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                                                             on Gopher (inofficial)
  HTML Visit Hacker News on the Web
       
       
       COMMENT PAGE FOR:
  HTML   IRS Tactics Against Meta Open a New Front in the Corporate Tax Fight
       
       
        cpncrunch wrote 12 hours 48 min ago:
        Paywall free version here
        
  HTML  [1]: https://qz.com/meta-irs-16-billion-tax-bill-intellectual-prope...
       
        laughing_man wrote 18 hours 42 min ago:
        Differential pricing schemes are the primary way Corporations avoid
        corporate income taxes.  I remember reading an article by an old Africa
        hand where he quoted the manager of an international corporation being
        exasperated with him and saying "You think I'm actually trying to make
        money here?  This is all about taxes."
        
        In theory overpaying for modules produced by your subsidiary, or
        overpricing IP, in a low tax country is illegal, at least in the US,
        but so much of that is subjective it's difficult for tax authorities to
        actually do anything unless the numbers are eggregious.
       
        philipallstar wrote 21 hours 26 min ago:
        Corporation tax is so annoying, with so many r&d caveats etc. Just tax
        outflows.
       
          victorbjorklund wrote 9 hours 12 min ago:
          On which level do you mean tax it - Do you mean tax it still on the
          corporation but only when there is a dividend? Or do you mean only
          tags the recipient. so zero tax if the recipient is based abroad?
          
          If you mean the former, Estonia has that type of corporate taxation,
          which is pretty interesting.
       
            philipallstar wrote 8 hours 14 min ago:
            Good question - it feels much neater to tax flows than tax money at
            rest, letting companies save money in the good times rather than
            run to spend it to avoid sending it all away as tax. On the topic
            you mention I think export duty would work.
       
        persedes wrote 22 hours 37 min ago:
        One thing I'd love the US to do was something that happend in Germany
        ~2015, where they bought a lot of "Steuer-CD"s, with leaked info about
        people hiding money in offshore accounts. Then they allowed everyone to
        self report and applied more scrutiny to larger corporations which in
        total added several billions in revenue.
       
          gryffyn wrote 19 hours 18 min ago:
          Germany continues to do that, North Rhine-Westphalia just bought a
          >1TB dataset in 2025.
          
  HTML    [1]: https://www1.wdr.de/nachrichten/landespolitik/offshore-steue...
       
          mothballed wrote 22 hours 35 min ago:
          The US passed FATCA in 2010, you can't operate a foreign bank that
          touches US anything without snitching out accounts with US persons as
          ultimate beneficial owner.
       
        mannanj wrote 22 hours 52 min ago:
        Yes great, and our local governments are also focusing on going after
        US persons who decide to register their vehicles in Montana and
        transfer ownership rights to LLC for privacy reasons. "Tax evasion" is
        the only legitimate use of that, they say, only to the small man of
        course.
       
        wawaWiWa2 wrote 23 hours 40 min ago:
        IRS Tactics Against Meta, Opens a New Front in the Corporate Tax Fight
        
        There. I fixed it for you. Now you have a meaningful headline
       
        loeg wrote 1 day ago:
        > [The IRS] say the company failed to report roughly $54 billion in
        income and owes nearly $16 billion in back taxes and penalties.
        
        That's... just not very much?  The claim is that Meta's global ex-US
        income for the last 15+ years is less than a single year's US income? 
        I really wonder how they came up with this number.
        
        Disappointingly little detail in the article about how the IRS
        justifies the claim that the 2010 price was low (obviously, later
        profits would not be completely foreseeable at the time -- in 2010
        Facebook was simply a much smaller business), or any detail about the
        1986 law.  It seems pretty farcical to retcon a purchase for being too
        cheap with evidence from 16 years later.
       
        siliconc0w wrote 1 day ago:
        If Corporates can offshore their IP I should be able to offshore my
        likeness and rent it back to myself to reduce my personal taxes.
       
          RobotToaster wrote 20 hours 28 min ago:
          Didn't Stephen Colbert claim he was an actor playing the character
          Stephen Colbert as some kind of tax dodge?
       
            conception wrote 19 hours 41 min ago:
            What else would you describe him as doing?
       
          kylehotchkiss wrote 22 hours 58 min ago:
          that's some sovereign citizen thinking right there, don't get your
          car window smashed in when you get pulled over for your diplomat
          plate :D
       
          jedberg wrote 23 hours 2 min ago:
          You can.  It would just cost you so much in legal to not be worth it.
          
          The reason it's worth it for these companies is because the number of
          zeroes involved.  The legal costs are a rounding error for them.
       
            monster_truck wrote 22 hours 45 min ago:
            Also true for just not paying taxes at all. The number of times I
            have had people tell me that they just let it float for years so
            they can settle up for a fraction later is unbelievable.
       
              eikenberry wrote 21 hours 40 min ago:
              I know people who didn't pay taxes at all for years and the IRS
              came after them them several times (put them on payment plans
              that they didn't pay) before giving up. They now call us chumps
              for paying taxes. It is pretty absurd.
       
              nzeid wrote 22 hours 2 min ago:
              What? You have to demonstrate financial hardship or risk getting
              convicted.
       
                monster_truck wrote 6 hours 54 min ago:
                No, no you do not. If and when they finally realize it's been
                12 years since you've filed, you might finally get that letter
                one day. Good odds they're gonna be extremely wrong about what
                you owe. Let them be
       
                mothballed wrote 21 hours 46 min ago:
                The people that get convicted seems to be either rich people
                blatantly evading taxes or people that write entire books about
                not paying taxes.  Last I looked at the data for a normal
                person to get convicted just for running late on payments you
                basically have to tell the IRS to go fuck themselves and then
                brag about it publicly and stir up enough people they have to
                make an example out of you so no one else gets ideas.  I'm sure
                there's odd other examples but they seem to be rare.
                
                By and large the IRS wants to squeeze you for what they can
                get, not burn up a bunch of public resources convicting people
                and hindering their ability to earn more money for the IRS.
       
                  cylemons wrote 10 hours 15 min ago:
                  They don't fine people for late payment?
       
                    mothballed wrote 2 hours 56 min ago:
                    Was thinking of criminal convictions in relation to
                    "convicted", not fines
       
                    monster_truck wrote 6 hours 36 min ago:
                    Like they said, you have to be _blatant_ to get rung up.
                    There are any number of life events you could use as
                    reasonable cause to avoid the fines entirely and get a
                    favorible payment plan.
       
              cheriot wrote 22 hours 10 min ago:
              That sounds off. There's specific situations where the IRS will
              settle for less than the amount owed and they're not pleasant.
       
                edgyquant wrote 20 hours 56 min ago:
                Not true.  It’s really common for 1099 people
       
        zoobab wrote 1 day ago:
        I wrote about this 20 years ago: [1] In the meantime, Ireland removed
        their 0% tax over patent royalties, but Holland kept it at 0%.
        
  HTML  [1]: http://digital-majority.wikidot.com/forum/t-5766/software-pate...
  HTML  [2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Irish_arrangement
       
          SpaceManNabs wrote 17 hours 40 min ago:
          Oh it was the EU that closed it down? didn't even know this ended as
          an option
       
            disgruntledphd2 wrote 6 hours 10 min ago:
            Yeah, closed to new entrants in 2015, entirely gone by 2020.
            
            Hilariously enough, all of the anti tax avoidance actually ended up
            getting Ireland an absolutely absurd amount of corporation tax
            (which we'll almost certainly waste, but them's the breaks I
            suppose).
       
          bobthepanda wrote 20 hours 29 min ago:
          Your 20y old site gave me https errors when I tried to click it, fyi
       
            q3k wrote 20 hours 11 min ago:
            Don't access it over https then? The link is http.
       
              LoganDark wrote 16 hours 37 min ago:
              Don't modern browsers automatically redirect http to https?
       
                kmeisthax wrote 12 hours 9 min ago:
                Not unless the site sends the CSP header to tell it to upgrade
                to https: [1] A client side option to force https might still
                be useful though. But I can imagine at least some enterprise
                webapp that would die horribly if you tried this.
                
  HTML          [1]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Refe...
       
                Gigachad wrote 15 hours 52 min ago:
                No they don't. I tried Chrome, Firefox, and Safari. None of
                them attempted to redirect. They just show a "not secure"
                warning in the URL bar.
                
                The redirect only happens when it's configured on the web
                server, set in HSTS, or on a TLD that enforces HTTPS. None of
                these apply to this website.
       
                  LoganDark wrote 15 hours 37 min ago:
                  Apparently it's not on by default, but all of my browsers do
                  and also warn me whenever a site does not support HTTPS (and
                  require me to explicitly click through to the unencrypted
                  connection).
       
                qu4z-2 wrote 16 hours 6 min ago:
                Then use a non-buggy browser...
       
              01HNNWZ0MV43FF wrote 19 hours 16 min ago:
              Works fine on my end. The HTTPS URL gives a 301 permanent
              redirect to HTTP, and then I ordered some boner pills and put my
              social security number to confirm.
       
        ur-whale wrote 1 day ago:
        
        
  HTML  [1]: https://archive.is/Vsdqd
       
        amelius wrote 1 day ago:
        IRS is using AI now too.
       
        ck2 wrote 1 day ago:
        We cannot tariff our way out of debt by taxing consumption by
        individuals just needing to eat and live
        
        Billionaires silo-ing massive wealthy beyond multiple lifetimes must
        pay their taxes
        
        and Trillionaire corporations
        
        Each state now has several Billionaires, there are almost 1,000 in the
        USA
        
        They need to pay their damn taxes, a flat tax without deductions for
        everything over a million dollars of income per year [1]
        
  HTML  [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_the_numbe...
  HTML  [2]: https://worldpopulationreview.com/state-rankings/most-billiona...
       
          trollbridge wrote 1 day ago:
          Note that the issue at hand here is almost entirely about
          corporations earning money overseas and then trying to "import" the
          money back into the U.S. whilst dodging taxes. It's quite germane to
          the same concept as tariffs, although not the exact same thing.
       
          timacles wrote 1 day ago:
          Get ready for a lot more billionaires and a lot more poor people in
          the next 5-10 years
       
        josefritzishere wrote 1 day ago:
        Tax evasion is so pervasive at large companies that I have come to the
        conclusion that we need to start criminally charging the c-suite.
        Without personal consequences they're never going to change.
       
          loeg wrote 23 hours 48 min ago:
          There's no crime element here.
       
            throwaway173738 wrote 15 hours 9 min ago:
            Moreover this is the same kind of thinking that has led us to
            putting people in concentration camps for committing civil
            infractions. It’s frustrating that some people can totally avoid
            taxes but I don’t think we should normalize “put people in
            prison for anything and everything” as a solution to society’s
            problems.
       
            x3ro wrote 19 hours 17 min ago:
            According to the laws written by politicians who happen to get
            large donations from those exact C-level folks, of course only for
            their campaigns :)
       
              loeg wrote 18 hours 24 min ago:
              "According to the laws" is simply the basis of our entire
              criminal code, of course.
       
        numbers_guy wrote 1 day ago:
        The less they tax corporations the more the burden will fall on income
        tax. These big multinationals have been defrauding countries worldwide
        for decades. The issue is at the core of the political turmoil we are
        experiencing.
        
        I'd like to know how much less income tax would be, if we could tax
        multinationals properly.
       
          which wrote 1 day ago:
          The tax avoidance schemes used by most major US companies are to
          avoid US taxes on foreign income.  Most developed countries have
          territorial tax systems so their companies do not even need to use
          these fancy legal maneuvers because the income is largely exempt
          anyways.
          
          In any given year corporate income tax is like 6-10% of federal
          receipts so even if that was doubled there would not be a huge
          decline in income taxes needed.  The way the US does corporate tax is
          really also not that great from an economic perspective because it is
          a form of double taxation.  The Estonian model of only taxing
          distributions incentivizes investment and avoids many debates over
          depreciation etc.
       
          erfgh wrote 1 day ago:
          The income tax would be less but so would be your salary. The
          corporate tax is another cost for the company.
       
            shagmin wrote 23 hours 53 min ago:
            That's a bit tenuous. Corporate taxes are a cost after profit,
            which usually means whatever is left over after expenses. This
            means companies could pay higher salaries specifically to avoid
            corporate taxes, or invest in things instead.
       
        masfuerte wrote 1 day ago:
        > contending the company lowballed the price of trademarks, customer
        agreements, software licenses and other rights it moved offshore
        
        At the same time they were telling HMRC (the British tax authority)
        that IP rights, etc. were incredibly valuable and a significant cost of
        doing business (in the form of payments back to the mothership), and
        that's why they made very little profit in the UK and didn't need to
        pay much tax.
       
          pjc50 wrote 1 day ago:
          Trying to trace more detail on this: [1] That mentions the digital
          services tax; I remember some of HN being quite angry that "Europe"
          was trying to get a share of the immense wealth extracted from it by
          American multinationals.
          
  HTML    [1]: https://www.taxwatchuk.org/seven-large-tech-groups-estimated...
       
            heavenlyblue wrote 19 hours 53 min ago:
            The have to share their wealth because they are allowed to operate
            within a stable legal framework that everybody else is paying for
            except them. It seems like US isn't using their own taxes
            efficiently enough given that CEOs dont get killed on the street in
            the EU but they do get killed in the US. And these corporations
            arent willing to pay for that, well then they should not be allowed
            to operate here either.
       
            Muromec wrote 20 hours 35 min ago:
            Wealth extracted from a company sounds like taxes.
       
              rickydroll wrote 2 hours 31 min ago:
              Dividends extracted from a company also sound like (privatized)
              taxes.
       
              bjustin wrote 17 hours 34 min ago:
              How did we go from "wealth extracted from [Europeans and Europe]"
              to "wealth extracted from a company"?
       
            philipallstar wrote 21 hours 25 min ago:
            What you mean is American multinationals were inventing things
            people wanted to pay for and the existing government rent seeking
            wasn't working.
       
            loeg wrote 1 day ago:
            "Wealth extracted from it" seems like a disingenuous framing of
            "voluntary market exchange of money for services."  It's not like
            Europe is a colony.  Tech companies only make money by providing
            goods and services people choose to pay for.
       
              m4rtink wrote 23 hours 44 min ago:
              Given all then dumping, bundling, vendor lock-in and shady
              background deals I am not sure how voluntary this often is in
              practice.
       
                londons_explore wrote 20 hours 29 min ago:
                Also, almost any web product could have the core functionality
                reproduced by 3 guys in a couple of weeks.
                
                The actual value is in the brand, siloed data, lockin, network
                effect, etc.
                
                China solved that by banning most western services and building
                their own, and many of the results are better than the west,
                yet the same network effects stop those services expanding.
                
                These are all fairly strong arguments for regulator's to step
                in because the market clearly is no longer working to direct
                the profit towards the best products.
       
          rolandog wrote 1 day ago:
          Ah, the next level in determining Schrodinger's cat's outcome is if
          the detector measures Zuckerberg's profit taxability instead of
          radiation decay; the measurement's results depend on who is carrying
          them out, where they've taken place and, in all instances, the cat
          kills itself due to our inability to fix the crazy rich-favoring
          taxation systems.
       
          moomin wrote 1 day ago:
          I see a very funny fight on our hands.
       
        raverbashing wrote 1 day ago:
        I wonder how much Meta wrote off with their Metaverse adventure
       
          loeg wrote 1 day ago:
          About $16 billion a year, every year since 2022 or whatever.  You can
          see RL spending in their public financials.  Every company deducts
          ("writes off") R&D spending.
       
          Nevermark wrote 1 day ago:
          Well that was a 100% certifiably genuine ridiculous loss.
          
          It is interesting how corporations develop personalities, that can do
          some things well but reliably fail at others. No matter the funding,
          personnel or efforts. And in this case, by developing a personality I
          mean enabling Zuck.
       
          rwmj wrote 1 day ago:
          If it wasn't every last penny of their spend then they weren't being
          honest with themselves.
       
        ceramati wrote 1 day ago:
        This is one of those situations where I hope both parties duke it out
        to the maximum extent and completely obliterate each other.
       
        mcs5280 wrote 1 day ago:
        Surely Zuckerberg's bribe check is in the mail already
       
          kotaKat wrote 1 day ago:
          The "check" is what's given for a political favor and the "balance"
          is what goes up once the check clears.
          
          Simple enough lesson to me!
       
          mentalgear wrote 1 day ago:
          You mean send to one of Trumpo's milliard Crypto *hitcoins, just like
          civilised nations like the UAE, Russia or the saudis do it?
       
            dylan604 wrote 1 day ago:
            You're brave enough to post about Trump, yet chicken*hit enough to
            not type out the word shit? What standards are you setting for
            yourself?
       
        b112 wrote 1 day ago:
        Solution (for big corp)?
        
        Mega is big enough to buy entire islands, and be its own country.  A
        corporate country.  One with a very specific constitution, enshrining
        rights, but also?
        
        No corporate taxes.
        
        If done right, you could lure away Western judges, police, and more as
        they retire.  Or retire early.    You could lure them away not with high
        salaries, but with shorter work days, AI assistance, and with it being
        a tropical paradise.
        
        Compared to the billions Meta would pay in taxes annually, this
        endeavour would be far cheaper.  And citizens would still pay taxes, of
        course.
        
        Now imagine if Google, Musk Corps, Meta, and others all created a
        consortium to do just this, and, to build and fund the initial island.
        
        I agree, not fully plausible.  But... these guys can do a lot of
        interesting things, and I think if it was truly a tropical paradise,
        and land and housing was cheap and aplenty, lots might be interested in
        moving there.
        
        Certainly, hiring the "glue" of society would be easy.    I know so many
        people who retire to third world nations, but anyhow...
        
        Yes, holes but, maybe something to ponder.
        
        Corporate towns have existed, why not corporate nations?
        
        edit:
        
        As I've said elsewhere, it's -20C outside my door, so a tropical
        paradise with cheap housing and flying cars, and AGI and beaches and
        free coconuts may be masking my thoughts a bit.
        
        So downvote me, as you are.  It burns, but by god it's -20C outside so
        that's just fine.
        
        (warms hands over burning post)
       
          pjc50 wrote 1 day ago:
          This is basically describing the Cayman Islands. Or, to lesser
          extents, UAE or Malta (e.g. [1] ).
          
          The problem with this warm Galt Gulch idea is that someone has to do
          the actual work, and if the top level government is just a corrupt
          sinecure designed to shield the corporation from actually paying
          taxes, then nothing works properly. Comfortable island living is also
          surprisingly expensive, you have to import everything.
          
  HTML    [1]: https://taxjustice.net/2026/02/24/malta-the-eus-secret-tax-s...
       
          trollbridge wrote 1 day ago:
          Operating a military, maintaining positive diplomatic relations with
          other countries, and keeping your workforce pacified might be more
          expensive than you think.
          
          Not to mention that a lot of people prefer to live in a democracy
          instead of a giant company town, unless you compensate them really,
          really, well, and even then, well-heeled people are notorious for
          starting revolutions.
       
          dctoedt wrote 1 day ago:
          > Mega is big enough to buy entire islands, and be its own country. A
          corporate country. One with a very specific constitution, enshrining
          rights, but also?
          
          It's a charming thought. But it can't possibly survive the brute
          reality that the world is full of people with guns, planes, drones,
          boats/ships, missiles, etc.,  who feel entitled to call the shots,
          and sometimes to take whatever they can from whomever they can.
       
          zf00002 wrote 1 day ago:
          Snow Crash's Franchise-Organized Quasi-National Entities.
       
            dsr_ wrote 1 day ago:
            Also a Torment Nexus.
       
          TacticalCoder wrote 1 day ago:
          One question is: does the US wants to keep its big tech leader ship
          or not? Thankfully for the US the EU is nowhere in tech (biggest
          market cap is SAP and it's tiny compared to the US giants). But China
          is becoming big and quickly.
          
          RAM makers are going to feel the heat from China soon. Batteries
          makers. China is eating the world with its EVs. Drones, etc.
          
          If you're not nice with your corporations, they incorporate
          elsewhere: that's why the EU is nowhere in tech. Insane taxes since
          forever and a very strong anti-entrepreneurship mindset (in the EU
          you're a loser if you tried and fail, for example).
          
          Companies like Meta, Google, MSFT, Apple, etc. should receive medals
          and thanks from the US government for the insane amount of money they
          syphon of the other countries and the wealth they create for the US.
          
          Some countries are understanding this: in the UAE for example Dubai
          is now the world's busiest airport in the world for international
          passenger traffic. Some countries really fucked up big times to allow
          this to happen. Dubai is also now a very important hub for
          commodities trading. And diamonds: Antwerpen/Anvers (Belgium) used to
          be the city where the most diamonds exchanged hands, now it's...
          Dubai.
          
          There is such a thing as competition between nation states and at
          some point entrepreneurs simply pick the best place to launch their
          businesses. And having the IRS using "tactics" to say that Meta owes
          them tens of billions does not send a nice message to people
          wondering in which country it's best to incorporate.
          
          I now live in the country with the 2nd or 3rd highest GDP per capita
          in the world and that requires a mindset where businesses are
          welcome, entrepreneurs are welcome and the IRS doesn't feel like
          they're out there to get you at any cost.
          
          And I'm here because I voted with my feet, my wealth and the future
          wealth I was going to create.
       
            ben_w wrote 7 hours 8 min ago:
            > If you're not nice with your corporations, they incorporate
            elsewhere: that's why the EU is nowhere in tech. Insane taxes since
            forever and a very strong anti-entrepreneurship mindset (in the EU
            you're a loser if you tried and fail, for example).
            
            No, the reason the EU is "nowhere" in tech is comparative
            advantage: While the US built up Silicon Valley, the EU went for
            other things that play into Europe's strengths rather than
            weaknesses (language barrier is a real thing, the EU has 24
            official languages).
            
            If you compare the largest EU/US companies in nominal USD, even
            before considering the size differences of the economies[1], the
            gap is there, but it's not huge: [1] [2] The very top of the US
            chart? Walmart, and the reason the EU can't support something like
            Walmart is that the market preferences are too diverse between
            regions. For a fun weird example, Germany has two different Aldi's,
            and their international expansion is disjoint: [3] But Europe has
            Volkswagen, which is within spitting distance of the sum of the two
            highest revenue US automobile companies[3], something which works
            fine because cars are almost the same across the economic region (
            [4] ).
            
            Third on the US list? UnitedHealth Group, which doesn't make sense
            in Europe because of all the nationalised healthcare.
            
            But yeah, the reason tech isn't the core identity of Europe's
            largest corporations is just comparative advantage, which in turn
            is I think mostly due to Europe having internal language barriers
            holding that back in ways that don't apply to other sectors. [1] by
            which measure the US economy is (32 US)/(21 EU + 4 UK + 1 CH [2]) =
            32/26 = 1.231 times the size, therefore those numbers naturally
            should be expected 23% higher in the USA than Europe anyway. [2]
            I'd count the UK and Switzerland for this kind of discussion, but
            feel free to adjust accordingly if you don't. Russia's also "in
            Europe" and on that list, but I don't think you meant to include
            it, and you can skip whichever nations you want when comparing
            those lists. [3] and proportionally more in comparison to the size
            of the economy as per [1]
            
  HTML      [1]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_in...
  HTML      [2]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_in...
  HTML      [3]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aldi_branches_in_Europe...
  HTML      [4]: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Countries_driving_on_th...
       
            OsrsNeedsf2P wrote 23 hours 22 min ago:
            Oh no! Heaven forbid nations around the world tax mega corporations
            and lead to a more balanced way of living
       
            pjc50 wrote 1 day ago:
            > If you're not nice with your corporations, they incorporate
            elsewhere
            
            > China
            
            China has capital controls and can still have billionaires
            "disappeared" (Jack Ma). And yet its industrial strategy seems to
            be working.
       
            hirako2000 wrote 1 day ago:
            Everything in correct. But one omission there is politics. People
            occupy nations and don't all have the same interest. Those (felt,
            or actually) left aside, not benefiting enough from the macro
            growth speak and act in their interest.
            
            The people in the E.U arguably are more successful at getting their
            demands met. They typically are less fooled by the "American
            dream", they see Zuckerberg and the others for what they are, a
            tiny number of lucky, or privileged, sometimes just very gifted
            unicorns, the extreme majority won't make it so they want social
            welfare, this tax.
            
            The IRS going after big corp may simply be the result of this MAGA
            movement, which underneath really is just a popular uprise for the
            little guy to get a slice of the lie.
            
            Of course the current head of state is a master manipulator so this
            news may just be fluff to make his electorate happy
       
            Nevermark wrote 1 day ago:
            There is being hospitable to startups, and there is being
            hospitable to massive corporate giants.
            
            Turns out there is a big difference in what “hospitable”
            actually means in these two cases. Although the tech giants don’t
            want people to think so. They work hard to keep up their
            “scrappy” underdog patinas.
            
            I am not for punishing any organization for being successful, or
            for being big. But actual neutral tax parity, for the middle class
            up, would be good. The rich have so many tax-not-neutral alternate
            ways to do the same thing, but with lower or no taxes, it is
            ridiculous.
            
            Progressive taxation isn’t effective for the most part. And when
            it is, the high disparity in application is its own kind of
            unfairness.
            
            But inescapable neutral tax treatment would remove so many high
            paying financial, legal and lobbying jobs. Who would subsidize
            political careers if we eliminated that work, and cut of those
            perverse incentives? Not a likely scenario.
       
          avmich wrote 1 day ago:
          > Corporate towns have existed, why not corporate nations?
          
          Will those nations survive Maduragate? Won't in essence it make
          easier to deal with if they aren't under souvereign law, only
          international?
       
            dredmorbius wrote 1 day ago:
            What exactly is "Maduragate"?
       
              dredmorbius wrote 19 hours 0 min ago:
              Self-response:    I'm suspecting a mispelling of "Madurogate",
              referring to the US's abduction of the president of a sovereign
              state.
       
          laylower wrote 1 day ago:
          This would not work. Investors are still based in actual countries.
          Jurisdictions will also always have the ability to tax a % of revenue
          at source / where it was generated and not on profit rolled up
          through spvs to a couple low tax havens ;)
       
          chii wrote 1 day ago:
          > Corporate towns have existed, why not corporate nations?
          
          because they dont need to do that. They can already obtain what they
          want with smaller tax havens that have already established trade/tax
          treaties, have existing facilities, infrastructures, etc.
       
            pkilgore wrote 22 hours 9 min ago:
            Because they know for some problems it's easier to pay for the
            service than take the CapEx.
       
            b112 wrote 1 day ago:
            This whole article is about "not anymore that way".  So now we need
            a new way.  A way where it isn't -20C this morning outside my door,
            OK?
       
          floatrock wrote 1 day ago:
          Sounds easier to just buy a few congressmen and a circuit judge or
          two.
       
            b112 wrote 1 day ago:
            Listen my friend.  It's -20C outside my house, so I'll kindly ask
            you to allow this fantasy to continue unabated in my mind, OK?    A
            tech haven, filled with flying cars, and AGI, and warm sandy
            beaches, and...
       
        dfxm12 wrote 1 day ago:
        The agency has lost more than a quarter of its staff, withdrawn
        directives to auditors to crack down on aggressive tax shelters and
        permitted other auditing efforts to falter.
        
        Remember the fear mongering ads [0] Republicans ran during the 2022
        midterms about arming IRS agents to act as a shadow army to go after
        every day law abiding people? As it turns out, Republicans were just
        talking about their own plans for ICE. Remember, every accusation from
        Republicans is an admission. Additionally, they don't care about crime,
        as they are specifically turning a blind eye to rich people and
        corporations breaking the law.
        
        0 -
        
  HTML  [1]: https://www.cbsnews.com/news/republicans-87000-irs-agents-midt...
       
        mrbluecoat wrote 1 day ago:
        > I.R.S. auditors have been pursuing Meta for about a decade
        
        Soon: "I.R.S. auditors have been pursuing Meta for about [a decade +
        length of current administration term]"
       
        bilekas wrote 1 day ago:
        > The agency has lost more than a quarter of its staff, withdrawn
        directives to auditors to crack down on aggressive tax shelters and
        permitted other auditing efforts to falter.
        
        When you see a government doing this, you know they're not interested
        in collecting Tax from their rich buddies.
        
        This case will sit in limbo for 20x years.
       
          themafia wrote 11 hours 3 min ago:
          > you know they're not interested in collecting Tax from their rich
          buddies.
          
          Right..  because..  they're busy trading favors with them.  It's
          abuse of the public coffers.
       
          0xy wrote 21 hours 23 min ago:
          This is an extremely common misconception (or lie, depending on who's
          saying it). The IRS, even before the cuts, targets exclusively the
          middle class.
          
          More agents = more middle class shake downs.
          
          63% of the IRS' audits under the Biden admin targeted those earning
          sub-$200K.
          
          People earning $25K a year are MORE likely to be audited than those
          earning $200K, too.
       
            adolph wrote 20 hours 45 min ago:
            > 63% of the IRS' audits under the Biden admin targeted those
            earning sub-$200K.
            
            In 2022 92.3% of filers reported income of less than $200K [0]. An
            audit rate of 63% is lower than what one would expect if
            audit-attracting behavior was evenly distributed across the
            population.
            
            0.
            
  HTML      [1]: https://www.irs.gov/statistics/soi-tax-stats-individual-st...
       
              0xy wrote 20 hours 7 min ago:
              The notion that audits should be evenly distributed is nonsense.
              Someone making sub-$200K usually has basic W2 income, versus
              someone making $20M a year who likely has an extremely
              complicated web of capital gains, deductions, strategies,
              carry-forward losses etc.
              
              It doesn't even make sense from a pure cash point of view. It's
              better for an agent to audit someone making $20M and win a $500K
              judgement than it is for them to audit 1,000 $25K earners and
              fleece them $500 a piece. What a waste.
              
              Audits should be exponentially lopsided, not targeted exclusively
              at the middle class.
       
                adolph wrote 14 hours 28 min ago:
                Why bother commenting if you don't have any data to back up
                your assertion?
                
                You can make claims about what "should" happen but that is just
                your fact-free opinion.
       
          kgwxd wrote 23 hours 24 min ago:
          Or they weren't happen with the amount of bribe money we already know
          they paid, and so now they're being made an example of. Standard Mob
          protocol.
       
            bilekas wrote 16 hours 3 min ago:
            Happy you state the obvious side quest.  But they're not made an
            example of.
       
          up2isomorphism wrote 1 day ago:
          It will be very naive to believe adding IRS staff will help with
          that. It is far easier to audit W2 employees than dealing with mega
          corporations.
       
            kccqzy wrote 23 hours 47 min ago:
            It is very naïve to think adding staff won’t help. Just look at
            what the IRS did before staff was cut; they investigated Microsoft
            aggressively and announced $29 billion in back taxes for 2004 to
            2013, plus penalties and interest.
       
              AnthonyMouse wrote 22 hours 17 min ago:
              $29B over ten years is an annual amount of less than 1% of
              Microsoft's current annual revenue. Meanwhile the company is
              appealing it so the government hasn't actually won anything yet
              (but is incurring additional costs), and on top of that it means
              there is now going to be a court decision about how this works,
              which benefits the companies wanting to do it by clarifying the
              law so that even if they lose the courts will have told them what
              they need to do differently next time in order to win. Of course,
              if they win then it's even better for them because then they can
              just keep doing what they were doing before.
              
              The actual problem is that "transfer pricing" is inherently
              ambiguous and subject to manipulation but it would take
              structural legislative changes to the tax code (e.g. tax
              corporations using something other than corporate income tax) to
              take it out of play.
       
                loeg wrote 32 min ago:
                The goal of the IRS is to enforce payers paying the correct
                amount, not to like, extract some huge fraction of companies'
                annual revenue.  If that's less than 1%, but it is net
                additional revenue for the Treasury, great.
       
            loeg wrote 1 day ago:
            > It will be very naive to believe adding IRS staff will help with
            that. It is far easier to audit W2 employees than dealing with mega
            corporations.
            
            You're saying auditing megacorps is hard, but somehow more staff
            won't help?  I don't buy it.
       
              AnthonyMouse wrote 23 hours 37 min ago:
              > You're saying auditing megacorps is hard, but somehow more
              staff won't help? I don't buy it.
              
              It's not so much that it's hard, it's that it has a lower return
              on investment, because the IRS gets money from finding mistakes
              or intentional fraud. Megacorps have entire legal teams dedicated
              to preventing those things from happening, while lowering their
              taxes by finding lawful ways of reducing their taxes to almost
              nothing by pouring over the unfathomable complexity of the tax
              code to find obscure credits or chain together the right sequence
              of things so their profits end up in a jurisdiction where they're
              not taxed.
              
              If you audit them you spend an enormous amount of resources
              because their accounts are so complicated and then only get money
              if they screwed up, which they're less likely to have done than
              someone with fewer lawyers, and even then it will typically be
              something like you found a credit they weren't allowed to take
              and they owe $50,000 but the thing where they have a hundred
              billion in revenue and 0.2% of that in taxable profit was all by
              the book.
              
              Meanwhile smaller entities are far more likely to have screwed up
              because they have fewer resources to navigate the complexity of
              the tax code, and their accounts are less complicated, which
              makes it easier for the IRS to find mistakes and therefore get
              money. So if you give the IRS more resources and tell them to do
              audits to maximize recovery, those are the people they audit.
              
              But that also involves auditing a ton of individuals and small
              businesses who didn't do anything wrong in order to find the ones
              that did, and they rightfully hate that because nobody is paying
              them for the actual costs of the audit where the IRS found
              nothing, which is why they keep lobbying to stop the IRS from
              getting more resources to do that to them. And if the IRS had to
              pay the taxpayer's side of the audit costs then their "recovery
              efficiency rate" would go way down.
       
                jandrese wrote 22 hours 48 min ago:
                > It's not so much that it's hard, it's that it has a lower
                return on investment, because the IRS gets money from finding
                mistakes or intentional fraud. Megacorps have entire legal
                teams dedicated to preventing those things from happening
                
                Or: Megacorps have entire teams of people looking for ways to
                reduce their taxes, many of which are legally dubious but the
                risk of being caught * the size of the fine means it makes
                business sense to do it regardless of legality.
       
                  AnthonyMouse wrote 21 hours 55 min ago:
                  > Megacorps have entire teams of people looking for ways to
                  reduce their taxes, many of which are legally dubious but the
                  risk of being caught * the size of the fine means it makes
                  business sense to do it regardless of legality.
                  
                  "Legally dubious" is the problem, because ambiguous laws are
                  supposed to be interpreted most favorably to the defendant
                  rather than the government, and then all parties have to
                  incur much higher costs because the ambiguity means it goes
                  to litigation, and there is a significant chance that all of
                  those resources are consumed and it comes out in favor of the
                  corporation in the end. The IRS much prefers to find cases
                  where the taxpayer is clearly violating the law.
       
                    jandrese wrote 14 hours 46 min ago:
                    If someday we get some kind of supergenius congress that
                    can write laws that are unambiguous and have no loopholes
                    then this won't be a problem.  Until then there will be a
                    constant back and forth between people who want to fund
                    things with tax revenue and people who don't want to pay
                    taxes about how to interpret the wording.
       
                      AnthonyMouse wrote 10 hours 26 min ago:
                      That's not the problem in this case. There is no one
                      complaining about corporations avoiding their property
                      tax or payroll tax. When Walmart collects sales tax,
                      they're not finding some loophole that allows them to
                      keep the money themselves instead of remitting it to the
                      government, because that isn't really a thing.
                      
                      The problem is specifically a structural defect in the
                      way corporate income tax works for multinational
                      corporations, because it's nominally a tax on profit. But
                      unlike workers or land or customers, that isn't a thing
                      with a physical location and that gives the corporations
                      an unlimited number of ways to move it around so it ends
                      up where they want it, which is in a place where they pay
                      the least in tax.
                      
                      It's not a matter of writing the law better. When you use
                      that type of tax, the ambiguity is in the facts. If their
                      global profit margin is e.g. 15% and you can't measure
                      the fair market value of the things the subsidiaries in
                      one country buy from a subsidiary in another with a
                      smaller margin of error than that, they can shift all of
                      their profits to wherever they want.
                      
                      There is no reasonable way to fix it while still using
                      that type of tax because it's not possible to measure the
                      fair market value of everything with enough precision
                      that they can't manipulate the outcome. You have to use a
                      different type of tax instead, but then people don't do
                      that and complain about the inevitable result.
       
                  thaumasiotes wrote 22 hours 28 min ago:
                  No, that's a contradiction of your parent comment. In your
                  model, doing more audits would increase "the risk of being
                  caught" and have good ROI.
       
                loeg wrote 22 hours 50 min ago:
                This is a moved set of goalposts from the comment I responded
                to -- and we know that, because the original author had already
                confirmed that replying to me before your comment: [1] .
                
  HTML          [1]: https://news.ycombinator.com/item?id=47139400
       
                  AnthonyMouse wrote 22 hours 7 min ago:
                  Both of those comments are making a consistent argument: It's
                  easier (and I would add more cost effective) to target
                  smaller taxpayers, so that's what the IRS typically does when
                  given more resources.
       
                bdangubic wrote 23 hours 30 min ago:
                > It's not so much that it's hard, it's that it has a lower
                return on investment, because the IRS gets money from finding
                mistakes or intentional fraud....
                
                Isn't this exactly what all megacorps are hoping for everyone
                thinks? I am not saying that you are wrong but these megacorps
                are some of the most evil the Civilization has ever seen (see
                Meta) and now you and I are hired as tax attorneys - pretty
                soon (if not right away) one of us will go "this shit's very
                much so illegal but who is actually going to audit us? - the
                answer, per your comment is basically no one because we think
                these megacorps and their lawyers are there to play by the
                book...
       
                  AnthonyMouse wrote 23 hours 16 min ago:
                  In order for that to make sense to them, it would have to be
                  impossible for them to avoid paying taxes without breaking
                  the law, but the very nature of applying "corporate income
                  tax" to an international supply chain makes that relatively
                  straightforward.
                  
                  The general problem is this. You have a company with its
                  headquarters in Ireland that designs a product in California,
                  manufactures it in China and sells it in Germany. In which
                  country did they make a profit and therefore owe taxes? It
                  depends on what each subsidiary bought from the others and
                  how much they paid, so they're going to structure their
                  operations so that the profit ends up in the one with the
                  lowest taxes. That's the defect in "corporate income tax" for
                  international companies, and why it gives international
                  companies an advantage over domestic ones.
                  
                  In order to fix that you need a tax code that says the taxes
                  have to be paid to the country where whatever subset of their
                  operations you want to tax is actually present. But then it's
                  not "corporate income tax" anymore. If you want to tax them
                  in the location they have workers it's payroll tax, if it's
                  where they have buildings it's property tax, if it's where
                  they have customers it's VAT, etc. You need it to be
                  something they can't so easily move out of your jurisdiction.
                  Because if you say that it's profit then they'll just arrange
                  to make their profits in Ireland or Bermuda.
       
                    oarsinsync wrote 22 hours 51 min ago:
                    Or the US could tax it's corporations just like it taxes
                    it's citizens.
                    
                    Doesn't care that the citizens pay tax in whatever country
                    they live in. If they earn over some 6 figure sum, they
                    have to pay tax in the US as well.
                    
                    That would put US corporations at a distinct disadvantage
                    on the global scene, so it won't happen. Disadvantaging
                    citizens doesn't seem to matter as much.
       
                      solidsnack9000 wrote 22 hours 4 min ago:
                      The problem here is not how the US taxes corporations,
                      but rather that there are different corporations
                      involved. A regular citizen can not establish an
                      additional, foreign citizen that "owns" them or
                      "supplies" them with IP (or labor hours, &c) -- this kind
                      of tax management accounting is not possible for
                      citizens.
       
                        oarsinsync wrote 22 hours 1 min ago:
                        They're not different unrelated corporations, they're
                        subsidiaries of a parent that is ultimately a US
                        entity.
                        
                        The citizen has literally upped and moved themselves
                        entirely to a foreign country.
                        
                        The corporation has just forked a bit of itself
                        elsewhere.
                        
                        And yet the corporation can't be taxed, but the
                        individual can.
       
                          AnthonyMouse wrote 21 hours 52 min ago:
                          You still haven't answered the question: What are you
                          going to do when Apple or Google becomes
                          "subsidiaries of a parent that is ultimately not a US
                          entity"? What about your proposal prevents them from
                          registering the parent company somewhere else while
                          changing nothing else about their operations? Making
                          them file different paperwork doesn't accomplish
                          anything.
       
                            bdangubic wrote 21 hours 38 min ago:
                            would in this case help to treat Apple and Google
                            as foreign company? No government contracts (or
                            super strict rules to get them), tariffs…?
       
                              AnthonyMouse wrote 21 hours 27 min ago:
                              > No government contracts (or super strict rules
                              to get them)
                              
                              Now you've created a disadvantage for
                              corporations to bid on government contracts,
                              reducing competition and causing the government
                              to pay more for stuff. Meanwhile the companies
                              that actually bid are then the ones that
                              specialize in lobbying the government and
                              register locally and other corporations still
                              register elsewhere.
                              
                              > tariffs
                              
                              If you were going to use that you could just as
                              easily use VAT to begin with.
       
                                bdangubic wrote 19 hours 14 min ago:
                                foreign-owned companies already are at
                                disadvantage (rightfully so) getting gov
                                contracts. so if you gonna try to evade paying
                                taxes claiming you are based in Burma the
                                government should treat you accordingly. given
                                that there is no bigger customer than US
                                government the companies might re-think their
                                Burmese HQ?
       
                                  AnthonyMouse wrote 18 hours 32 min ago:
                                  > given that there is no bigger customer than
                                  US government the companies might re-think
                                  their Burmese HQ?
                                  
                                  Only if the percentage of their business
                                  represented by US government contracts is
                                  more than the US corporate tax rate, i.e.
                                  only for companies like Lockheed whose
                                  business is focused on government contracts.
                                  But those are some of the largest "domestic
                                  companies" being put at a disadvantage by the
                                  existing tax system because they already
                                  can't use the same international tax
                                  avoidance strategies as other companies when
                                  they're required to use domestic supply
                                  chains by those same government contracts.
                                  
                                  Meanwhile the companies that do lower
                                  percentages of their business with the
                                  government would just stop doing business
                                  with the government at all, causing the
                                  government to pay more for things because
                                  that company would otherwise have been the
                                  one to get the contract by being the one to
                                  offer the government the best price.
       
                      AnthonyMouse wrote 22 hours 38 min ago:
                      The thing the US does to its citizens is bizarre and
                      atypical and it should stop doing that.
                      
                      But how would that even work for a corporation? Suppose
                      you did that; is anything multinational going to remain a
                      US corporation? Of course not, they'll just register in
                      some other country. The CEO of Stellantis nee Chrysler is
                      in Michigan but how many people can guess which country
                      the corporation is registered in without looking it up?
       
              up2isomorphism wrote 1 day ago:
              Of course it won’t help. If you have an audit target to meet
              you want target meta?
              
              This exactly why ICE agents tends to target illegal immigrants
              that actually get a job and contribute to the society instead of
              criminals. Because the former are easy targets.
              
              Also fundamentally the tax law in the US are intrinsically favor
              capital owners, especially large corporations, adding more IRS
              agents only cost more tax payer’s money and give regular people
              more headaches.
       
                loeg wrote 23 hours 54 min ago:
                > If you have an audit target to meet you want target meta?
                
                I don't believe the approach the IRS takes is to set targets
                and only audit the lowest hanging fruit up to some target. 
                They have different sub-organizations pursuing different goals,
                and some sort of vision about fairness that means going after
                tough cases.
                
                > This exactly why ICE agents tends to target illegal
                immigrants that actually get a job and contribute to the
                society instead of criminals. Because the former are easy
                targets.
                
                This is completely orthogonal, but also untrue.  It's way
                easier to go after criminals, as long as states cooperate.  The
                recent Trumpian ICE is more expensive and less effective than
                earlier regimes.
                
                > adding more IRS agents only cost more tax payer’s money and
                give regular people more headaches.
                
                Many, many regular people underpay the taxes they owe. 
                Additional IRS agents help close the gap between taxes owed and
                taxes paid, at a cost lower than the additional revenue.  Your
                argument is just "individual tax cheats should be able to get
                away with it," which I can't agree with.
       
              pimlottc wrote 1 day ago:
              I think they are suggesting the lack of political will to go
              after big companies is the bigger problem
       
          lenerdenator wrote 1 day ago:
          Ayup. Trump was able to get a stay on a case on an "allegedly"
          improperly-applied tax write-off for his casino's bankruptcy. It's
          been in limbo at least since 2016. Ten years. This is the standard
          operating procedure for people at that level of wealth.
          
          Which would suggest that perhaps that level of wealth doesn't need to
          exist in our society.
       
            tempodox wrote 23 hours 40 min ago:
            > that level of wealth doesn't need to exist in our society.
            
            But then the inquisition arrives saying this is socialism or
            whatever.
       
              scottyah wrote 23 hours 21 min ago:
              True, as it is just another symptom of not too much wealth, but
              the growing disconnect of what wealth is designed to be. Money
              shouldn't be power, too many people are starting to blame "too
              much money" instead of asking why money is turning into political
              power. Seemingly none of the politicians or rich people want that
              narrative because they all want both.
       
                adrianN wrote 23 hours 7 min ago:
                Has there ever been a society were money and power didn’t go
                hand in hand?
       
                  jandrese wrote 22 hours 44 min ago:
                  Sure, societies that don't have the concept of currency.  The
                  inhabitants of the Sentinel Islands for example.
                  
                  Some other societies have different ways of measuring
                  authority and delegating power, but in general currency is
                  more efficient and if they have to interface with the rest of
                  the world then money will be critical.    That's why money is
                  usually a proxy for power.
       
                  chowells wrote 23 hours 2 min ago:
                  Is it even possible for money to not be power? Like, how do
                  you separate purchasing power from influence power?
                  Purchasing is a very easy route to influence.
       
                    scottyah wrote 17 hours 12 min ago:
                    It is A form of power, but it should not have such a
                    liquid/easy transaction to political power.
       
          mothballed wrote 1 day ago:
          >..withdrawn directives to auditors to crack down on aggressive tax
          shelters..
          
          The above might be a salient point, but as for the 1/4 auditors lost
          and the rest:
          
          The low income (under 25k) with EITC, were the largest audited group
          with 298,485 of 626,204 audits performed in 2022. The rest of those
          earning under 200k had 250,391 audits.[]
          48% of audits were under 25k income w/ EITC. 87% of audits were
          people under 200k income.
          
          Kind of interferes with the idea these audits were all about going
          after the "rich buddies." They were way more about going after the
          poor than they were about going after the rich.
          
          [] IRS management audit reports obtained via FOIA by via TRAC /
          
  HTML    [1]: https://tracreports.org/reports/706/
       
            orwin wrote 1 day ago:
            What percentage of that is automated audit, and what percentage is
            manual audit? Nowaday my country is mostly sane with tax filings,
            but in the weird time between the 90s and the 2010s, we had an
            uptick in "fraud" by low-income earners. This was caused by
            inconsistencies between filed data and the data the IRS equivalent
            had, but i guarantee you no effort was put into thsi (except
            secreterial manpower for the hotline/mail), that was just automated
            system ringing.
            
            In fact my first college side-job was exactly that, responding to
            taxpayers who were "caught" by the automated system and needed a
            payment delay.
       
            idontwantthis wrote 1 day ago:
            Biden and democrats increased funding in order to have the
            resources to go after rich offenders and they were doing it
            successfully and earning more than it cost, but Trumpublicans
            immediately rescinded it. 
            It’s all public record go look for it.
       
              gamblor956 wrote 1 day ago:
              Not sure why you're being downvoted for this comment as it's
              true.
              
              Democrats increased IRS funding so it could go after more tax
              evaders. Conservative estimates are that eliminating tax evasion
              (evasion, not avoidance) by the ultra-wealthy could allow the
              U.S. to reduce rate brackets by 2-3% across the board while
              maintaining revenue.
       
              mothballed wrote 1 day ago:
              Yet they refused to codify the "promise" it wouldn't be used for
              under 400k income families.  Look at what they do, not what they
              say.  In public they make 'promises' but in statute it turns into
              ether, meanwhile real audit data pointing to otherwise.
              
              -------- re: below due to throttling ------
              
              >I'm very confused about where you're going with this. Are you
              upset that too many rich people are getting audited, or that tax
              cheats under 400k income might also get audited?
              
              ... this was a direct response to parent stating increased
              funding was added specifically for going after rich people.  Yes
              I would be upset if I was told they were adding new funding
              specifically to go after rich tax cheats but then turns out to be
              something like "welp actually we refuse to codify that or make
              anything binding that it will be used for those purposes, but for
              the cameras we will pinky swear it will be used for that and
              please don't look at the historical data for inferences."
       
                jasonlotito wrote 23 hours 37 min ago:
                > Yet they refused to codify the "promise" it wouldn't be used
                for under 400k income families.
                
                This is a lie. They didn't refuse. They didn't have it codified
                because they were trying to figure out how to define that. For
                example, one of the challenges IRS was having was someone
                reporting $390,000 but they actually earned $450,000. How do
                you deteremine that without an audit? Do you need a waiver? How
                does that get resolved without breaking the promise.
                
                > Look at what they do, not what they say.
                
                They were actively working on how to respect the promise in a
                reasonable way.
       
                  alistairSH wrote 23 hours 4 min ago:
                  Yep.  Here are some details, for anybody interested...
                  
  HTML            [1]: https://www.govexec.com/oversight/2024/09/irs-behind...
       
                idiotsecant wrote 1 day ago:
                I'm very confused about where you're going with this. Are you
                upset that too many rich people are getting audited, or that
                tax cheats under 400k income might also get audited?
       
                  alistairSH wrote 23 hours 2 min ago:
                  Biden's desired policy was none of the additional funding
                  would be used to increase audit rates for <$400k returns.
                  
                  The IRS didn't follow the intended policy, getting bogged
                  down in the details of how they would define that threshold
                  (primarily, would somebody who understated their income to
                  get below the threshold count as "under 400k and audited").
                  
                  Not really sure why the OP is so upset - either way, the
                  payback on additional funding to the IRS is almost
                  universally stated as revenue-positive.
       
            hnburnsy wrote 1 day ago:
            This has been debunked as these are just data matching audits as
            EITC is full of fraud with an estimated 30% of over claiming and
            improper payments by taxpayers.
       
              axus wrote 1 day ago:
              And I would estimate 30% of people using tax shelters are
              underpaying their taxes.  If there's profitable work to do for
              tax auditors, hire more auditors and cover both problems.
       
              mothballed wrote 1 day ago:
              Even if you change the view to it's mostly the poor who are the
              tax scammers it doesn't degrade the counterpoints that these
              auditors were by far mostly going after the middle class and poor
              -- you're just asserting the poors are *disproportionately tax
              cheats that perhaps deserve it.
              
              *edit: since my words were take in bad faith
       
                fwipsy wrote 1 day ago:
                I think you're strawmanning a bit. They're not saying poor
                people are tax cheats, just that tax cheats tend to be poor.
                This makes sense for the same reasons other types of crime are
                also associated with poverty. This is not to say that wealthy
                people do not also evade taxes, but they do so in ways that are
                harder to catch and prosecute. You're implying that going after
                poor people is some sort of classist discrimination but I think
                it's far more likely that there are good reasons for it.
       
                  breppp wrote 1 day ago:
                  am i missing something, or is the statistic that is used to
                  pinpoint someone as poor, is the same statistic that is gamed
                  here? Namely the amount of income that a person declares to
                  the IRS?
       
                  SAI_Peregrinus wrote 1 day ago:
                  Or just that there are more poor people. Say 10% of all
                  people are tax cheats, evenly across income. The top 1% who
                  are the rich is much smaller than the bottom 50% who are the
                  poor. So in absolute numbers there will be far more poor tax
                  cheats than wealthy. Even if 100% of the wealthy are tax
                  cheats, that still ends up being fewer wealthy tax cheats
                  than poor tax cheats. Anything involving absolute numbers of
                  audits is going to be skewed to show more happening to the
                  poor, because there are so many more poor people than rich
                  people.
       
                    mothballed wrote 1 day ago:
                    Last I checked it's way closer to 28% than 48% of people
                    that have earned income of at least $1 (thus EITC) and
                    total income less than $25k -- which fall under the bucket
                    of 48% of audits were for those with EITC and income under
                    25k.  They are definitely disproportionately going after
                    the poorest workers.
       
                hnburnsy wrote 1 day ago:
                They wrote a program years ago to data match EITC, little to no
                extra manpower from the IRS is needed, that is the point.
       
            jcarreiro wrote 1 day ago:
            There are many, many more tax returns filed by people earning under
            200k adjusted gross income than those earning more, I assume. So if
            there's a uniform chance that a return is audited, we would expect
            most audits to be done on returns under that threshold.
            
            Of course, it may not make sense to select returns uniformly at
            random for audits...
       
              ryandrake wrote 1 day ago:
              Also, if tax cheating is uniform across the population, then the
              statement "there are more tax cheats earning under 200k" is true
              but wildly misleading, since "there are more taxpayers earning
              under 200k" is also true.
       
              mothballed wrote 1 day ago:
              Nowhere near 48% of the population earns enough wages for EITC
              but still under 25k.  It's way way way way overrepresented in
              audits. Nearly half of the audits are aimed at the poorest
              workers.
              
              ------- re: below due to throttling-----------
              
              .... they were audits according to IRS.  This is from the FOIA'd
              audit numbers from IRS via TRAC.
       
                oklahomasports wrote 1 day ago:
                They are not audits. They are automated notices to idiots
                trying to claim the same child tax credit in multiple returns
                or hiding income(not reporting their w2 lol) to claim the EITC
       
                  buttercraft wrote 1 day ago:
                  In other words, understaffed agency goes for the low hanging
                  fruit
       
                    oklahomasports wrote 20 hours 45 min ago:
                    Weird way to frame it. The computer does it automatically.
                    They would do it whether they were well staffed or not.
       
                      johnnyanmac wrote 18 hours 34 min ago:
                      The computer does not do all the loopholes and tax codes
                      automatically.    If it did that would solve a lot of these
                      problems.  But we need audits in the cases companies or
                      people lie/exaggerate/forget/etc.
       
            mikestew wrote 1 day ago:
            Kind of interferes with the idea these audits were all about going
            after the "rich buddies."
            
            I think you misread the parent comment, who said exactly the
            opposite.
       
          spiderfarmer wrote 1 day ago:
          At what point does the term “regime” become an accurate
          description of that government rather than a derogatory label?
       
            wiml wrote 21 hours 31 min ago:
            "Regime" is mostly derogatory among the terminally online. It's an
            accurate description of any government, regulatory system, zone of
            applicability of a natural law, etc etc.
       
            kgwxd wrote 23 hours 22 min ago:
            Long, long time ago. Accuracy don't matter to enough people though.
       
            tempodox wrote 23 hours 36 min ago:
            Are you suggesting that an accurate description would not be
            derogatory?
       
            p_j_w wrote 1 day ago:
            When their agents execute people in the street with no
            repercussions.
       
              autoexec wrote 23 hours 57 min ago:
              In that case I can't think of time my country hasn't been a
              regime I guess. Police have pretty much always been executing
              people in the streets without repercussions. Although there has
              been a small amount of progress recently, these days they do it
              on camera and still face zero repercussions much of the time.
       
                kgwxd wrote 23 hours 20 min ago:
                Yup, and the people calling it out all this time were
                consistently shrugged off as being hyperbolic. Still are.
                Always will be.
       
          reactordev wrote 1 day ago:
          Exactly. This is just one big tech fighting another big tech using
          the government as a weapon.
       
          yellow_lead wrote 1 day ago:
          Or they'll settle with Meta in a few years for a small fee with no
          admission of wrongdoing to save face.
       
            InkCanon wrote 22 hours 47 min ago:
            Meta is actually at a huge disadvantage here. The IRS has a
            litigation success rate of 93%. It's an astoundingly successful
            legal entity.
       
              shagie wrote 22 hours 24 min ago:
              That's a success rate that largely is based on suing people who
              don't have the resources to fight it (no claims made about if
              they're right or not).
              
              However, the IRS has had reductions in staff and funding which
              made it harder to go after the bigger accounts who have more
              forensic accounting needing to be done to find the money in the
              various tax shelters. [1] > "The IRS is simultaneously
              confronting a reduction of 27% of its workforce, leadership
              turnover, and the implementation of extensive and complex tax law
              changes" mandated by Republicans' tax and spending measure that
              President Donald Trump signed into law last summer, Collins said
              in her report. [2] (May 2025)
              
              > The Global High Wealth department of the IRS is designed to
              audit ultrawealthy individuals and corporations, who often hire
              highly sophisticated tax advisors to devise ways to avoid taxes
              and to respond to the IRS if they are challenged. But, as of late
              March, the department was cut by nearly 40 percent—and likely
              more by now with the additional RIFs.
              
              I would be willing to contend that while they've got a 93%
              overall, that's historical numbers and the teams that would go
              against Meta and others are severely understaffed.
              
  HTML        [1]: https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/irs-faces-challenges...
  HTML        [2]: https://www.americanprogress.org/article/the-fiscal-impa...
       
                johnnyanmac wrote 21 hours 35 min ago:
                Man who spent career evading taxes weakens tax collection
                system. Who would have thunk it?
       
                  shagie wrote 21 hours 22 min ago:
                  While he's the most recent one, it's been a systemic problem
                  that's largely been from congressional budget cuts.
                  
                  2014 The War on the IRS [1] 2015 Poor IRS Service Reflects
                  Congress’s Deep Funding Cuts [2] 2018 How the IRS Was
                  Gutted [3] 2020 Congressional Budget Office Confirms That IRS
                  Budget Cuts Lose Money and Benefit the Rich
                  
  HTML            [1]: https://taxpolicycenter.org/taxvox/war-irs
  HTML            [2]: https://www.cbpp.org/research/federal-tax/poor-irs-s...
  HTML            [3]: https://www.propublica.org/article/how-the-irs-was-g...
  HTML            [4]: https://itep.org/congressional-budget-office-confirm...
       
              aljgz wrote 22 hours 44 min ago:
              What's the success rate when data is limited to only very large
              companies, say top 50 in size?
       
        blinding-streak wrote 1 day ago:
        
        
  HTML  [1]: https://archive.ph/Vsdqd
       
        raw_anon_1111 wrote 1 day ago:
        With the way that Zuckerberg both kisses up to and has bribed the
        current administration by “settling lawsuits”, this won’t go
        anywhere.
       
        mitchbob wrote 1 day ago:
        > The agency is using real-world profit data to challenge how big
        companies value offshore intellectual property.
        
  HTML  [1]: https://archive.ph/2026.02.24-124153/https://www.nytimes.com/2...
       
          forgotaccount3 wrote 21 hours 9 min ago:
          My only concern here is that it's using ex post facto information to
          try to dispute earlier assessments.
          
          If I 'moved' some AI 'patents' to another country 5 years ago and
          stated they were worth $x using some formula and now some years later
          the government steps in and says 'No no no, you earned $x + $y and
          lied on the original value which should have represented the
          discounted future income!' that's not disputing the formula used in
          the original point. It's just that 5 years ago people underestimated
          how far and how valuable AI would be.
       
            seanhunter wrote 1 hour 3 min ago:
            Sure but if that’s the case there should be some tax on the mark
            to market difference. If not it’s just straight up tax fraud
            (which I suspect is often actually the case).
       
          notyourwork wrote 1 day ago:
          Probably less about tax revenue and more about the executive branch
          squeezing tech companies to assert influence.
       
            bonsai_spool wrote 1 day ago:
            > Probably less about tax revenue and more about the executive
            branch squeezing tech companies to assert influence.
            
            Absolutely not about this, as is clearly reported in the linked
            article.
       
              notyourwork wrote 1 day ago:
              Because the article said so? That’s your rationale for saying
              the executive branch isn’t weaponizing the rest of government
              offices for their own influence and benefit. Sorry, color me
              unconvinced until this administration shows good faith.
       
                bonsai_spool wrote 1 day ago:
                > Because the article said so?
                
                Because... the article clearly says the case began under the
                FORMER administration, and goes further to say that it's not
                clear whether the CURRENT administration is going to drop the
                case.
       
                  loeg wrote 1 day ago:
                  I don't think that really disproves GP's hypothesis.  The
                  Trump admin is happy to drop lawsuits for connected entities.
                   The fact that they're sustaining a Biden-initiated suit is
                  plausibly because they just don't like Meta/Zuckerberg.
       
                    bonsai_spool wrote 23 hours 46 min ago:
                    Help me understand the thinking.
                    
                    >> Probably less about tax revenue and more about the
                    executive branch squeezing tech companies to assert
                    influence.
                    
                    The case existed and presumably had the same lawyers all
                    the while. How, then, can the case become less about tax
                    revenue?
                    
                    You may say that there are ulterior motives, but, at the
                    most, one can say that additional concerns have complicated
                    the tax revenue concern. We're well into fascist times, but
                    the OP comment simply ignores the facts.
       
                  ryandrake wrote 1 day ago:
                  Am I the only one who thinks it's totally bonkers that a
                  lawsuit can outlast a 4 year presidential administration? I
                  mean, I get it, court cases can be complex, but what on earth
                  could they be continuously doing for four years? I would love
                  to see an hour by hour accounting of the time actually spent
                  by humans on a case like this. My guess is that it's like a
                  poorly run software project: mostly empty, where Person X is
                  blocked waiting on the output of Person Y for weeks, and so
                  on.
       
                    snowwrestler wrote 21 hours 30 min ago:
                    > what on earth could they be continuously doing for four
                    years?
                    
                    It’s not continuous. Court time in particular is a scarce
                    resource. Many people are involved in complex litigation,
                    and for almost all of those people it is not their only
                    project / job.
                    
                    > My guess is that it's like a poorly run software project:
                    mostly empty, where Person X is blocked waiting on the
                    output of Person Y for weeks, and so on.
                    
                    Correct but the off times aren’t empty; the lawyers and
                    staff simply pick up one of the other hundreds of tasks in
                    front of them while they wait.
       
                    rayiner wrote 23 hours 57 min ago:
                    The court system is designed to optimize throughput at the
                    expense of latency, against the background of a system
                    where authority is vested in a relatively small number of
                    presidentially appointed and Senate-confirmed
                    constitutional officers. About 350,000 civil cases and
                    65,000 criminal cases are filed every year, spread out
                    across less than 700 district court judges.
                    
                    To maximize throughput, proceedings are structured like
                    batch processing systems. You submit work, it waits in the
                    queue until the system gets to it, some intermediate
                    decision is rendered, and then you submit some more work.
                    For constitutional reasons, criminal cases cut in line,
                    which can further increase the latency of civil cases. That
                    means that, in a four-year case, the lawyers don't actually
                    work on the case for four years straight. They do batches
                    of work a couple of months at a time, and then work on
                    other cases while waiting for the output.
                    
                    Moreover, court case are, to a degree, inherently serial.
                    Motions to dismiss--briefs that argue a case must be
                    dismissed because its legally defective--must be filed
                    before you start deposing witnesses or exchanging
                    documents. You generally need to do depositions of
                    witnesses after you've reviewed all the relevant documents.
                    And all the fact gathering must be done before you file
                    summary judgment motions--briefs that argue a case can be
                    decided on the factual record without a trial.[1]
                    
                    Part of the inherent delay is that the legal system is
                    already an "exception path" in the ordinary course of
                    business. A lot of time is spent waiting for people outside
                    your organization who don't work for you. For example, when
                    you're deposing a witness, they have work responsibilities,
                    vacation plans, etc., and everyone has to work around that.
                    
                    It's possible to structure cases where everything can be
                    done in a year. That's what happens at the International
                    Trade Commission, for example. Arbitration proceedings can
                    also be structured like that.
                    
                    [1] This also means that legal teams aren't very big.
                    Massive corporate cases with billions of dollars on the
                    line are handled with core teams of a dozen or so
                    lawyers--with maybe another dozen or two parachuting in to
                    help with specific phases like trial. Technology was
                    squeezed out a lot of the parallelizable work. The days of
                    20 junior attorneys sitting in rooms reviewing boxes of
                    paper documents are gone.
       
                      samat wrote 18 hours 41 min ago:
                      Thank you so much for this explanation. Love HN for this
                      type of comments!
       
                    helterskelter wrote 1 day ago:
                    This is the nature of any non-trivial litigation. It can
                    take a long time just to source all the records of what's
                    being argued over, then it takes a long time to argue over
                    what's allowed, then a long time to argue what all of it
                    means, then a long time to argue over which laws,
                    jurisdictions and precedents apply, then a long time to
                    figure out when the judge (who is juggling >1000 cases) can
                    fit you in, then your legal counsel is on vacation, then
                    the complaint gets amended and you have to reevaluate
                    everything you've been fighting over for the past half
                    decade, repeating much of the above, then opposition
                    replaces their counsel (that's a 60 day pause), then the
                    judge dies from old age, and then finally everybody forgets
                    about it because space has expanded so much since you
                    started the case that nobody can communicate anymore and
                    the universe is going into heat death.
                    
                    Kafka was trained as an attorney, after all.
       
                      lesuorac wrote 23 hours 41 min ago:
                      > It can take a long time just to source all the records
                      of what's being argued over,
                      
                      It seems to me that if you can't timely procure your own
                      records in a court case the case should be allowed to
                      proceed with any assumptions based on them in your
                      opponent's favor. Whats really the difference between
                      taking 2+ years to procure a document and deleting that
                      document?
       
                        AnthonyMouse wrote 22 hours 51 min ago:
                        It's typically not a matter of having the documents,
                        it's a matter of filtering them.
                        
                        Suppose you have a corporate mail server with all your
                        mail on it, and a competitor sues you. Your emails are
                        going to be full of trade secrets, prices negotiated
                        with suppliers, etc. Things that are irrelevant to the
                        litigation and can't be given to the competitor.
                        Meanwhile there are other emails they're entitled to
                        see because they're directly relevant to the
                        litigation.
                        
                        What option do you have other than to have someone go
                        read ten years worth of emails to decide which ones
                        they get?
                        
                        > Whats really the difference between taking 2+ years
                        to procure a document and deleting that document?
                        
                        The difference is obviously that they get the document
                        in the 2nd+ year of the trial instead of never.
       
                          mlhpdx wrote 21 hours 25 min ago:
                          As someone who has built an e-discovery platform I
                          can tell you that any delays these days are because
                          they are helpful to minimize negative employer cash
                          flow. In other words, exactly why corporate lawyers
                          are paid.
                          
                          The technology for legal review is extremely fast and
                          effective.
       
                          johnnyanmac wrote 21 hours 39 min ago:
                          >What option do you have other than to have someone
                          go read ten years worth of emails to decide which
                          ones they get?
                          
                          This funnily enough sounds like the exact use case of
                          AI in streamlining timely, tedious, but important
                          matters. Now the that someone simply needs to verify
                          that the filtered documents are relevsnt.
                          
                          Of course,  I'm assuming a world where AI works on
                          this scale. Or a world where this slow walking
                          discovery isn't a feature for corporations.
                          
                          > The difference is obviously that they get the
                          document in the 2nd+ year of the trial instead of
                          never.
                          
                          Yeah,  after using that year to make billions of
                          dollars. That's how the current AI litigation is
                          going. Once again by design. Pillage until the cows
                          come home in 5-6 years.
       
                            AnthonyMouse wrote 21 hours 33 min ago:
                            > Now the that someone simply needs to verify that
                            the filtered documents are relevsnt.
                            
                            Now someone simply needs to verify that the
                            filtered in documents are relevant and the filtered
                            out documents are not relevant. But wait, that was
                            the original problem.
       
                              johnnyanmac wrote 21 hours 30 min ago:
                              If they are trusting AI to replace labor, they
                              should trust AI to be accountable for bad
                              filters. What happens when a human misses over a
                              document or 2?
       
                                AnthonyMouse wrote 21 hours 20 min ago:
                                > If they are trusting AI to replace labor,
                                they should trust AI to be accountable for bad
                                filters.
                                
                                Surely all of the AI hype is true and there are
                                no hypocrites in Corporate America.
                                
                                > What happens when a human misses over a
                                document or 2?
                                
                                If they were obligated to produce it and don't
                                they can get into some pretty bad trouble with
                                the court. If they hand over something
                                sensitive they weren't required to, they could
                                potentially lose billions of dollars by handing
                                trade secrets to a competitor, or get sued by
                                someone else for violating an NDA etc.
       
                                  johnnyanmac wrote 21 hours 1 min ago:
                                  >Surely all of the AI hype is true and there
                                  are no hypocrites in Corporate America.
                                  
                                  Worst case they are right and now we have
                                  more efficient processing. Best case,
                                  bungling up some high profile cases
                                  accelerates us towards proper regulation when
                                  a judge tires of AI scapegoats.
                                  
                                  I don't see a big downside here.
                                  
                                  >If they were obligated to produce it and
                                  don't they can get into some pretty bad
                                  trouble with the court.
                                  
                                  Okay, seems easy enough to map to AI. Just a
                                  matter of who we hold accountable for it. The
                                  prompter,  the company at large, or the AI
                                  provider.
       
                                    AnthonyMouse wrote 18 hours 50 min ago:
                                    > I don't see a big downside here.
                                    
                                    There is an obvious downside for them which
                                    is why they don't do it. To make them do it
                                    the judge would have to order them to use
                                    AI to do it faster, which would make it a
                                    lot less reasonable for the judge to get
                                    mad at them when the AI messes it up.
                                    
                                    > Just a matter of who we hold accountable
                                    for it. The prompter, the company at large,
                                    or the AI provider.
                                    
                                    You're just asking who you want to have
                                    refuse to do it because everybody knows it
                                    wouldn't actually get it perfect and then
                                    the person you want to punish when it goes
                                    wrong is the person who is going to say no.
       
                                      johnnyanmac wrote 18 hours 44 min ago:
                                      >There is an obvious downside for them
                                      which is why they don't do it.
                                      
                                      Well yes. This is all academic. I already
                                      said in the first comment that they have
                                      a financial incentive to stall the
                                      courts.
                                      
                                      >You're just asking who you want to have
                                      refuse to do it....
                                      
                                      I just want efficiency.  It's a shame we
                                      can't have that when it comes to things
                                      that might help the people and hurt
                                      billionaires.
                                      
                                      So what's really wrong with what I'm
                                      asking?
       
                                        AnthonyMouse wrote 18 hours 10 min ago:
                                        > I already said in the first comment
                                        that they have a financial incentive to
                                        stall the courts.
                                        
                                        They have a financial incentive to not
                                        be found in contempt of court. And
                                        another financial incentive to not
                                        disclose sensitive information they're
                                        not supposed to disclose.
                                        
                                        When false positives and false
                                        negatives are both very expensive,
                                        what's left is a resource-intensive
                                        slog to make sure everything is on the
                                        right side of the line. "Use the new
                                        thing that sacrifices accuracy for
                                        haste" is not a solution.
                                        
                                        > I just want efficiency.
                                        
                                        Asking for efficiency from the court
                                        system is like asking for speed from
                                        geology. That's not typically where you
                                        find that and if it is you're probably
                                        about to have a bad time.
                                        
                                        The way you actually get efficiency is
                                        by having a larger number of smaller
                                        companies, so they're not massive
                                        vertically integrated conglomerates
                                        that you need something the size and
                                        speed of the US government to hold them
                                        in check.
       
                                          johnnyanmac wrote 16 hours 42 min
                                          ago:
                                          >That's not typically where you find
                                          that and if it is you're probably
                                          about to have a bad time.
                                          
                                          Why do we accept mediocrity from the
                                          government we pay our taxes to? They
                                          can't be as fast and lean as a small
                                          team, but there are surely
                                          optimizations we can make in process,
                                          especially as technology improves.
                                          
                                          >by having a larger number of smaller
                                          companies, so they're not massive
                                          vertically integrated conglomerates
                                          that you need something the size and
                                          speed of the US government to hold
                                          them in check.
                                          
                                          Agreed. Now I'd also like to have
                                          that sometime within my (maybe your)
                                          lifetime.
                                          
                                          But these two ideas aren't mutually
                                          exclusive.
       
                                            cylemons wrote 12 hours 51 min ago:
                                            It's not mediocrity. courts being
                                            slow is a feature, not a bug to
                                            insure that the final outcome is
                                            the most just as possible.
                                            
                                            Otherwise, you leave the door wide
                                            open for corruption where judges
                                            can swiftly persecute the side that
                                            is out of favor.
       
                        helterskelter wrote 23 hours 27 min ago:
                        Oftentimes the records aren't in the hands of either
                        party and need to be subpoenaed. When you get them,
                        they can open up entirely new lines of inquiry.
                        Opposition will fight this tooth and nail so that the
                        evidence can't be included, or they'll go on a fishing
                        expedition under the guise of having all the facts on
                        the table, and the court might just allow them. This
                        process can take a very long time, and from what I've
                        seen, the higher the stakes, the more the court will be
                        willing to allow it to happen, so nobody can cry to the
                        appeals court that something important was left out.
                        Judges don't like their rulings overturned.
       
                    gamblor956 wrote 1 day ago:
                    When I was still at a firm, several of our clients were
                    fighting off investigations related to the Bermudan loss
                    harvesting scheme that started in the 1980s. The
                    investigations started in 2003 and weren't resolved until
                    2013.
       
                    bonsai_spool wrote 1 day ago:
                    > Am I the only one who thinks it's totally bonkers that a
                    lawsuit can outlast a 4 year presidential administration?
                    
                    I take it you've never been party to a civil lawsuit
                    between business entities or with the government.
       
            ambicapter wrote 1 day ago:
            I doubt the current executive branch has enough brain trust to
            understand these sort of tactics.
       
              lenerdenator wrote 1 day ago:
              "Trump's stupid" is how we got here. You don't need to be smart
              to get where he is. You just have to have the willingness to
              engage in shady business practices, have enough money to outlast
              opponents in a courtroom, and exist in a society where there's no
              real pressure on people who do those things.
       
       
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