $Buffer is prepended by $Reply_Code. 
;#
;# If $Buffer just contains one line the line is prepended by the reply code
;# and a single space.
;#
;# Multi-line text in $Buffer can be handled one of two ways. If $Wrap_All
;# is 1 then each line except the last line is prepended by the reply code 
;# plus a dash (-). The last line is simply prepended by the reply code and
;# a space.
;#
;# If $Wrap_All is 0 then all text except the first and last is simply sent 
;# as is. The first and last obey the rules outlined above. If the reply code
;# appears as the first thing on a line in the middle text it is escaped
;# with a space.
;#
;# The last line in $Buffer need not contain a newline. So sending "Foo" and
;# "Foo\n" or "Foo\nFum" and "Foo\nFum\n" yields the same output.
;#
;# $Socket_Handle should contain the actual name of the handle for the
;# previously opened socket (maybe via easy_tcp.pl :-). If you do not supply
;# a package qualifier the main package is assumed.
;#
;# Examples:
;#    &Code_Print ("SOCKET", "Foo", 220) -> 
;#       220 Foo
;#
;#    &Code_Print ("SOCKET", "Line 1\nLine 2\nLine 3\n", 214, 1) ->
;#       214-Line 1
;#       214-Line 2
;#       214 Line 3
;#
;#    &Code_Print ("SOCKET", "Line 1\nLine 2\n220 Line 3\nLine 4\n", 220, 0) ->
;#       220-Line 1
;#       Line 2
;#        220 Line 3
;#       220 Line 4
;#
;# Arguments:
;#    $Socket_Handle, $Buffer, $Reply_Code, $Wrap_All
;#
;# Returns:
;#    Nothing exciting
;###############################################################################
sub main'Code_Print
{
X   local ($Socket_Handle, $Buffer, $Reply_Code, $Wrap_All) = @_;
X
X   # Fix up socket handle 
X   $Socket_Handle = "main'$Socket_Handle" if ($Socket_Handle !~ /^\S+'/);
X
X   @Buffer = split (/\n/, $Buffer);
X
X   # Just one line, no need to print a dash
X   if ($#Buffer == 0)
X   {
X      print $Socket_Handle "$Reply_Code $Buffer[0]\n";
X   }
X
X   # Two or more lines
X   else
X   {
X      $First_Line = shift (@Buffer);
X      $Last_Line = pop (@Buffer);
X      print $Socket_Handle "$Reply_Code-$First_Line\n";
X      foreach (@Buffer)
X      {
X	 if ($Wrap_All)
X	 {
X	    print $Socket_Handle "$Reply_Code-$_\n";
X	 }
X	 else
X	 {
X	    print $Socket_Handle " " if (/^$Reply_Code/);
X	    print $Socket_Handle "$_\n";
X	 };
X      };
X      print $Socket_Handle "$Reply_Code $Last_Line\n";
X   };
};
X
X
;###############################################################################
;# Code_Parse
;#
;# Gets input from $Socket_Handle that has been formatted by any of the
;# formats supported by the Code_Print function. See its function header
;# for a description of the various formats.
;#
;# $Status is set to one of the following on return:
;#
;#    -1	EOF on the socket was reached while looking for a record. If 
;#		anything was found before the EOF it is returned in $Buffer
;#		and $Reply_Code is set.
;#
;#     0	The input was not in Code_Print format. The input fetched 
;#		is returned as is. Since the parsing could get mucked
;#		on the second plus line in the multi-line format more than one
;#		line may be returned in $Buffer.
;#
;#     1	The input was in Code_Print form. The entire "record" (all 
;#		lines) is returned in $Buffer. Reply codes are stripped. Also, 
;#		any quoted reply codes are unquoted. $Reply_Code is the code 
;#		for the record.
;#
;# $Buffer, if non-null, will always end in a newline.
;#
;# Examples:
;#       Just reverse the examples for Code_Print!
;#
;# Arguments:
;#    $Socket_Handle
;#
;# Returns:
;#    $Status, $Buffer, $Reply_Code
;###############################################################################
sub main'Code_Parse
{
X   local ($Socket_Handle) = @_;
X   local ($Buffer, $Reply_Code, $Line);
X
X   # Fix up socket handle 
X   $Socket_Handle = "main'$Socket_Handle" if ($Socket_Handle !~ /^\S+'/);
X
X   while (<$Socket_Handle>)
X   {
X      # First line of input?
X      if (++$Line == 1)
X      {
X	 # Single line record?
X	 if (/^(\d+) (.*)/)
X	 {
X	    return (1, "$2\n", $1);
X	 }
X
X	 # Multi-line record?
X	 elsif (/^(\d+)-(.*)/)
X	 {
X	    $Reply_Code = $1;
X	    $Buffer = "$2\n";
X	 }
X
X	 # Does not match record format
X	 else
X	 {
X	    return (0, $_);
X	 };
X      }
X
X      # Middle input, reply code
X      elsif (/^$Reply_Code-(.*)/)
X      {
X	 $Buffer .= "$1\n";
X      }
X
X      # End of input
X      elsif (/^$Reply_Code (.*)/)
X      {
X         $Buffer .= "$1\n";
X	 return (1, $Buffer, $Reply_Code);
X      }
X      
X      # Middle of input, no reply code
X      else
X      {
X	 # Unescape reply code?
X	 s/^ $Reply_Code/$Reply_Code/;
X	 $Buffer .= $_;
X      };
X   };
X
X   # EOF on socket if we get here
X   return (-1, $Buffer, $Reply_Code);
};
X
X
1;
SHAR_EOF
chmod 0444 tcp_support.pl ||
echo 'restore of tcp_support.pl failed'
Wc_c="`wc -c < 'tcp_support.pl'`"
test 11557 -eq "$Wc_c" ||
	echo 'tcp_support.pl: original size 11557, current size' "$Wc_c"
fi
exit 0

-- 
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Michael S. Muegel                  | Internet E-Mail:    mmuegel@mot.com   |
| UNIX Applications Startup Group    | Moto Dist E-Mail:   X10090            |
| Corporate Information Office       | Voice:              (708) 576-0507    |
| Motorola                           | ... these are my opinions, honest ... |
+----------------------------------------------------------------------------+



.